How Task Constraints Influence the Gaze and Motor Behaviours of Elite-Level Gymnasts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample
2.2. Tasks
2.3. Instruments and Procedure
2.4. Statistical and Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Performance
3.2. Gaze Behaviour
3.3. Motor Behaviour
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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MT | MTVT | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Super Elite | Elite | Super Elite | Elite | |
Score | 9.64 ± 0.20 | 9.45 ± 0.19 | 9.32 ± 0.14 | 8.77 ± 0.37 a,b |
Fixations mid run (#) | 1.10 ± 0.74 | 1.20 ± 0.79 | 1.50 ± 0.85 | 1.50 ± 0.71 |
Fixations end run (#) | 2.00 ± 1.70 | 1.80 ± 0.79 | 1.80 ± 1.55 | 1.50 ± 1.08 |
Fixations MT (#) | 3.30 ± 2.21 | 3.20 ± 1.48 | 3.10 ± 1.73 | 3.10 ± 1.66 |
Fixations VT (#) | — | — | 1.40 ± 0.52 | 2.20 ± 1.55 |
Total fixations (#) | 8.70 ± 2.58 | 7.60 ± 1.84 | 8.10 ± 1.91 | 9.00 ± 1.89 |
Avg. fixation duration (ms) | 291.47 ± 83.85 | 383.21 ± 112.20 a | 357.78 ± 98.05 | 286.81 ± 96.10 a |
Dwell time mid run (%) | 12.56 ± 11.31 | 14.31 ± 9.51 | 14.11 ± 11.86 | 17.05 ± 9.88 |
Dwell time end run (%) | 22.29 ± 14.07 | 19.28 ± 13.38 | 19.36 ± 13.61 | 15.49 ± 7.79 |
Dwell time MT (%) | 51.05 ± 15.44 | 54.71 ± 11.90 b | 49.46 ± 13.08 b | 33.08 ± 8.98 a,b |
Dwell time VT (%) | — | — | 17.08 ± 6.86 | 26.80 ± 10.75 |
Final fixation dwell (%) | 17.60 ± 11.81 | 21.20 ± 14.07 | 15.4 ± 6.64 | 16.4 ± 5.02 |
Final fixation duration (ms) | 488.00 ± 429.49 | 822.00 ± 487.12 | 522.00 ± 225.77 | 550.00 ± 165.80 |
Measure | MT | MTVT | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Step Length Variables | Super Elite | Elite | Super Elite | Elite |
Step −8 to −9 (m) | 1.04 ± 0.24 | 1.09 ± 0.31 | 0.85 ± 0.33 | 1.22 ± 0.16 |
Step −7 to −8 (m) | 1.09 ± 0.28 | 1.18 ± 0.34 | 1.09 ± 0.54 | 1.22 ± 0.31 |
Step −6 to −7 (m) | 1.09 ± 0.33 | 1.26 ± 0.29 | 1.25 ± 0.28 | 1.29 ± 0.24 |
Step −5 to −6 (m) | 1.27 ± 0.21 | 1.29 ± 0.26 | 1.33 ± 0.26 | 1.40 ± 0.09 |
Step −4 to −5 (m) | 1.38 ± 0.18 | 1.49 ± 0.35 | 1.39 ± 0.17 | 1.42 ± 0.10 |
Step −3 to −4 (m) | 1.47 ± 0.21 | 1.45 ± 0.20 | 1.47 ± 0.12 | 1.51 ± 0.10 |
Step −2 to −3 (m) | 1.47 ± 0.12 | 1.50 ± 0.21 | 1.50 ± 0.11 | 1.58 ± 0.13 |
Step −1 to −2 (m) | 1.41 ± 0.14 | 1.37 ± 0.10 | 1.46 ± 0.08 | 1.44 ± 0.20 |
Take-off to step −1 (m) | 3.10 ± 0.28 | 2.97 ± 0.22 | 3.22 ± 0.19 | 3.03 ± 0.18 |
Avg. step length (m) | 1.28 ± 0.17 | 1.33 ± 0.09 | 1.29 ± 0.16 | 1.39 ± 0.07 |
Step Velocity Variables | Super Elite | Elite | Super Elite | Elite |
Step −9 (m/s) | 3.33 ± 0.87 | 4.52 ± 0.96 | 4.14 ± 0.88 | 5.09 ± 0.57 |
Step −8 (m/s) | 4.06 ± 0.77 | 5.01 ± 0.91 | 4.80 ± 0.77 | 5.58 ± 0.52 |
Step −7 (m/s) | 4.58 ± 0.65 | 5.42 ± 0.81 | 5.32 ± 0.57 | 5.99 ± 0.40 |
Step −6 (m/s) | 5.10 ± 0.61 | 5.77 ± 0.76 | 5.79 ± 0.52 | 6.35 ± 0.34 |
Step −5 (m/s) | 5.55 ± 0.50 | 6.05 ± 0.65 | 6.14 ± 0.40 | 6.57 ± 0.26 |
Step −4 (m/s) | 5.96 ± 0.49 | 6.27 ± 0.55 | 6.77 ± 0.26 | 7.04 ± 0.19 |
Step −3 (m/s) | 6.29 ± 0.45 | 6.49 ± 0.46 | 6.77 ± 0.26 | 7.04 ± 0.19 |
Step −2 (m/s) | 6.64 ± 0.45 | 6.74 ± 0.38 | 7.15 ± 0.29 | 7.32 ± 0.21 |
Step −1 (m/s) | 6.90 ± 0.46 | 6.80 ± 0.30 | 7.33 ± 0.22 | 7.37 ± 0.25 |
Take-off velocity (m/s) | 4.71 ± 0.26 b | 4.24 ± 0.87 b | 5.24 ± 0.35 b | 5.53 ± 0.56 b |
Avg. step velocity (m/s) | 5.37 ± 0.54 | 5.89 ± 0.63 | 5.99 ± 0.46 | 6.47 ± 0.26 |
Step frequency (steps/min) | 204.60 ± 13.38 | 213.90 ±12.18 a | 208.30 ± 13.58 | 229.40 ± 16.97 a |
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Barreto, J.; Casanova, F.; Peixoto, C.; Fawver, B.; Williams, A.M. How Task Constraints Influence the Gaze and Motor Behaviours of Elite-Level Gymnasts. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6941. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136941
Barreto J, Casanova F, Peixoto C, Fawver B, Williams AM. How Task Constraints Influence the Gaze and Motor Behaviours of Elite-Level Gymnasts. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(13):6941. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136941
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarreto, Joana, Filipe Casanova, César Peixoto, Bradley Fawver, and Andrew Mark Williams. 2021. "How Task Constraints Influence the Gaze and Motor Behaviours of Elite-Level Gymnasts" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13: 6941. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136941