Effect of Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) and Duration of Disease on Lung Functions in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Subjects ad Methods
2.1. Exclusion Criteria
2.2. Measurements of HbA1c
2.3. Spirometry
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic and Biochemical Characteristics
3.2. Pulmonary Function Test
3.3. Duration of Diabetes 5–10 Years (Pulmonary Function Tests)
3.4. Duration of Diabetes >10 Years and Pulmonary Function Tests
3.5. HbA1c < 8 and Pulmonary Function Tests
3.6. HbA1c > 8 and Pulmonary Function Tests
3.7. Correlation Analysis (HbA1c and Lung Function Parameters)
3.8. Correlation Analysis (Duration of Diabetes and Lung Function Parameters)
4. Discussion
Study Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Diabetic Group (n = 101) | Control Group (n = 101) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||
Age (years) | 55.50 ± 5.99 | 54.88 ± 6.76 | 0.489 |
Height (cm) | 166.02 ± 6.44 | 166.11 ± 6.04 | 0.919 |
Weight (kg) | 68.84 ± 4.64 | 68.21 ± 5.77 | 0.653 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.04 ± 2.11 | 24.34 ± 1.33 | 0.319 |
HbA1c (%) | 8.19 ± 1.48 | 6.01 ± 0.24 | <0.001 * |
Fasting Blood Glucose (mmol/L) | 9.12 ± 3.12 | 5.21 ± 0.11 | <0.001 * |
Parameters | Diabetic Group (n = 14) | Control Group (n = 14) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||
VC (L) | 2.85 ± 0.65 | 3.09 ± 0.56 | 0.303 |
FVC (L) | 3.15 ± 0.66 | 3.47 ± 0.59 | 0.189 |
FEV1 (L/Sec) | 2.75 ± 0.63 | 2.98 ± 0.47 | 0.278 |
FEV1/FVC Ratio (%) | 88.98 ± 6.23 | 87.65 ± 5.21 | 0.548 |
PEFR (L/Sec) | 6.88 ± 1.82 | 7.12 ± 1.67 | 0.720 |
FEF-25% (L/Sec) | 6.49 ± 1.96 | 6.77 ± 1.53 | 0.672 |
FEF-50% (L/Sec) | 4.52 ± 1.79 | 4.76 ± 1.06 | 0.907 |
FEF-75% (L/Sec) | 1.71 ± 1.11 | 1.66 ± 0.69 | 0.673 |
Parameters | Diabetic Group (n = 26) | Control Group (n = 26) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||
VC (L) | 2.72 ± 0.80 | 2.91 ± 0.56 | 0.328 |
FVC (L) | 3.08 ± 0.91 | 3.34 ± 0.79 | 0.283 |
FEV1 (L/Sec) | 2.58 ± 0.75 | 2.96 ± 0.71 | 0.068 |
FEV1/FVC Ratio (%) | 86.39 ± 6.79 | 91.47 ± 5.97 | 0.006 * |
PEFR (L/Sec) | 6.55 ± 2.28 | 7.14 ± 2.15 | 0.345 |
FEF-25% (L/Sec) | 6.05 ± 2.24 | 6.83 ± 1.95 | 0.184 |
FEF-50% (L/Sec) | 3.60 ± 1.29 | 4.90 ± 1.30 | 0.001 * |
FEF-75% (L/Sec) | 1.35 ± 0.61 | 1.93 ± 0.74 | 0.003 * |
Parameters | Diabetic Group (n = 61) | Control Group (n = 61) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||
VC (L) | 2.64 ± 0.60 | 2.85 ± 0.62 | 0.055 |
FVC (L) | 3.07 ± 0.75 | 3.29 ± 0.78 | 0.106 |
FEV1 (L/Sec) | 2.64 ± 0.61 | 2.90 ± 0.68 | 0.029 * |
FEV1/FVC Ratio (%) | 89.25 ± 7.14 | 91.35 ± 6.12 | 0.311 |
PEFR (L/Sec) | 6.56 ± 1.97 | 7.08 ± 1.94 | 0.805 |
FEF-25% (L/Sec) | 6.31 ± 1.88 | 6.80 ± 1.85 | 0.636 |
FEF-50% (L/Sec) | 4.23 ± 1.26 | 4.73 ± 1.40 | 0.483 |
FEF-75% (L/Sec) | 1.62 ± 0.80 | 1.86 ± 0.74 | 0.747 |
Parameters | Diabetic Group (n = 58) | Control Group (n = 58) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||
VC (L) | 2.78 ± 0.67 | 8.94 ± 0.71 | 0.309 |
FVC (L) | 3.24 ± 0.75 | 3.34 ± 0.76 | 0.502 |
FEV1 (L/Sec) | 2.77 ± 0.63 | 2.95 ± 0.65 | 0.145 |
FEV1/FVC Ratio (%) | 88.04 ± 6.85 | 91.32 ± 5.69 | 0.006 * |
PEFR (L/Sec) | 6.94 ± 1.86 | 7.15 ± 1.98 | 0.542 |
FEF-25% (L/Sec) | 6.58 ± 1.81 | 6.87 ± 1.84 | 0.394 |
FEF-50% (L/Sec) | 4.29 ± 1.41 | 4.85 ± 1.36 | 0.034 * |
FEF-75% (L/Sec) | 1.63 ± 0.92 | 1.95 ± 0.81 | 0.053 |
Parameters | Diabetic Group (n = 43) | Control Group (n = 43) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||
VC (L) | 2.56 ± 0.64 | 2.98 ± 0.57 | 0.002 * |
FVC (L) | 2.87 ± 0.76 | 3.39 ± 0.75 | 0.002 * |
FEV1 (L/Sec) | 2.46 ± 0.63 | 2.99 ± 0.65 | 0.001 * |
FEV1/FVC Ratio (%) | 89.06 ± 7.11 | 91.00 ± 5.82 | 0.175 |
PEFR (L/Sec) | 6.16 ± 2.17 | 7.20 ± 2.01 | 0.024 * |
FEF-25% (L/Sec) | 5.86 ± 2.12 | 6.96 ± 1.99 | 0.015 * |
FEF-50% (L/Sec) | 3.86 ± 1.30 | 4.92 ± 1.53 | 0.001 * |
FEF-75% (L/Sec) | 1.47 ± 0.62 | 1.94 ± 0.79 | 0.003 * |
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Maan, H.B.; Meo, S.A.; Al Rouq, F.; Meo, I.M.U.; Gacuan, M.E.; Alkhalifah, J.M. Effect of Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) and Duration of Disease on Lung Functions in Type 2 Diabetic Patients. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6970. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136970
Maan HB, Meo SA, Al Rouq F, Meo IMU, Gacuan ME, Alkhalifah JM. Effect of Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) and Duration of Disease on Lung Functions in Type 2 Diabetic Patients. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(13):6970. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136970
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaan, Hawra Bin, Sultan Ayoub Meo, Fawziah Al Rouq, Imran Muhammad Umar Meo, Milagros E. Gacuan, and Joud Mohammed Alkhalifah. 2021. "Effect of Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) and Duration of Disease on Lung Functions in Type 2 Diabetic Patients" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13: 6970. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136970