Associations between Psychosocial Variables, Availability of Physical Activity Resources in Neighborhood Environment, and Out-of-School Physical Activity among Chinese Adolescents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Psychosocial Variables | Items |
---|---|
Peer support | 1. My friends play sports or are physically active with me. |
Parental support | 1. My parent(s) have to make sure that I get enough physical activity. 2. My parent(s) take me places where I can be physically active. 3. My parent(s) and I decide together how much physical activity I have to do. 4. My parent(s) make me exercise or go out and play. 5. My parent(s) try to be physically active when I’m around. 6. It’s okay for my parent(s) to make rules about how much time I spend being physically active/playing. |
Autonomous motivation | 1. I have thought about it and decided that I want to exercise. 2. Exercise is an important thing for me to do. |
Controlled motivation | 1. Others would be upset with me if I did not exercise. 2. I would feel bad about myself if I did not exercise. |
b (95% CI) | β | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Out-of-school MVPA | |||
Peer support | 6.89 (4.66, 9.11) | 0.11 | <0.001 |
Parental support | 4.32 (1.34, 7.23) | 0.05 | 0.004 |
Autonomous motivation | 4.30 (1.67, 6.92) | 0.06 | 0.001 |
Availability of PA resources in neighborhood environment | 2.63 (1.12, 4.13) | 0.06 | 0.001 |
Grade | −31.89 (−33.33, −30.45) | −0.74 | <0.001 |
Father’s educational background | 2.89 (0.26, 5.51) | 0.03 | 0.031 |
Out-of-school MVPA on weekdays | |||
Peer support | 4.66 (3.13, 6.19) | 0.16 | <0.001 |
Parental support | 3.80 (1.83, 5.77) | 0.10 | <0.001 |
Autonomous motivation | 5.17 (3.37, 6.97) | 0.15 | <0.001 |
Grade | −3.95 (−4.93, −2.96) | −0.20 | <0.001 |
Out-of-school MVPA on weekends | |||
Peer support | 6.62 (4.44, 8.81) | 0.11 | <0.001 |
Parental support | 3.98 (1.17, 6.79) | 0.05 | 0.006 |
Autonomous motivation | 4.51 (1.48, 6.63) | 0.06 | 0.002 |
Availability of PA resources in neighborhood environment | 2.62 (1.14, 4.09) | 0.06 | 0.001 |
Grade | −30.03 (−31.44, −28.61) | −0.73 | <0.001 |
Father’s educational background | 2.81 (0.24, 5.38) | 0.04 | 0.032 |
b (95% CI) | β | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Boys in secondary school | |||
Peer support | 4.31 (3.00, 5.62) | 0.10 | 0.001 |
Autonomous motivation | 9.27 (7.79, 10.75) | 0.20 | <0.001 |
Grade | −27.88 (−29.65, −26.10) | −0.45 | <0.001 |
Boys in high school | |||
Peer support | 13.21 (11.57, 14.86) | 0.23 | <0.001 |
Parental support | 4.33 (2.42, 6.25) | 0.06 | 0.024 |
Autonomous motivation | 8.36 (6.08, 10.63) | 0.12 | <0.001 |
Controlled motivation | 5.30 (3.07, 7.54) | 0.07 | 0.018 |
Availability of PA resources in neighborhood environment | 2.52 (1.46, 3.58) | 0.06 | 0.017 |
Grade | −30.21 (−32.33, −28.09) | −0.37 | <0.001 |
Family monthly income | 7.54 (5.73, 9.35) | 0.11 | <0.001 |
Girls in secondary school | |||
Autonomous motivation | 6.34 (4.90, 7.78) | 0.14 | <0.001 |
Father’s educational background | 3.42 (1.86, 4.98) | 0.07 | 0.028 |
Grade | −26.38 (−28.12, −24.61) | −0.48 | <0.001 |
Girls in high school | |||
Peer support | 8.76 (6.93, 10.59) | 0.17 | <0.001 |
Parental support | 7.85 (5.43, 10.28) | 0.16 | 0.001 |
Availability of PA resources in neighborhood environment | 3.64 (2.37, 4.90) | 0.10 | 0.004 |
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Male | Female | Total | |
---|---|---|---|
n (%) (n = 2016) | n (%) (n = 1777) | n (%) (n = 3833) | |
Education stages | |||
Secondary school | 936 (46.4) | 820 (46.2) | 1776 (46.3) |
High school | 1080 (53.6) | 957 (53.9) | 2057 (53.7) |
Ethnicity | |||
Han | 1985 (98.5) | 1752 (98.6) | 3737 (97.5) |
Ethnic minority | 18 (0.9) | 19 (1.1) | 37 (1.0) |
Living area | |||
Urban | 1680 (83.4) | 1470 (82.7) | 3150 (82.2) |
Rural | 250 (12.4) | 232 (13.1) | 482 (12.6) |
Family monthly income (RMB) | |||
<5000 | 253 (12.6) | 243 (13.7) | 496 (13.0) |
