The Differences in Clinical Presentation, Management, and Prognosis of Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 between Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Results
3.1. Description of Included Studies
3.2. Findings
Sensitivity Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study and Year | Study Design | Country and Time Period | Setting | Total Number | Demographics | Past Medical History | Presenting Signs and Symptoms | Management | Complications | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pregnant | Non-Pregnant | Pregnant | Non-Pregnant | Pregnant | Non-Pregnant | Pregnant | Non-Pregnant | Pregnant | Non-Pregnant | |||||
Xu Qiancheng 2020 [16] | Retrospective cohort | Wuhan, China 15 January to 15 March 2020 | The Central Hospital of Wuhan | Total: 82 Pregnant: 28 Non-pregnant: 54 | Mean age(years): 30 ± 1.28 Mean gestational age (weeks): 38 ± 0.61 First trimester: 3 Second trimester: 1 Third trimester: 24 | Mean age (years): 31 | Gestational hypertension: 1 Gestational diabetes: 2 Chronic hepatitis B: 2 Hypothyroid: 1 | Hypertension: 0 Diabetes: 4 Chronic hepatitis B: 2 Hypothyroid: 1 | Fever: 5 Malaise: 1 Cough: 7 Dyspnea: 2 Abdominal pain: 5 | Fever: 29 Malaise: 3 Cough: 32 Dyspnea: 6 Abdominal pain: 0 | Antiviral: 21 (Ribavirin: 20 Umifenovir: 1) Antibiotics: 24 (Cephalosporin: 20, Quinolone:4) Corticosteroid:4 Immunoglobulin: 3 Hospitalization: 7 | Antiviral: 54 (Ribavirin: 19 Umifenovir: 11 Riba + Umi: 17 Triple combo with Interferon: 7) Antibiotics: 47 (Cephalosporin: 9, Quinolone: 6, Cephalosporin + Quinolone: 32) Corticosteroid: 21 Immunoglobulin: 19 Hospitalization: 0 | Preterm Birth: 1 | N/A |
Shuang Xu 2020 [17] | Retrospective Cohort | Wuhan, China 15 January to 15 March 2020 | Union Hospital | Total: 64 Pregnant: 34 Non-pregnant: 30 | Mean age (years): 30 ± 4.26 First trimester and second: 8 Third trimester: 26 Exposure history: 10 | Mean age: 34.77 ± 3.71 Exposure history: 2 | GDM: 2 Hypothyroidism: 1 Pre-eclampsia: 1 Fetal distress: 1 Hypertension: 0 Cardiovascular: 1 Diabetes: 2 PROM: 4 Scarred uterus: 9 | Hypertension: 0 Diabetes: 0 Cardiovascular: 0 | Asymptomatic: 5 Fever: 22 Cough: 22 Fatigue: 6 Sputum: 5 SOB: 7 Chest tightness: 3 Headache: 5 Myalgia: 3 Nausea/vomiting: 2 Abdominal pain: 3 Diarrhea: 2 Rash: 2 | Asymptomatic: 0 Fever: 26 Cough: 23 Fatigue: 16 Sputum: 13 SOB: 10 Chest tightness: 6 Headache: 7 Myalgia: 4 Nausea/vomiting: 5 Abdominal pain: 2 Diarrhea: 3 Rash: 0 | Antibiotic: 30 Antiviral: 17 Corticosteroid: 19 Chinese medicine: 15 Oxygen therapy: 15 ICU admission: 1 | Antibiotic: 24 Antiviral: 21 Corticosteroid: 9 Chinese medicine: 15 Oxygen therapy: 12 ICU admission: 0 | Scarred uterus: 9 Gestational Diabetes: 2 Preeclampsia: 1 ICU admission: 1 Preterm Birth: 5 Post-partum fever: 3 NO neonatal complications | N/A |
Shaoshuai Wang 2020 [18] | Retrospective Cohort | Wuhan, China 19 January to 2 March 2020 | Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology | Total: 43 Pregnant: 17 Non-pregnant: 26 | Mean age (years): 33.0 First trimester: 1 Second trimester: 3 Third trimester: 13 Healthcare workers: 3 | Mean age (years): 33.5 Health care workers: 5 | N/A | N/A | Fever: 8 Chills and rigors: 0 Headache: 0 Dizziness: 1 Fatigue: 1 Cough: 9 Expectoration: 3 Chest tightness: 2 SOB: 1 Myalgia: 0 Diarrhea: 1 Asymptomatic: 2 Abdominal pain: 4 Vaginal bleeding: 1 Reduced fetal movement: 1 Increased fetal movement: 1 | Fever: 18 Chills and rigors: 2 Headache: 1 Dizziness: 