Lights and Shadows of Microbiota Modulation and Cardiovascular Risk in HIV Patients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Search Strategies, Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria, and Quality Assessment
3. Microbiota Modulation to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk in HIV Patients: Scientific Evidence from Clinical Trials
3.1. Prebiotics
3.2. Probiotics
3.3. Symbiotics
3.4. Fecal Transplantation
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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NCT Number | Country | Reference | Status | Intervention | Number of Participants | Age of Participants (Years) | Objective | Main Outcomes |
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NCT01838915 | Spain | Serrano Villar et al., 2017 [30] | Completed | scGOS/lcFOS + glutamine 6 weeks | 45 | 18–70 | To assess the effects in naive and ART-treated HIV-infected patients on:
|
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NCT04058392 | Canada | – | Not yet recruiting | Camu camu (2 capsules/day) 12 weeks | 22 (enrolled) | ≥18 | To evaluate the effects in ART-treated HIV-infected patients on:
|
NCT Number | Country | Reference | Status | Intervention | Number of Participants | Age of Participants (Years) | Objective | Main Outcomes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NCT02164344 | Italy | D’Etorre et al., 2015 [31] | Unknown | S. salivarius spp. thermophilus 2.04 × 1014 CFU, B. breve, B. infantis, B. longum 9.3 × 1013 CFU, L. acidophilus 2 × 1012 CFU, L. plantarum 2.2 × 108 CFU, L. casei 2.2 × 108 CFU, L. delbrueckii ssp. Bulgaricus 3 × 108 CFU and S. faecium 3 × 107 CFU 1 daily dose 48 weeks | 30 | 18–75 | To determine the effects in ART-treated HIV-infected patients on:
|
|
NCT01439841 | Norway and Sweden | Stiksrud et al., 2015 [32] | Completed | Biola (L. rhamnosous GG 108 CFU, L. acidophilus La-5 107 CFU and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bb-12 108 CFU) 1 daily dose 8 weeks | 32 | ≥18 | To investigate the effects in ART-treated HIV-infected patients on:
|
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NCT00517803 | Canada | – | Completed | Probiotic yogurt (175 g) 1 daily yogurt 16 weeks | 24 | 18–85 | To compare the effects of several levels of fortified probiotic yogurt vs. placebo in HIV-infected patients with cancer on:
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NCT02448238 | USA | – | Completed | VSL#3 (S. thermophilus, B. breve, B. longum, B. infantis, L. plantarum, L. acidophilus, L. paracasei and L. bulgaricus (9 × 1011 CFU)) 1 daily dose 12 weeks | 23 (females only) | ≥18 | To assess the effects in naive HIV-infected Malian women on:
| |
NCT02764684 | Denmark | – | Completed | Lactobacillus rhamnosus 2 daily doses 8 weeks | 45 | ≥18 | To evaluate the effects in naive HIV-infected patients on:
| |
NCT02441231 | Canada | – | Unknown | Visbiome 2 daily doses (9 × 1014 CFU/day) 48 weeks | 36 (males only) | ≥19 | To investigate the effects in ART-treated HIV-infected men on:
| |
NCT00536848 | Tanzania | Hummelen et al., 2010 [26] | Unknown | Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and L. reuteri RC-14 (2 × 109 CFU) 1 daily dose 24 weeks | 65 (females only) | 18–45 | To determine the effects in naive HIV-infected women with vaginosis on:
| No improvements in bacterial vaginosis. |
NCT01908049 | Spain | Villar-García et al., 2015 [25] | Unknown | S. boulardii 3 daily doses 12 weeks | 44 | ≥18 | To assess the effects in ART-treated HIV-infected patients on:
| Decreased IL-6 and LBP levels. |
NCT02706717 | USA | – | Completed | Visbiome 1 daily dose 24 weeks | 93 | ≥18 | To evaluate the effects in ART-treated HIV-infected patients on:
| |
