Risk Factors for the Recurrence of CVD Incidents in Post-Stroke Patients over a 5-Year Follow-Up Period Based on the ICF Classification
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Objectives
- To compare the incidence of recurrent CVD incidents over a 5-year follow-up period in post-IS and post-ICH patients;
- To determine quantitative and qualitative differences relating to risk factors for CVD in post-IS and post-ICH patients according to the recurrence of CVD incidents over a 5-year follow-up period;
- To use the categories of the ICF classification as a tool for presenting differences in the incidence of risk factors for recurrent CVD incidents according to previous IS or ICH and the recurrence of CVD incidents over a 5-year follow-up period.
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Study Design/Study Groups/Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
3.2. ICF Profile
3.3. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Characteristics of the Study Groups
4.2. Recurrence of CVD Incidents According to Age and Gender
4.3. Risk Factors for Recurrent CVD Incidents
4.3.1. Ischemic Stroke
4.3.2. Haemorrhagic Stroke
4.3.3. Ischemic Stroke vs. Haemorrhagic Stroke
4.4. CVD Risk Factor Profile in Secondary Prevention according to the ICF Classification
4.5. Coexistence of CVD Risk Factors
5. Discussion
6. Limitations
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Variable | IS | ICH | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Female n (%) | 28 (50.9%) | 20 (42.6%) | 0.399 a |
Male n (%) | 27 (49.1%) | 27 (57.4%) | ||
Age | Mean ± SD (years) | 69.3 ± 12.5 | 61.3 ± 12.6 | 0.002 b |
Median (years) | 71.6 | 63.0 | ||
Min–Max (years) | 43.0–93.0 | 27.0–81.0 | ||
Treatment of stroke | Conservative n (%) | 46 (83.6%) | 36 (76.6%) | 0.375 a |
Interventional n (%) | 9 (16.4%) | 11 (23.4%) | ||
Conservative n (%) | Fatal incident CVD | 26 (86.7%) | 12 (100.0%) | 0.184 a |
Recurrent CVD incident | 10 (83.3%) | 4 (57.1%) | 0.211 a | |
No recurrent CVD incident | 10 (76.9%) | 20 (71.4%) | 0.712 a | |
Interventional n (%) | Fatal incident CVD | 4 (13.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.184 a |
Recurrent CVD incident | 2 (16.7%) | 3 (42.9%) | 0.211 a | |
No recurrent CVD incident | 3 (23.1%) | 8 (28.6%) | 0.712 a | |
Time from first stroke to recurrent CVD incident | Mean ± SD (months) | 36.6 ± 24.9 | 36.6 ± 24.5 | 0.963 c |
Median (months) | 36.0 | 36.0 | ||
Min–Max (months) | 4.0–84.0 | 12.0–108.0 | ||
Recurrent CVD incident: | n (%) | 42 (76.4%) | 19 (40.4%) | <0.001 a |
IS | n (%) | 34 (61.8%) | 19 (40.4%) | 0.031 a |
Myocardial infarction | n (%) | 8 (14.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | <0.019 a |
Fatal incident | n (%) | 30 (54.5%) | 12 (25.5%) | 0.003 a |
No recurrent CVD incident | n (%) | 13 (23.6%) | 28 (59.6%) | <0.001 a |
Recurrent CVD Incident | YES | NO | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fatal CVD Incidents | Non Fatal CVD Incidents | ||||||||
Patients Groups | IS | ICH | p | IS | ICH | p | IS | ICH | p |
<65 years | 8 (38.1%) | 5 (17.9%) | 0.206 a | 6 (28.6%) | 6 (21.4%) | 0.730 a | 7 (33.3%) | 17 (60.7%) | 0.102 a |
≥65 years | 22 (64.7%) | 7 (36.8%) | 0.099 a | 6 (17.7%) | 1 (5.3%) | 0.440 a | 6 (17.7%) | 11 (57.9%) | 0.016 a |
Female | 34 (46.4%) | 5 (25.0%) | 0.267 a | 7 (25.0%) | 3 (15.0%) | 0.608 a | 8 (28.6%) | 12 (60.0%) | 0.061 a |
Male | 17 (63.0%) | 7 (26.0%) | 0.030 a | 5 (18.5%) | 4 (14.8%) | 0.836 a | 5 (18.5%) | 16 (59.3%) | 0.015 a |
ICF Category | Patients Groups | IS | ICH | p | IS | ICH | p | IS | p | ICH | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Recurrent CVD Incident | YES n = 42 | YES n = 19 | NO n = 13 | NO n = 28 | YES n = 42 | NO n = 13 | YES n = 19 | NO n = 28 | |||||
b 152 Emontional functions—Depression | n (%) | 10 (23.8%) | 6 (31.6%) | 0.521 | 2 (15.4%) | 7 (25.0%) | 0.490 | 10 (23.8%) | 2 (15.4%) | 0.522 | 6 (31.6%) | 7 (25.0%) | 0.620 |
b 134 Sleep functions Insomia | n (%) | 10 (23.8%) | 7 (36.8%) | 0.294 | 2 (15.4%) | 11 (39.3%) | 0.126 | 10 (23.8%) | 2 (15.4%) | 0.522 | 7 (36.8%) | 11 (39.3%) | 0.863 |
b 4100 Heart rate | HR > 80/min, n (%) | 20 (48.8%) | 7 (36.8%) | 0.383 | 5 (38.5%) | 11 (39.3%) | 0.961 | 20 (48.8%) | 5 (38.5%) | 0.515 | 7 (36.8%) | 11 (39.3%) | 0.863 |