0 Fatigue: 4 Cough: 12 Expectoration: 6 Chest tightness: 3 SOB: 1 Myalgia: 1 Diarrhea: 4 Asymptomatic: 2 | Antiviral therapy: 13 Antibiotic therapy: 13 Glucocorticoid therapy: 4 Immunoglobulin therapy: 1 Cough suppressant therapy: 6 Oxygen support (nasal cannula): 6 Mechanical ventilation: 0 | Antiviral therapy: 25 Antibiotic therapy: 23 Glucocorticoid therapy: 5 Immunoglobulin therapy: 3 Cough suppressant therapy: 18 Oxygen support (nasal cannula): 14 Mechanical ventilation: 0 | Preterm birth: 2 ICU admission: 0 Death: 0 | ICU Admission: 0 Death: 0 |
Laura Zambrano 2020 [19] | Retrospective Cohort | Unites States of America, 22 January to 3 October 2020 | CDC directory via National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System | Total: 409,462 Pregnant: 23,434 Non-pregnant: 386,028 | Race/Ethnicity (%) Hispanic or Latino: 29.7 Asian: 2.4 Black: 14.5 White: 23.5 Multiple or another race: 3.1 | Race/Ethnicity (%) Hispanic or Latino: 22.2 Asian: 2.2 Black: 14 White: 32.2 Multiple or another race: 3.2 | Known underlying medical condition status: 7795 Diabetes mellitus: 427 Chronic lung disease: 506 Cardiovascular: 304 Chronic renal disease: 18 Chronic liver disease: 17 Immunocompromised: 124 Psychiatric disorder: 62 Autoimmune disorder: 26 Severe obesity: 174 | Known underlying medical condition status: 160,065 Diabetes mellitus: 6119 Chronic lung disease: 9185 Cardiovascular: 7703 Chronic renal disease: 680 Chronic liver disease: 350 Immunocompromised: 2496 Psychiatric disorder: 1139 Other chronic disease: 1586 Autoimmune disorder: 515 Severe obesity: 1810 | Cough: 5230 Fever: 3328 Muscle aches: 3818 Chills: 2537 Headache: 4447 SOB: 2692 Sore throat: 2955 Diarrhea: 1479 Nausea/vomiting: 2052 Abdominal pain: 870 Runny nose: 1328 New loss of taste or smell: 2234 Fatigue: 1404 Wheeze: 172 Chest pain: 369 | Cough: 89,422 Fever: 68,536 Muscle aches: 78,725 Chills: 50,836 Headache: 95,713 SOB: 43,234 Sore throat: 60,218 Diarrhea: 38,165 Nausea/vomiting: 28,999 Abdominal pain: 16,123 Runny nose: 22,750 New loss of taste or smell: 43,256 Fatigue: 29,788 Wheeze: 3743 Chest pain: 7079 | N/A | N/A | ICU admissions: 245 Mechanical Ventilation: 67 Death: 34 | ICU admissions: 1492 Mechanical Ventilation: 412 Death: 447 |
Biheng Cheng 2020 [20] | Retrospective Cohort | Wuhan, China 15 January to 23 February 2020 | Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University | Total: 111 Pregnant: 31 Non-pregnant: 80 | Median age (years): 29.0 First trimester: 5 Second trimester: 6 Third trimester: 20 | Median age (years) 33.0 | Cardiovascular disease: 1 Respiratory disease: 0 Diabetes: 3 Malignancy: 0 Renal disease: 1 Gastric ulcer: 0 Mental sickness: 1 | Cardiovascular disease: 4 Respiratory disease: 1 Diabetes: 1 Malignancy: 1 Renal disease: 1 Gastric ulcer: 1 Mental sickness: 0 | Fever: 15 Cough: 14 Nasal congestion: 0 Rhinorrhea: 1 Myalgia: 1 Sore throat:1 Headache: 0 Dizziness: 0 SOB: 5 Digestive tract symptoms 3 Asymptomatic: 9 Asthenia: 1 | Fever: 49 Cough: 48 Nasal congestion: 2 Rhinorrhea: 0 Myalgia: 8 Sore throat: 13 Headache: 2 Dizziness: 3 SOB: 30 Digestive tract symptoms 23 Asymptomatic: 5 Asthenia: 27 | Antiviral: 29 Oseltamivir: 16 Arbidol: 25 Ribavirin: 8 IV Antibiotics: 29 Antifungal: 0 Corticosteroid: 20 Oxygen therapy: 2 Invasive ventilation: 0 Non-invasive ventilation: 0 ECMO: 0 Immunoglobulin: 7 | Antiviral: 75 Oseltamivir: 24 Arbidol: 67 Ribavirin: 14 IV Antibiotics:60 Antifungal: 0 Corticosteroid:21 Oxygen therapy: 35 Invasive ventilation: 0 Non-invasive ventilation: 0 ECMO: 0 Immunoglobulin: 34 | ICU admission: 0 Use of CRRT: 0 | ICU admission: 1 Use of CRRT: 1 |