NCT02276326 | Italy | Ceccarelli et al., 2017 [33] | Recruiting | VSL#3 (S. thermophilus, B. breve, B. longum, B. infantis, L. plantarum, L. acidophilus, L. paracasei, and L. bulgaricus (9 × 1011 CFU)) 4 daily doses 16 weeks | 20 | ≥18 | To determine the effects in ART-treated HIV-infected patients on neurocognitive profile. |
|
NCT02640625 | Norway | – | Completed | Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, L. acidophilus, L. bulgaricus, B. animalis subsp. lactis, and S. thermophilus 1 daily dose 10 weeks | 60 (males only) | 25–65 | To assess the effects in ART-treated HIV-infected men on:
| |
NCT01184456 | USA | – | Completed | GanedenBC30 (Bacillus coagulans GBI-30 andPTA-6086 (2 × 1012 CFU)) 1 daily dose 12 weeks | 24 | ≥18 | To evaluate the effects in ART-treated HIV-infected patients on bacterial translocation. | |
NCT04297501 | China | – | Completed | Bifidobacterium (3 × 1012) and Lactobacillus (1012) 1 daily dose 12 months | 50 | 18–65 | To investigate the effects in ART-treated HIV-infected patients on:
| |
NCT04297488 | China | – | Not yet recruiting | Bifidobacterium (3 × 1012) and Lactobacillus (1012) 1 daily dose 6 months | 20 | 18–65 | To explore the effects in INR HIV-infected patients on:
| |
NCT04175223 | France | – | Not yet recruiting | Vivomixx 2 daily doses 6 months | 50 | ≥18 | To evaluate the effects in ART-treated HIV-infected patients with neurocognitive disorders on:
| |
NCT0409943 | Italy | – | Recruiting | Vivomixx 4 daily doses 6 months | To assess the effects in ART-treated HIV-infected patients with HPV genital infection on:
|
NCT Number | Country | Reference | Status | Intervention | Number of Participants | Age of Participants (Years) | Objective | Main Outcomes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NCT03009032 | Spain | Serrano-Villar et al., 2019 [34] | Completed | PMT25341 1 daily dose 48 weeks | 77 | 18–80 | To investigate the effects of the intervention in naive HIV-infected patients who initiate ART on:
|
|
NCT00688311 | USA | Schunter et al., 2012 [35] | Completed | Synbiotic 2000 (4 probiotic bacteria (1010 CFU/bacteria) + 4 dietary fibers (2.5 g/fiber)) 1 daily dose 4 weeks | 34 (only females) | ≥18 | To determine the effects in ART-treated HIV-infected women on:
|
|
NCT03568812 | Indonesia | – | Recruiting | Rillus [L. plantarum 8.55 mg, S. thermophilus 8.55 mg and B. bifidum 2.55 mg (109 CFU) + FOS (480 mg)] 1 daily dose 12 weeks | 80 | 18–55 | To assess the effects INR HIV-infected patients on:
| |
NCT03542786 | Spain | – | Recruiting | I3.1 (L. plantarum CECT7484, L. plantarum CECT7485 and P. acidilactici) + ProSheed 1 daily dose 48 weeks | 40 | ≥18 | To evaluate the effects in ART-treated HIV-infected patients on inflammaging (premature aging). | |
NCT02180035 | Brazil | Santos et al., 2017 [36] | Completed | Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis + FOS 2 daily doses 24 weeks | 290 | ≥19 | To investigate the effects in ART-treated HIV-infected patients on lipid metabolism. | Reduced diarrhea, nausea and/or vomiting, constipation, and dyspepsia. |
Phylum | Class | Order | Family | Genus | Species | Function(s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
It INCREASE | Firmicutes | Clostridia | Clostridiales | Ruminococcaceae | Faecalibacterium | One of the main butyrate producers in the gut. Plays a crucial role in gut physiology and host wellbeing [38]. | |
Ruminiclostridium | Significantly enriched in healthy donors compared with people with metabolic issues [39]. | ||||||
Lachnospiraceae | Blautia | Contributes to alleviation of inflammatory diseases and metabolic diseases and has antibacterial activity against specific microorganisms [40]. | |||||
Anaritides | Unknown. | ||||||
Dorea | Capable of degrading polysaccharides, oligosaccharides and sugars [41]. | ||||||
