Maternal Work–Life Balance and Children’s Social Adjustment: The Mediating Role of Perceived Stress and Parenting Practices
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Ethics Statement
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Work–Life Balance: Survey Work–Home Interaction—NijmeGen
2.3.2. Mothers’ Perceived Stress: Perceived Stress Scale
2.3.3. Mothers’ Parenting Practices: Alabama Parenting Questionnaire
2.3.4. Child Behavior: Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire
2.3.5. Demographic Covariates
2.4. Data Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Participants’ and Children’s Behavior
3.2. Work–Life Balance and Children’s Behavior
3.2.1. Work–Life Balance and Children’s Externalizing Problems
3.2.2. Work–Life Balance and Child’s Internalizing Problems
3.2.3. Work–Life Balance and Child’s Prosocial Behaviors
3.3. Path of Maternal Work–Life Balance, Perceived Stress, Parenting Practices, and Child Behaviors
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Externalizing Problems | Internalizing Problems | Prosocial Behaviors | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | M | SD | p | M | SD | p | M | SD | p | |
Gender | |||||||||||
Boy | 226 | 47.8 | 5.26 | 3.21 | <0.001 | 3.32 | 2.99 | 0.803 | 6.26 | 2.16 | <0.001 |
Girl | 247 | 52.2 | 4.03 | 2.94 | 3.26 | 2.62 | 7.06 | 2.00 | |||
Family composition | |||||||||||
Single-parent household | 30 | 6.3 | 4.71 | 2.87 | 0.863 | 4.56 | 3.20 | 0.015 | 6.30 | 2.40 | 0.336 |
Two-parent household | 443 | 93.7 | 4.61 | 3.14 | 3.21 | 2.76 | 6.70 | 2.10 | |||
Annual household income (JPY) | |||||||||||
<3,000,000 | 44 | 9.3 | 4.98 | 3.23 | 0.368 | 3.90 | 3.06 | 0.407 | 6.33 | 2.03 | 0.200 |
3,000,000–6,000,000 | 187 | 39.5 | 4.81 | 3.46 | 3.33 | 2.68 | 6.90 | 2.13 | |||
6,000,000–9,000,000 | 139 | 29.4 | 4.64 | 2.99 | 3.34 | 2.95 | 6.54 | 2.17 | |||
≥9,000,000 | 90 | 19.0 | 4.16 | 2.45 | 3.00 | 2.78 | 6.44 | 1.99 | |||
Mother’s education level | |||||||||||
Compulsory education/upper secondary school | 96 | 20.5 | 5.05 | 3.69 | 0.327 | 4.12 | 3.12 | 0.003 | 6.53 | 1.91 | 0.155 |
Up to 4 years at college/university | 190 | 40.5 | 4.54 | 2.90 | 2.91 | 2.74 | 6.90 | 1.99 | |||
More than 4 years at college/university | 183 | 39.0 | 4.48 | 3.01 | 3.23 | 2.53 | 6.51 | 2.30 | |||
Father’s education level | |||||||||||
Compulsory education/upper secondary school | 120 | 26.8 | 4.81 | 3.07 | 0.327 | 3.44 | 2.84 | 0.649 | 6.91 | 2.08 | 0.354 |
Up to 4 years at college/university | 69 | 15.4 | 5.00 | 3.51 | 3.05 | 2.75 | 6.66 | 1.97 | |||
More than 4 years at college/university | 259 | 57.8 | 4.44 | 3.10 | 3.24 | 2.78 | 6.57 | 2.14 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE | β | p | Adjusted R2 | B | SE | β | p | Adjusted R2 | B | SE | β | p | Adjusted R2 | |
Work–life balance and children’s externalizing problems | |||||||||||||||
Work–family negative spillover | 0.102 | 0.035 | 0.136 | 0.004 | 0.016 | 0.096 | 0.035 | 0.128 | 0.006 | 0.038 | 0.093 | 0.036 | 0.123 | 0.011 | 0.060 |
Work–family positive spillover | −0.14 | 0.041 | −0.16 | <0.001 | 0.023 | −0.138 | 0.041 | −0.157 | <0.001 | −0.142 | 0.042 | −0.161 | <0.001 | ||
Work–life balance and children’s internalizing problems | |||||||||||||||
Work–family negative spillover | 0.108 | 0.031 | 0.163 | <0.001 | 0.024 | 0.106 | 0.031 | 0.160 | <0.001 | 0.048 | 0.109 | 0.032 | 0.164 | <0.001 | 0.067 |
Work–family positive spillover | −0.127 | 0.036 | −0.164 | <0.001 | 0.025 | −0.126 | 0.036 | −0.161 | <0.001 | −0.11 | 0.037 | −0.142 | 0.003 | ||
Work–life balance and children’s prosocial behaviors | |||||||||||||||
Work–family negative spillover | −0.022 | 0.024 | −0.044 | 0.356 | 0.001 | −0.018 | 0.023 | −0.036 | 0.423 | 0.085 | −0.008 | 0.023 | −0.016 | 0.726 | 0.115 |
Work–family positive spillover | 0.172 | 0.026 | 0.294 | <0.001 | 0.084 | 0.174 | 0.027 | 0.295 | <0.001 | 0.171 | 0.027 | 0.292 | <0.001 |
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Hosokawa, R.; Katsura, T. Maternal Work–Life Balance and Children’s Social Adjustment: The Mediating Role of Perceived Stress and Parenting Practices. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6924. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136924
Hosokawa R, Katsura T. Maternal Work–Life Balance and Children’s Social Adjustment: The Mediating Role of Perceived Stress and Parenting Practices. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(13):6924. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136924
Chicago/Turabian StyleHosokawa, Rikuya, and Toshiki Katsura. 2021. "Maternal Work–Life Balance and Children’s Social Adjustment: The Mediating Role of Perceived Stress and Parenting Practices" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13: 6924. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136924