b 4101 Heart rhythm | Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 23 (54.8%) | 3 (15.8%) | 0.004 | 4 (30.8%) | 2 (7.1%) | 0.046 | 23 (54.8%) | 4 (30.8%) | 0.130 | 3 (15.8%) | 2 (7.1%) | 0.342 |
b 4150 Functions of arteries | Stenosis 50–69%, n (%) | 12 (28.6%) | 6 (31.6%) | 0.812 | 3 (23.1%) | 2 (7.1%) | 0.145 | 12 (28.6%) | 3 (23.1%) | 0.697 | 6 (31.6%) | 2 (7.1%) | 0.028 |
Stenosis > 70%, n (%) | 14 (33.3%) | 2 (10.5%) | 0.061 | 1 (7.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.137 | 14 (33.3%) | 1 (7.7%) | 0.070 | 2 (10.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.080 | |
b 4200 Increased blood pressure | >140/90 mmHg, n (%) | 40 (95.2%) | 18 (94.7%) | 0.937 | 10 (76.9%) | 23 (82.1%) | 0.696 | 40 (95.2%) | 10 (76.9%) | 0.045 | 18 (94.7%) | 23 (82.1%) | 0.205 |
b 4302 Metabolite-carrying functions of the blood | eGFR(mL/min/1.73 m2) <15, n (%) | 6 (14.3%) | 6 (31.6%) | 0.116 | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1.0 | 6 (14.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.149 | 6 (31.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.001 |
Bilirubin >2x ULN, ALT/AST/ALP > 3x ULN, n (%) | 4 (9.5%) | 1 (5.3%) | 0.580 | 1 (7.7%) | 4 (14.3%) | 0.548 | 4 (9.5%) | 1 (7.7%) | 0.844 | 1 (5.3%) | 4 (14.3%) | 0.327 | |
b 4303 Clotting functions. | VKA, n (%) | 8, (19.0%) | 3 (15.8%) | 0.763 | 3 (23.1%) | 2 (7.1%) | 0.145 | 8 (19..0%) | 3 (23.1%) | 0.747 | 3 (15.8%) | 2 (7.1%) | 0.342 |
NOAC, n (%) | 7 (16.7%) | 1 (5.3%) | 0.222 | 2 (15.4%) | 1 (3.6%) | 0.178 | 7 (16.7%) | 2 (15.4%) | 0.912 | 1 (5.3%) | 1 (3.6%) | 0.778 | |
b 5401 Carbohydrate metabolism | HbA1 > 7%, n (%) | 20 (47.6%) | 3 (15.8%) | 0.018 | 3 (23.1%) | 4 (14.3%) | 0.486 | 20 (47.6%) | 3 (23.1%) | 0.118 | 3 (15.8%) | 4 (14.3%) | 0.887 |
b 7302 Lipid metabolism | LDL 55–70 mg/dL, n(%) | 3 (7.1%) | 13 (68.4%) | <0.001 | 3 (23.1%) | 18 (64.3%) | 0.014 | 3 (7.1%) | 3 (23.1%) | 0.106 | 13 (68.4%) | 18 (64.3%) | 0.771 |
LDL 71–115 mg/dL, n (%) | 17 (40.5%) | 5 (26.3%) | 0.285 | 3 (23.1%) | 2 (7.1%) | 0.145 | 17 (40.5%) | 3 (23.1%) | 0.255 | 5 (26.3%) | 2 (7.1%) | 0.069 | |
LDL > 116 mg/dL, n(%) | 22 (52.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | <0.001 | 3 (23.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.008 | 22 (52.4%) | 3 (23.1%) | 0.064 | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1.0 | |
e1100 Food | Alcohol consumption > 10 g (>1 unit), n (%) | 01 (2.4%) | 1 (5.3%) | 1.0 | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (7.1%) | 0.325 | 1 (2.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.573 | 1 (5.3%) | 2 (7.1%) | 0.804 |
e 1101 Drugs | NSAIDs, n (%) | 34 (81.0%) | 3 (15.8%) | <0.001 | 12 (92.3%) | 4 (14.3%) | <0.001 | 34 (81.0%) | 12 (92.3%) | 0.335 | 3 (15.8%) | 4 (14.3%) | 0.887 |
e1109 Products or substances for personal consumption, other specified | Smoking, n (%) | 16 (38.1%) | 6 (31.6%) | 0.671 | 3 (23.1%) | 5 (17.9%) | 0.696 | 16 (38.1%) | 3 (23.1%) | 0.320 | 6 (31.6%) | 5 (17.9%) | 0.277 |
Risk Factors for Recurrent CVD Incident | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Patients Groups | IS | p | ICH | p | ||
Recurrent CVD Incident | YES | NO | YES | NO | ||
Mean ± SD | 7.3 ± 2.0 * | 5.6 ± 3.0 | 0.031 a | 5.8 ± 1.6 | 4.3 ± 1.6 * | 0.002 b |
Median | 7.0 | 4.0 | 6.0 | 4.0 | ||
Min–Max | 4.0–12.0 | 2.0–11.0 | 3.0–8.0 | 1.0–7.0 |
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Lucki, M.; Chlebuś, E.; Wareńczak, A.; Lisiński, P. Risk Factors for the Recurrence of CVD Incidents in Post-Stroke Patients over a 5-Year Follow-Up Period Based on the ICF Classification. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116021
Lucki M, Chlebuś E, Wareńczak A, Lisiński P. Risk Factors for the Recurrence of CVD Incidents in Post-Stroke Patients over a 5-Year Follow-Up Period Based on the ICF Classification. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(11):6021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116021
Chicago/Turabian StyleLucki, Mateusz, Ewa Chlebuś, Agnieszka Wareńczak, and Przemysław Lisiński. 2021. "Risk Factors for the Recurrence of CVD Incidents in Post-Stroke Patients over a 5-Year Follow-Up Period Based on the ICF Classification" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11: 6021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116021