5000–20,000 | 1383 (68.6) | 1244 (70.0) | 2627 (68.5) |
>20,000 | 225 (11.2) | 144 (8.1) | 369 (9.7) |
Father’s educational background | |||
Lower than bachelor’s | 840 (41.7) | 1327 (74.7) | 2167 (56.6) |
Bachelor’s or above | 1120 (55.6) | 405 (22.8) | 1525 (39.8) |
Mother’s educational background | |||
Lower than bachelor’s | 1666 (82.6) | 1447 (81.4) | 3113 (81.2) |
Bachelor’s or above | 311 (15.5) | 289 (16.3) | 600 (15.7) |
No out-of-school MVPA | 99 (4.9) | 263 (14.8) | 362 (9.4) |
No out-of-school MVPA on weekdays | 407 (20.3) | 765 (43.1) | 1172 (30.6) |
No out-of-school MVPA on weekends | 128 (6.4) | 364 (20.5) | 492 (12.9) |
Body mass index z-score, mean (SD) | 0.20 (1.3) | 0.31 (1.4) | 0.08 (1.3) |
Total | Male | Female | p-Value | Secondary School | High School | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Out-of-school MVPA (min/week) | 291.61 (73.68) | 312.17 (71.26) | 274.85 (70.71) | <0.001 | 336.71 (49.94) | 252.68 (68.50) | <0.001 |
Peer support | 3.51 (1.19) | 3.75 (1.19) | 3.24 (1.14) | <0.001 | 3.58 (1.17) | 3.51 (1.19) | 0.008 |
Parental support | 3.13 (0.99) | 3.17 (1.05) | 3.09 (0.91) | 0.012 | 3.23 (1.03) | 3.13 (0.99) | <0.001 |
Autonomous motivation | 3.47 (1.04) | 3.56 (1.04) | 3.28 (1.00) | <0.001 | 3.47 (1.05) | 3.48 (1.04) | 0.64 |
Controlled motivation | 2.61 (0.96) | 2.79 (0.99) | 2.41 (0.87) | <0.001 | 2.59 (0.96) | 2.60 (0.96) | 0.57 |
Availability of PA resources in neighborhood environment | 2.76 (1.68) | 2.76 (1.73) | 2.77 (1.61) | 0.777 | 2.63 (1.64) | 2.76 (1.68) | <0.001 |
b (95% CI) | β | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Out-of-school MVPA | |||
Peer support | 9.35 (7.55, 11.15) | 0.15 | <0.001 |
Parental support | 3.90 (1.75, 6.07) | 0.05 | <0.001 |
Autonomous motivation | 6.46 (4.09, 8.82) | 0.09 | <0.001 |
Availability of PA resources in neighborhood environment | 3.18 (1.99, 4.36) | 0.07 | <0.001 |
Grade | −28.35 (−29.50, −27.19) | −0.62 | <0.001 |
Gender 1 | −7.19 (−11.3, −3.14) | −0.05 | <0.001 |
Family monthly income | 2.54 (0.45, 4.62) | 0.03 | 0.017 |
Out-of-school MVPA on weekdays | |||
Peer support | 4.57 (3.42, 5.72) | 0.06 | <0.001 |
Parental support | 3.5 (2.0, 4.9) | 0.03 | <0.001 |
Autonomous motivation | 4.73 (2.78, 5.96) | 0.07 | <0.001 |
Availability of PA resources in neighborhood environment | 0.9 (0.2, 1.6) | 0.01 | 0.016 |
Grade | −2.76 (−3.05, −2,47) | −0.07 | <0.001 |
Gender | −5.21 (−7.22, −3.20) | −0.09 | <0.001 |
Family monthly income | 2.43 (1.40, 3.46) | 0.07 | <0.001 |
Out-of-school MVPA on weekends | |||
Peer support | 12.2 (10.0, 14.4) | 0.10 | <0.001 |
Parental support | 7.4 (4.9, 9.8) | 0.04 | <0.001 |
Autonomous motivation | 11.6 (9.2, 13.9) | 0.10 | <0.001 |
Availability of PA resources in neighborhood environment | 4.2 (2.8, 5.6) | 0.02 | <0.001 |
Grade | −17.1 (−21.7, −12.5) | −0.02 | <0.001 |
Gender | −14.47 (−22.39, −6.56) | −0.06 | <0.001 |
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Qiu, N.; Gao, X.; Zhang, X.; Fu, J.; Wang, Y.; Li, R. Associations between Psychosocial Variables, Availability of Physical Activity Resources in Neighborhood Environment, and Out-of-School Physical Activity among Chinese Adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6643. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126643
Qiu N, Gao X, Zhang X, Fu J, Wang Y, Li R. Associations between Psychosocial Variables, Availability of Physical Activity Resources in Neighborhood Environment, and Out-of-School Physical Activity among Chinese Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(12):6643. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126643
Chicago/Turabian StyleQiu, Nan, Xiaoli Gao, Xinge Zhang, Jialin Fu, Yechuang Wang, and Rui Li. 2021. "Associations between Psychosocial Variables, Availability of Physical Activity Resources in Neighborhood Environment, and Out-of-School Physical Activity among Chinese Adolescents" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12: 6643. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126643