Fusicatenibacter | Butyrate production [42]. | ||||||
Eubacteriaceae | Eubacterium | Butyrate production. Plays a critical role in energy homeostasis, colonic motility, immunomodulation, and suppression of inflammation in the gut. Bile acid and cholesterol transformations [43]. | |||||
Erysipelotrichia | Erysipelotrichales | Erysipelotrichaceae | Catenibacterium | Polysaccharide degradation [44]. | |||
Negativicutes | Selenomonadales | Veillonellaceae | Megamonas | Production of the SCFAs acetate, propionate, and butyrate production, which are beneficial for health [45]. | |||
Bacilli | Lactobacillales | Lactobacillaceae | Lactiplantibacillus | plantarum | Production of bacteriocins, antimicrobial peptides [46]. | ||
Pediococcus | pentosaceu | Alleviation of intestinal inflammation by maintaining the intestinal integrity and modulating the immunological profiles, gut microbiome, and metabolite composition [47]. | |||||
Actinobacteria | Actinobacteria | Coriobacteriales | Coriobacteriaceae | Collinsella | Butyrate production [48]. | ||
Actinomycetales | Corynebacteriaceae | Corynebacterium | Cause of significant infections [49]. | ||||
Bifidobacteriales | Bifidobacteriaceae | Bifidobacterium | Numerous positive health benefits [50]. | ||||
Proteobacteria | Deltaproteobacteria | Desulfovibrionales | Sulfate reduction [51]. | ||||
It DECREASE | Firmicutes | Clostridia | Clostridiales | Clostridiaceae | Clostridium | lituseburense | Association with a range of human and animal diseases [52]. |
histolyctum | |||||||
perfringens | |||||||
coccoides | |||||||
Peptostreptococcaceae | Clostridioides | difficile | Causes diarrhea, fulminant colitis, and death [53]. | ||||
Eubacteriaceae | Eubacterium | rectale | Contributes to colorectal cancer by promoting colitis and inflammation [54]. | ||||
Erysipelotrichia | Erysipelotrichales | Erysipelotrichaceae | Catenibacterium | Polysaccharide degradation [44]. | |||
Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria | Enterobacteriales | Enterobacteriaceae | Causes many nosocomial infections, community-acquired infection, respiratory infections, soft tissue infections, osteomyelitis, and endocarditis [55]. | |||
Bacteroidetes | Significant clinical pathogens [56]. |
NCT Number | Country | Reference | Status | Intervention | Number of Participants | Age of Participants (Years) | Objective | Main Outcomes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NCT02256592 | USA | – | Completed | 300 mL of fecal suspension from a healthy donor delivered by colonoscopy and provided by OpenBiome | 18 | 18–75 | To examine the safety and durability of the intervention To determine the effects in ART-treated HIV-infected patients on:
| |
NCT03329560 | USA | – | Active, not recruiting | PRIM-DJ2727 (capsules containing lyophilized microbiota derived from 150 g of healthy donor stool) 1 daily dose 6 weeks | 6(enrolled) | ≥18 | To evaluate whether the intervention is safe for ART-treated HIV-infected MSM. | |
NCT03008941 | Spain | Serrano-Villar et al., 2021 [80] | Completed | FT capsules provided by OpenBiome10 capsules first week + 5 capsules weekly8 weeks | 30 | 18–80 | To assess the effects in ART-treated HIV-infected patients on:
|
|
NCT04165200 | Mexico | – | Completed | FT via frozen capsules15 capsules every 12 h for four doses 7 days prior ART start and on weeks 0, 4, 8 and 12 after ART start | 22 | ≥18 | To monitor the effects in naive HIV-infected patients on:
|
Intervention | Definition/Composition | |
---|---|---|
Prebiotics | scGOS | Short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides |
lcFOS | Long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides | |
pAOS | Pectin hydrolysate-derived acidic oligosaccharides | |
