Measuring the Association of Self-Perceived Physical and Social Neighborhood Environment with Health of Chinese Rural Residents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source
2.2. Study Population
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Health Status
2.3.2. Health-Related Behaviors
2.3.3. Neighborhood Environment
2.3.4. Socio-Demographic Characteristics
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Participants
3.2. Health Status of Participants
3.3. Health-Related Behaviors of Participants
3.4. Neighborhood Environment Status of Participants
3.5. The Associations of Self-Perceived Neighborhood Environment with Health Status
3.6. The Associations between Self-Perceived Neighborhood Environment and Health-Related Behaviors
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Total Population n (%) | Variables | Total Population n (%) |
---|---|---|---|
DE | Household income, mean ± SD | 41,516.15 ± 46,411.37 | |
Bad | 1085 (15.09) | Subjective Social Class | |
Good | 6106 (84.91) | Low | 2135 (29.69) |
PFC | Fair | 3356 (46.67) | |
Bad | 957 (13.31) | High | 1700 (23.64) |
Good | 6234 (86.69) | Depressive mood, mean ± SD | 5.32 ± 3.96 |
PS | Self-rated health | ||
Bad | 584 (8.12) | Unhealthy | 1119 (15.56) |
Good | 6607 (91.88) | Fair | 1216 (16.91) |
NR | Healthy | 4856 (67.53) | |
Bad | 92 (1.28) | Chronic | |
Good | 7099 (98.72) | No | 6060 (84.27) |
Age groups in years | Yes | 1131 (15.73) | |
<60 | 5743 (79.86) | Time sleeping weekday | |
≥60 | 1448 (20.14) | <9 h | 1376 (19.14) |
Gender | ≥9 h | 5815 (80.86) | |
Male | 3870 (53.82) | Physical exercise | |
Female | 3321 (46.18) | No | 4818 (67.00) |
Marital status | At least one time | 2373 (33.00) | |
Unmarried | 520 (7.23) | Smoking frequencies | |
Married | 6386 (88.81) | No | 4789 (66.60) |
Divorce or bereavement | 285 (3.96) | Yes | 2402 (33.40) |
Education level | Alcohol consumption | ||
Middle school and below | 6267 (87.15) | No | 6021 (83.73) |
High school/vocational school | 646 (8.98) | Yes | 1170 (16.27) |
College and above | 278 (3.87) | BMI, mean ± SD | 23.28 ± 3.43 |
Region | Underweight | 442 (6.15) | |
Eastern | 2854 (39.69) | Normal | 3929 (54.64) |
Central | 1533 (21.32) | Overweight | 2205 (30.66) |
Western | 2803 (38.98) | Obesity | 615 (8.55) |
Variables | Depressive Mood | Self-Rated Health | Chronic Disease | BMI | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | Coefficient | 95% CI | |
DE (ref: bad) | 0.74 | 0.65–0.84 *** | 1.32 | 1.14–1.53 *** | 0.90 | 0.74–1.09 | 0.08 | −0.14–0.31 |
PFC (ref: bad) | 0.81 | 0.71–0.92 ** | 1.30 | 1.11–1.51 *** | 0.79 | 0.65–0.96 * | −0.04 | −0.28–0.19 |
PS (ref: bad) | 0.75 | 0.64–0.89 *** | 1.15 | 0.96–1.38 | 0.82 | 0.65–1.04 | −0.17 | −0.47–0.12 |
NR (ref: bad) | 0.46 | 0.31–0.66 *** | 2.14 | 1.42–3.21 *** | 0.53 | 0.33–0.87 * | −1.07 | −1.76–−0.38 ** |
Age (ref: <60) | 1.06 | 0.95–1.18 | 0.56 | 0.50–0.64 *** | 2.00 | 1.72–2.33 *** | −1.17 | −1.37–−0.96 *** |
Gender (ref: male) | 1.52 | 1.40–1.65 *** | 0.65 | 0.59–0.72 *** | 1.40 | 1.23–1.60 *** | −0.25 | −0.41–−0.10 *** |
Marital status (ref: unmarried) | ||||||||
Married | 0.97 | 0.82–1.14 | 0.31 | 0.23–0.41 *** | 4.26 | 2.64–6.87 *** | 1.22 | 0.90–1.53 *** |
Divorce or bereavement | 2.18 | 1.67–2.85 *** | 0.28 | 0.19–0.41 *** | 4.52 | 2.58–7.91 *** | 1.27 | 0.77–1.78 *** |
Education level (ref: Middle school and below) | ||||||||
High school/vocational school | 0.86 | 0.74–0.99b * | 1.43 | 1.18–1.75 *** | 0.94 | 0.73–1.21 | −0.20 | −0.47–0.07 |