Aya Mohr-Sasson 2020 [21] | Retrospective Cohort | Israel, March to April 2020 | Sheba Medical Center (University Affiliated Tertiary Medical Center) | Total: 36 11 pregnant 25 non-pregnant | Median Age: 28 All in third Trimester | Median age: 40 | N/A | N/A | Fever: 3/11 Weakness: 5/11 Respiratory: 6/11 Gastrointestinal: 2/11 Others: 2/11 | Fever: 15/25 Weakness: 16/25 Respiratory: 20/25 Gastrointestinal: 3/25 Others: 7/28 | Hospitalization: 7 Home surveillance: 4 | Hospitalization: 20 Home surveillance: 4 | Intubation: 1 C-section: 2/11 (one due to symptoms related to COVID-19 and other due to non-reassuring fetal monitor) | Intubation: 1 |
Fang Liu 2020 [22] | Retrospective case-control study | Shanghai and Wuhan, China 23 January to 4 March 2020 | Xinhua Hospital and Maternal and Child Health Hospital | Total: 40 Pregnant: 21 Non-pregnant: 19 | Mean age: 31 | Mean age: 31 | N/A | N/A | Fever: 8/21 Cough: 6/21 SOB: 1/21 Fatigue: 8/21 Loss of appetite: 2/21 | Fever: 14/19 Cough: 8/19 SOB: 1/19 Fatigue: 3/19 Loss of appetite: 0/19 | N/A | N/A | ICU admission: 1/21 Mechanical ventilation: 1/21 | ICU Admission: 1/19 Mechanical Ventilation: 1/19 |
Chelsea DeBolt 2020 [23] | Retrospective case-control study | New York and Philadelphia, United States 12 March to 5 May 2020 | NYU Langone Health, Mount Sinai Hospital, Elmhurst Hospital, Montefiore Medical center, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital | Total: 132 Pregnant: 38 Non-pregnant: 94 | Mean age: 34.7 Mean BMI: 31.7 | Mean age: 37.9 Mean BMI: 33.4 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Hydroxychloroquine: 34 Azithromycin: 25 Antivirals: 7 Tocilizumab: 3 Systemic steroids: 4 Convalescent plasma: 2 Therapeutic anticoagulation: 8 Prophylactic anticoagulation: 24 | Hydroxychloroquine:76 Azithromycin: 56 Antivirals: 6 Tocilizumab: 4 Systemic steroids: 15 Convalescent plasma: 4 Therapeutic anticoagulation: 20 Prophylactic anticoagulation: 61 | N/A | N/A |
Martinez-Portilla2021 [24] | Prospective cohort study | Mexico, 1 February to 28 October 2020 | Mexican National Registry of Coronavirus | Total: 181,088 Pregnant: 5183 Non-pregnant: 175905 | Mean age: 28.5 ± 5.9 | Mean age: 33.1 ± 7.5 | COPD: 10 Asthma: 112 Smoker: 91 Hypertension: 150 Cardiovascular disease: 24 Obesity: 477 Diabetes: 174 | COPD: 487 Asthma: Smoker: Hypertension: Cardiovascular disease: Obesity: Diabetes: | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Death: 77 ICU admission: 154 | Death: 2589 ICU admission: 941 |
(a) | |||||||
Study ID | Qiancheng 2020 [18] | Xu 2020 [19] | Wang 2020 [20] | Zambrano 2020 [21] | Cheng 2020 [22] | Mohr-Sasson 2020 [23] | Martinez-Portilla 2020 [24] |
1. Was the research question or objective in this paper clearly stated? | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
2. Was the study population clearly specified and defined? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
3. Was the participation rate of eligible persons at least 50%? | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
4. Were all the subjects selected or recruited from the same or similar populations (including the same time period)? Were inclusion and exclusion criteria for being in the study prespecified and applied uniformly to all participants? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
