Early Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction, Reduced Baroreflex Sensitivity, and Cardiac Autonomic Imbalance in Anabolic–Androgenic Steroid Users
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Measurements
2.1.1. Echocardiographic Study
2.1.2. Arterial Baroreflex Sensitivity and Heart Rate Variability Assessments
2.1.3. Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Groups | A | B | C |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 27.4 ± 8.6 | 26.9 ± 7.8 | 27.1 ± 5.6 |
Height (cm) | 1.75 ± 0.08 | 1.74 ± 0.08 | 1.76 ± 0.07 |
Weight (kg) | 81.5 ± 15.2 | 81.3 ± 10.9 | 80.1 ± 8.1 |
BMI | 26.6 ± 2.6 | 26.2 ± 2.3 | 25.9 ± 2.2 |
Training age (years) | 10.3 ± 3.3 | 10.1 ± 3.6 | - |
Duration of AAS use (years) | 4.3 ± 0.5 | - |
Groups | A | B | C |
---|---|---|---|
HRrest (beats/min) | 73.1 ± 12.1 | 72.5 ± 11.3 | 72.5 ± 9.3 |
HRmax(beats/min) | 184.0 ± 11.3 | 184.7 ± 13.5 | 180.0 ± 11.7 |
SBPrest (mmHg) | 127.0 ± 6.7 a,b | 116.7 ± 8.0 | 118.2 ± 9.2 |
SBPmax (mmHg) | 174.0 ± 13.3 a,b | 162.9 ± 14.6 | 160.0 ± 12.3 |
DBPrest (mmHg) | 75.7 ± 9.9 | 76.7 ± 9.1 | 77.2 ± 5.7 |
DBPmax (mmHg) | 75.0 ± 7.8 | 75.0 ± 8.8 | 76.3 ± 6.6 |
ExTime | 12.1 ± 1.1 a,b | 10.9 ± 1.2 | 10.3 ± 0.9 |
VO2max (mL/kg/min) | 46.6 ± 6.4 a,b | 40.5 ± 7.1 | 39.4 ± 6.1 |
VE max (L/min) | 107.7 ± 20.0 | 108.6 ± 19.4 | 109.1 ± 18.2 |
Groups | A | B | C |
---|---|---|---|
BRS (ms/mmHg) | 9.4 ± 2.3 a,b | 10.9 ± 1.8 | 11.2 ± 1.9 |
BEI (%) | 65.7 ± 10.4 a,b | 73.6 ± 9.2 | 70.2 ± 10.3 |
Ramp Count | 333.6 ± 74.3 | 369.3 ± 74.9 | 355.5 ± 61.7 |
Event Count | 172.1 ± 55.6 | 182.7 ± 45.5 | 176.5 ± 54.3 |
HFnu-RRI (%) | 19.4 ± 4.7 | 20.5 ± 4.1 | 21.3 ± 4.3 |
LFnu-RRI (%) | 97.5 ± 8.3 a,b | 78.5 ± 8.7 | 76.4 ± 8.8 |
LF/HF ratio | 6.9 ± 3.9 a,b | 5.5 ± 3.6 c | 4.7 ± 3.7 |
Groups | A | Β | C |
---|---|---|---|
IVSd (mm) | 12.2 ± 1.6 b | 11.8 ± 1.1 | 10.6 ± 1.0 |
PWd(mm) | 11.9 ± 1.4 | 11.5 ± 1.3 | 9.8 ± 1.3 |
LVEDD (mm) | 51.8 ± 3.8 | 50.2 ± 4.3 | 49.9 ± 3.7 |
LVM (g) | 227.0 ± 27.6 a,b | 208.7 ± 28.3 c | 164.0 ± 17.3 |
LVMI(g/m2) | 115.2 ± 6.3 a,b | 105.8 ± 5.8 c | 82.8 ± 5.4 |
RWT (cm) | 0.43 ± 0.05 b | 0.44 ± 0.05 c | 0.37 ± 0.04 |
EF (%) | 62.7 ± 5.2 | 62.3 ± 5.0 | 62.9 ± 5.7 |
LAVi (ml/m2) | 30.7 ± 1.8 b | 28.2 ± 2.1 | 25.1 ± 1.9 |
TR peak velocity (m/s) | 1.3 ± 0.2 b | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.2 |
MVE (cm/s) | 73.8 ± 3.9 | 75.0 ± 3.2 | 72.1 ± 3.5 |
MVA (cm/s) | 44.2 ± 2.1 | 45.1 ± 2.0 | 46.3 ± 1.9 |
E/A | 1.65 ± 0.29 | 1.67 ± 0.28 | 1.52 ± 0.30 |
E/E’ aver | 9.24 ± 1.42 a,b | 7.00 ± 0.9 | 5.76 ± 0.8 |
Septal E’ velocity (cm/s) | 6.2 ± 0.70 a,b | 10.0 ± 0.9 | 11.1 ± 0.82 |
Septal A’ velocity (cm/s) | 5.6 ± 0.6 | 6.7 ± 0.6 | 7 ± 0.7 |
Lateral E’ velocity (cm/s) | 9.1 ± 0.6 a,b | 13.4 ± 0.5 | 14 ± 0.5 |
Lateral A’ velocity (cm/s) | 7.1 ± 0.5 | 7.9 ± 0.6 c | 8 ± 0.7 |
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Kouidi, E.J.; Kaltsatou, A.; Anifanti, M.A.; Deligiannis, A.P. Early Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction, Reduced Baroreflex Sensitivity, and Cardiac Autonomic Imbalance in Anabolic–Androgenic Steroid Users. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6974. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136974
Kouidi EJ, Kaltsatou A, Anifanti MA, Deligiannis AP. Early Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction, Reduced Baroreflex Sensitivity, and Cardiac Autonomic Imbalance in Anabolic–Androgenic Steroid Users. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(13):6974. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136974
Chicago/Turabian StyleKouidi, Evangelia Joseph, Antonia Kaltsatou, Maria Apostolos Anifanti, and Asterios Pantazis Deligiannis. 2021. "Early Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction, Reduced Baroreflex Sensitivity, and Cardiac Autonomic Imbalance in Anabolic–Androgenic Steroid Users" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13: 6974. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136974