Glutamine | Glutamine aminoacidic | |
Camu camu | Myrciaria dubia | |
Probiotics | Supplemented fermented skimmed milk | L. rhamnosus GG (108 CFU/mL), B. animalis subsp. lactis B-12 (108 CFU/mL), and L. acidophilus La-5 (107 CFU/mL) |
Visbiome | S. thermophilus, B. breve, B. longum, B. infantis, L. plantarum, L. acidophilus, L. paracasei, and L. bulgaricus (9 × 1011 CFU) | |
Saccharomyces boulardii | 56.5 mg of living S. boulardii | |
Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 plus Bifidobacterium lactis Bi-07 | L. rhamnosus HN001 plus B. lactis Bi-07 (109 CFU/mL) | |
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG | L. rhamnosus GG (1010 CFU) | |
Packet A | S. salivarius spp. thermophilus (2.04 × 1014 CFU), B. breve, B. infantis, B. longum (9.3 × 1013 CFU), L. acidophilus (2 × 1012 CFU), L. plantarum (2.2 × 108 CFU), L. casei (2.2 × 108 CFU), L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus (3 × 108 CFU), and S. faecium (3 × 107 CFU) | |
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 | L. rhamnosus GR-1 and L. reuteri RC-14 | |
Ganeden BC30 | B. coagulans GBI-30, 6086 (2 × 1012 CFU) | |
Fortified yogurt | L. rhamnosus GR-1 (1.23 × 109 CFU/mL) | |
Biola | L. rhamnosous GG 108 CFU, L. acidophilus La-5 107 CFU and B. animalis subsp. lactis Bb-12 108 CFU | |
VSL#3 | S. thermophilus, B. breve, B. longum, B. infantis, L. plantarum, L. acidophilus, L. paracasei and L. bulgaricus (9 × 1011 CFU) | |
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG plus Lactobacillus acidophilus plus Lactobacillus bulgaricus plus Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis plus Streptococcus thermophilus | L. rhamnosus GG, L. acidophilus, L. bulgaricus, B. animalis subsp. lactis, and S. thermophilus | |
Vivomixx | B. breve, B. longum, B. infantis, L. acidophilus, L. plantarum, L. paracasei, L. bulgaricus, and S. thermophilus | |
Symbiotics | Agavins plus Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 plus Bifidobacterium lactis Bi-07 | 10 g of agavins from Agave tequilana plus Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 and Bifidobacterium lactis Bi-07 (109 CFU/mL) |
Synbiotic 2000 | 4 probiotic bacteria (1010 CFU/bacteria) plus 4 dietary fibers (2.5 g/fiber) | |
PMT25431 | Unknown | |
LACTOFOS | L. paracasei Lpc-37 SD 5275, Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 SD 5675, L. acidophilus N CFM SD 5221, and B. bifidum (109 CFU/strain) plus FOS | |
Rillus | L. plantarum (8.55 mg), S. thermophilus (8.55 mg), and B. bifidum 2.55 mg (109 CFU) plus FOS (480 mg) | |
I3.1 | L. plantarum CECT7484, L. plantarum CECT7485 and P. acidilactici) plus ProSheed | |
Lactobacillus paracasei plus Lactobacillus rhamnosus plus Lactobacillus acidophilus plus Bifidobacterium lactis plus FOS | L. paracasei, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, L. acidophilus, and B. lactis plus FOS |
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Villoslada-Blanco, P.; Pérez-Matute, P.; Oteo, J.A. Lights and Shadows of Microbiota Modulation and Cardiovascular Risk in HIV Patients. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6837. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136837
Villoslada-Blanco P, Pérez-Matute P, Oteo JA. Lights and Shadows of Microbiota Modulation and Cardiovascular Risk in HIV Patients. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(13):6837. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136837
Chicago/Turabian StyleVilloslada-Blanco, Pablo, Patricia Pérez-Matute, and José A. Oteo. 2021. "Lights and Shadows of Microbiota Modulation and Cardiovascular Risk in HIV Patients" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13: 6837. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136837