5. Was a sample size justification, power description, or variance and effect estimates provided? | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
6. For the analyses in this paper, were the exposure(s) of interest measured prior to the outcome(s) being measured? | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
7. Was the timeframe sufficient so that one could reasonably expect to see an association between exposure and outcome if it existed? | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
8. For exposures that can vary in amount or level, did the study examine different levels of the exposure as related to the outcome (e.g., categories of exposure, or exposure measured as continuous variable)? | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
9. Were the exposure measures (independent variables) clearly defined, valid, reliable, and implemented consistently across all study participants? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
10. Was the exposure(s) assessed more than once over time? | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
11. Were the outcome measures (dependent variables) clearly defined, valid, reliable, and implemented consistently across all study participants? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
12. Were the outcome assessors blinded to the exposure status of participants? | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
13. Was loss to follow-up after baseline 20% or less? | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
14. Were key potential confounding variables measured and adjusted statistically for their impact on the relationship between exposure(s) and outcome(s)? | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No |
(b) | |||||||
Study ID | Fang Liu 2020 [24] | Chelsea DeBolt 2020 [23] | |||||
1. Was the research question or objective in this paper clearly stated? | Yes | Yes | |||||
2. Was the study population clearly specified and defined? | Yes | Yes | |||||
3. Did the authors include a sample size justification? | No | No | |||||
4. Were controls selected or recruited from the same or similar population that gave rise to the cases (including the same timeframe)? | Yes | Yes | |||||
5. Were the definitions, inclusion and exclusion criteria, algorithms or processes used to identify or select cases and controls valid, reliable, and implemented consistently across all study participants? | Yes | Yes | |||||
6. Were the cases clearly defined and differentiated from controls? | Yes | Yes | |||||
7. If less than 100 percent of eligible cases and/or controls were selected for the study, were the cases and/or controls randomly selected from those eligible? | Yes | Yes | |||||
8. Was there use of concurrent controls? | No | No | |||||
9. Were the investigators able to confirm that the exposure/risk occurred prior to the development of the condition or event that defined a participant as a case? | No | Yes | |||||
10. Were the measures of exposure/risk clearly defined, valid, reliable, and implemented consistently (including the same time period) across all study participants? | Yes | Yes | |||||
11. Were the assessors of exposure/risk blinded to the case or control status of participants? | No | No | |||||
12. Were key potential confounding variables measured and adjusted statistically in the analyses? If matching was used, did the investigators account for matching during study analysis? | No | Yes |
Outcomes | Relative Risk/Mean Difference (95% CI) | No of Studies; No of Participants | Heterogeneity Chi2 p Value; I2 |