College and above | 0.72 | 0.58–0.89 ** | 1.31 | 0.94–1.84 | 0.98 | 0.63–1.52 | −0.24 | −0.67–0.17 |
Region (ref: Eastern) | ||||||||
Central | 1.03 | 0.93–1.15 | 1.00 | 0.87–1.14 | 1.34 | 1.13–1.60 *** | −0.32 | −0.52–−0.11 ** |
Western | 1.69 | 1.54–1.85 *** | 0.81 | 0.72–0.91 *** | 1.50 | 1.29–1.75*** | −1.39 | −1.57–−1.22 *** |
Social position (ref: low) | ||||||||
Fair | 0.64 | 0.58–0.70 *** | 1.32 | 1.18–1.48 *** | 1.00 | 0.85–1.17 | 0.21 | 0.03–0.39 * |
High | 0.64 | 0.57–0.72 *** | 1.45 | 1.26–1.66 *** | 1.16 | 0.97–1.38 | 0.34 | 0.12–0.55 ** |
Household income | 0.88 | 0.85–0.91 *** | 1.12 | 1.08–1.16 *** | 0.99 | 0.95–1.04 | 0.09 | 0.03–0.15 ** |
Variables | Time Sleeping Weekday | Physical Exercise | Smoking Frequencies | Alcohol | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
DE (ref: bad) | 1.09 | 0.91–1.30 | 0.93 | 0.79–1.08 | 0.95 | 0.79–1.15 | 1.20 | 0.97–1.47 |
PFC (ref: bad) | 1.05 | 0.87–1.27 | 1.20 | 1.02–1.42 * | 0.95 | 0.78–1.15 | 0.81 | 0.65–1.01 |
PS (ref: bad) | 1.00 | 0.80–1.26 | 1.05 | 0.86–1.28 | 0.93 | 0.72–1.18 | 0.96 | 0.73–1.27 |
NR (ref: bad) | 0.98 | 0.57–1.68 | 1.54 | 0.93–2.53 | 1.24 | 0.70–2.20 | 1.01 | 0.52–1.94 |
Age (ref: <60) | 0.77 | 0.67–0.90 *** | 1.32 | 1.16–1.51 *** | 0.94 | 0.81–1.10 | 0.98 | 0.83–1.16 |
Gender (ref: male) | 1.01 | 0.90–1.15 | 1.04 | 0.94–1.15 | 0.01 | 0.01–0.02 *** | 23.26 | 17.87–30.26 *** |
Marital status (ref: unmarried) | ||||||||
Married | 0.72 | 0.54–0.95 * | 0.81 | 0.66–1.00 | 0.81 | 0.64–1.02 | 0.72 | 0.54–0.95 * |
Divorce or bereavement | 0.53 | 0.36–0.79 ** | 0.73 | 0.53–1.02 | 0.78 | 0.52–1.15 | 0.82 | 0.52–1.30 |
Education level (ref: Middle school and below) | ||||||||
High school/vocational school | 1.18 | 0.94–1.47 | 1.60 | 1.35–1.90 *** | 0.78 | 0.64–0.95 * | 1.28 | 1.02–1.61 * |
College and above | 1.59 | 1.08–2.34 * | 2.95 | 2.27–3.85 *** | 0.31 | 0.22–0.43 *** | 3.36 | 2.06–5.46 *** |
Region (ref: Eastern) | ||||||||
Central | 1.03 | 0.89–1.20 | 1.13 | 0.99–1.29 | 1.07 | 0.91–1.27 | 1.62 | 1.35–1.93 *** |
Western | 1.65 | 1.44–1.90 *** | 0.82 | 0.73–0.92 *** | 1.12 | 0.97–1.28 | 2.48 | 2.11–2.91 *** |
Social class (ref: low) | ||||||||
Fair | 1.01 | 0.87–1.17 | 1.30 | 1.15–1.47 *** | 1.10 | 0.95–1.28 | 0.93 | 0.79–1.09 |
High | 0.77 | 0.65–0.91 ** | 1.82 | 1.58–2.09 *** | 1.19 | 1.00–1.42 * | 0.79 | 0.65–0.96 * |
Household income | 0.97 | 0.93–1.02 | 1.05 | 1.01–1.09 * | 0.96 | 0.92–1.01 | 0.94 | 0.88–0.99 * |
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Liu, P.; Wang, J.; Wang, X.; Nie, W.; Zhen, F. Measuring the Association of Self-Perceived Physical and Social Neighborhood Environment with Health of Chinese Rural Residents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8380. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168380
Liu P, Wang J, Wang X, Nie W, Zhen F. Measuring the Association of Self-Perceived Physical and Social Neighborhood Environment with Health of Chinese Rural Residents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(16):8380. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168380
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Pengcheng, Jing Wang, Xiaojie Wang, Wenjie Nie, and Fangfang Zhen. 2021. "Measuring the Association of Self-Perceived Physical and Social Neighborhood Environment with Health of Chinese Rural Residents" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16: 8380. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168380