---|---|---|---|
Demographics | |||
Mean age (years) | −2.87 (−4.61 to −1.12) | 6; 181,520 | <0.00001; 92% |
Advance maternal age (years) | 0.55 (0.53 to 0.56) | 1; 409,462 | N/A |
Mean BMI | −1.70 (−3.82 to 0.42) | 1; 132 | N/A |
Obesity | 0.68 (0.63 to 0.73) | 2; 590,550 | <0.00001; 99% |
Smoking | 0.32 (0.26 to 0.39) | 2; 181,220 | 0.80; 0% |
Hispanic/Latino | 1.34 (1.31 to 1.37) | 1; 409,462 | N/A |
Asian | 1.07 (0.99 to 1.17) | 1; 409,462 | N/A |
Black | 1.03 (1.00 to 1.06) | 1; 409,462 | N/A |
White | 0.73 (0.71 to 0.75) | 1; 409,462 | N/A |
Other (mix) | 0.93 (0.87 to 1.00) | 1; 409,462 | N/A |
Clinical presentation | |||
Asymptomatic | 3.94 (1.69 to 9.20) | 3; 218 | 0.47; 0% |
Fever | 0.74 (0.64 to 0.85) | 7; 409,838 | 0.24; 24% |
Cough | 0.85 (0.70 to 1.04) | 6; 409,802 | 0.13; 42% |
Respiratory symptoms | 0.68 (0.38 to 1.21) | 1; 36 | N/A |
Rhinorrhea | 1.43 (0.29 to 7.08) | 2; 409,573 | 0.2; 39% |
Expectoration | 0.45 (0.21 to 0.97) | 2; 107 | 0.30; 7% |
Chills | 0.22 (0.01 to 4.92) | 2; 409,505 | 0.02; 81% |
Headache | 0.77 (0.74 to 0.79) | 4; 409,680 | 0.96; 0% |
Fatigue | 0.64 (0.39 to 1.05) | 7; 409,747 | 0.04; 54% |
Myalgia | 0.92 (0.89 to 0.95) | 4; 409,680 | 0.71; 0% |
Chest tightness | 0.86 (0.77 to 0.95) | 3; 409,569 | 0.59; 0% |
Wheezing | 0.76 (0.65 to 0.88) | 1; 409,462 | N/A |
Diarrhea | 0.40 (0.39 to 0.43) | 3; 409,569 | 0.91; 0% |
Nausea or vomiting | 0.84 (0.29 to 2.39) | 2; 409,526 | 0.13; 55% |
Gastrointestinal | 0.63 (0.14 to 2.77) | 2; 147 | 0.13; 56% |
Rash | 4.43 (0.22 to 88.74) | 1; 64 | N/A |
Dizziness | 1.19 (0.10 to 14.20) | 2; 154 | 0.25; 25% |
Anosmia/ageusia | 0.85 (0.82 to 0.89) | 1; 409,462 | N/A |
Sore throat | 0.64 (0.13 to 3.15) | 2; 409,573 | 0.09; 66% |
Shortness of breath | 0.87 (0.65 to 1.18) | 6; 409,802 | 0.32; 15% |
Nasal congestion | 0.51 (0.02 to 10.26) | 1; 111 | N/A |
Abdominal pain | 1.62 (0.43 to 6.11) | 3; 409,608 | 0.09; 59% |
Loss of appetite | 4.55 (0.23 to 89.08) | 1; 40 | N/A |
Other symptoms | 0.65 (0.16 to 2.64) | 1; 36 | N/A |
Co-morbidities | |||
Chronic cardiac disease | 0.58 (0.44 to 0.77) | 5; 590,807 | 0.02; 66% |
Diabetes mellitus | 1.02 (0.63 to 1.65) | 5; 590,807 | <0.00001; 90% |
Chronic respiratory disease | 0.74 (0.53 to 1.01) | 4; 590,793 | 0.003; 79% |
Renal disease | 0.45 (0.29 to 0.71) | 2; 409,573 | 0.21; 37% |
Hypothyroidism | 1.93 (0.13 to 29.69) | 1; 82 | N/A |
Malignancy | 0.82 (0.68 to 0.98) | 2; 409,573 | 0.98; 0% |
Mental sickness | 7.59 (0.32 to 181.57) | 1; 111 | N/A |
Chronic hepatitis B | 1.93 (0.29 to 12.97) | 1; 82 | N/A |
Management | |||
Oxygen therapy | 0.84 (0.31 to 2.23) | 4; 350 | 0.001; 81% |
Antivirals | 0.87 (0.70 to 1.09) | 5; 432 | 0.009; 70% |
Antibiotics | 1.08 (0.95 to 1.22) | 5; 432 | 0.17; 38% |
Corticosteroids | 1.61 (1.02 to 2.55) | 5; 432 | 0.16; 39% |
Immunoglobulin | 0.46 (0.26 to 0.81) | 3; 236 | 0.71; 0% |
Chinese medicine | 0.88 (0.52 to 1.49) | 1; 64 | N/A |
Complications | |||
Severe COVID-19 | 1.60 (0.41 to 6.28) | 2; 125 | 0.37; 0% |
Maternal ICU admission | 2.26 (1.68 to 3.05) | 5; 424,587 | 0.02; 65% |
Invasive ventilation | 2.68 (2.07 to 3.47) | 3; 409,616 | N/A |
Any ventilation | 1.26 (0.50 to 3.15) | 3; 15,082 | 0.03; 72% |
Maternal death | 1.08 (0.89 to 1.31) | 2; 590,550 | 0.31; 4% |
Outcomes | Relative Risk/Mean Difference (95% CI) | No. of Studies; No. of Participants | Heterogeneity Chi2 p Value; I2 |
---|---|---|---|
Demographics | |||
Mean age (years) | −2.40 (−3.82 to −0.97) | 5; 432 | 0.02; 67% |
Mean BMI | −1.70 (−3.82 to 0.42) | 1; 132 | N/A |
Smoking | 0.25 (0.03 to 1.87) | 1; 132 | N/A |
Clinical presentation | |||
Asymptomatic | 3.94 (1.69 to 9.20) | 3; 218 | 0.47; 0% |
Fever | 0.66 (0.53 to 0.83) | 6; 376 | 0.32; 15% |
Cough | 0.77 (0.59 to 1.01) | 5; 340 | 0.25; 26% |
Respiratory symptoms | 0.68 (0.38 to 1.21) | 1; 36 | N/A |
Rhinorrhea | 7.59 (0.32 to 181.57) | 1; 111 | N/A |
Expectoration | 0.45 (0.21 to 0.97) | 2; 107 | 0.30; 7% |
Chills | 0.03 (0.00 to 0.52) | 1; 43 | N/A |
Headache | 0.60 (0.24 to 1.54) | 3; 218 | 0.98; 0% |
Fatigue | 0.55 (0.25 to 1.24) | 6; 376 | 0.03; 58% |
Myalgia | 0.52 (0.18 to 1.55) | 3; 218 | 0.85; 0% |
Chest tightness | 0.60 (0.22 to 1.68) | 2; 107 | 0.44; 0% |
Diarrhea | 0.49 (0.13 to 1.88) | 2; 107 | 0.76; 0% |
Nausea or vomiting | 0.35 (0.07 to 1.69) | 1; 64 | N/A |
Gastrointestinal | 0.63 (0.14 to 2.77) | 2; 147 | 2.25; 56% |
Rash | 4.43 (0.22 to 88.74) | 1; 64 | N/A |
Dizziness | 1.19 (0.10 to 14.20) | 2; 154 | 0.25; 25% |
Sore throat | 0.20 (0.03 to 1.45) | 1; 111 | NA |
Shortness of breath | 0.57 (0.33 to 0.96) | 5; 340 | 0.89; 0% |
Nasal congestion | 0.51 (0.02 to 10.26) | 1; 111 | N/A |
Abdominal pain | 4.20 (0.26 to 68.93) | 2; 146 | 0.09; 65% |
Loss of appetite | 4.55 (0.23 to 89.08) | 1; 40 | N/A |
Other symptoms | 0.65 (0.16 to 2.64) | 1; 36 | N/A |
Co-morbidities | |||
Chronic cardiac disease | 1.53 (0.32 to 7.21) | 3;257 | 0.50; 0% |
Diabetes mellitus | 2.45 (0.62 to 9.61) | 3;257 | 0.30; 18% |
Chronic respiratory disease | 0.50 (0.19 to 1.29) | 2; 243 | N/A |
Renal disease | 2.58 (0.17 to 39.99) | 1; 111 | N/A |
Hypothyroidism | 1.93 (0.13 to 29.69) | 1; 82 | N/A |
Malignancy | 0.84 (0.04 to 20.17) | 1; 111 | N/A |
Mental sickness | 7.59 (0.32 to 181.57) | 1; 111 | N/A |
Chronic hepatitis B | 1.93 (0.29 to 12.97) | 1; 82 | N/A |
Management | |||
Oxygen therapy | 0.84 (0.31 to 2.23) | 4; 350 | 0.001; 81% |
Antivirals | 0.87 (0.70 to 1.09) | 5; 432 | 0.009; 70% |
Antibiotics | 1.08 (0.95 to 1.22) | 5; 432 | 0.17; 38% |
Corticosteroids | 1.61 (1.02 to 2.55) | 5; 432 | 0.16; 39% |
Immunoglobulin | 0.46 (0.26 to 0.81) | 3; 236 | 0.71; 0% |
Chinese medicine | 0.88 (0.52 to 1.49) | 1; 64 | N/A |
Complications | |||
Severe COVID-19 | 1.60 (0.41 to 6.28) | 2; 125 | 0.37; 0% |
Maternal ICU admission | 1.83 (0.30 to 11.38) | 3; 215 | 0.84; 0% |
Any ventilation | 2.28 (1.07 to 4.88) | 2; 172 | 0.48; 0% |
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Khan, D.S.A.; Pirzada, A.N.; Ali, A.; Salam, R.A.; Das, J.K.; Lassi, Z.S. The Differences in Clinical Presentation, Management, and Prognosis of Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 between Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 5613. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115613
Khan DSA, Pirzada AN, Ali A, Salam RA, Das JK, Lassi ZS. The Differences in Clinical Presentation, Management, and Prognosis of Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 between Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(11):5613. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115613
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhan, Durray Shahwar A., Areeba N. Pirzada, Anna Ali, Rehana A. Salam, Jai K. Das, and Zohra S. Lassi. 2021. "The Differences in Clinical Presentation, Management, and Prognosis of Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 between Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11: 5613. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115613