Is Experience the Best Teacher? Knowledge, Perceptions, and Awareness of Wildfire Risk
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Fire-related employment: fire-related workers vs. non-fire-related workers; and
- Wildland–urban interface (WUI) proximity: WUI residents vs. non-WUI residents.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and study Population
2.2. Item Selection and Development
- Sociodemographic variables and other general information. Information on age, gender, education, occupation, and city of residence was collected. Participation in voluntary organizations or associations connected with firefighting activities was also registered, since these participants were classified as “fire-related workers”. In this section, we also asked participants to declare if they ever had a direct wildfire experience.
- Subjective knowledge. Variables in this section were intended to explore objective and perceived knowledge about fires, such as wildfire and WUI definitions, their occurrence, and self-perceived topic knowledge.
- Advanced knowledge. The four items in this section more specifically investigated those aspects related to wildfire drivers, the potential risk of an increasing number of wildfires, levels of flammability, and the role of climate change. In this section, the questions were also dichotomous.
- Awareness of level of information. This section explored personal beliefs about mitigation measures adopted by landscape and forest managers, and about the tendency to retrieve information on the topic. The first variable was classified as “yes” and “no”, while the second was based on a 5-point Likert scale classification, ranging from “Never” (1) to “Always” (5).
- Self-protection measures. This section refers to the response strategies that the participant would implement in the event of a wildfire. The two variables explored were about the response to the threat categorized as “tackling” or “avoiding the threat” (i.e., “fight or flight” response), and about the willingness to equip one’s home with fire protection systems, such as fire extinguishers and smoke detectors (“yes” and “no”).
- Community involvement. In this last section, we investigated the perception of the importance of scientific research, to improve the awareness of wildfire risk in the general population using a 5-point Likert scale ranging from “Not at all” (1) to “Very much” (5), and of an informed community to prevent and mitigate wildfire risk (“yes” and “no”).
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Fire Experience
3.3. Fire-Related Employment
3.4. WUI Proximity
4. Discussion
5. Study Strengths and Limitations
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fire Experience | With Fire Experience | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fire-Related Employment | WUI Proximity | |||||
With | Without | Workers | Non-Workers | Residents | Non-Residents | |
Frequency (N) | 260 | 515 | 110 | 150 | 36 | 36 |
Age (M ± DS) | (38.1 ± 15.3) | (37 ± 14.3) | (37.3 ± 14.7) | (38.6 ± 15.7) | (38.7 ± 15) | (39.1 ± 15.4) |
Gender [N (%)] | ||||||
Male | 133 (17) | 249 (32.1) | 56 (22) | 77 (29.6) | 13 (18) | 13 (18.1) |
Female | 127 (16) | 266 (34.3) | 54 (21) | 73 (28.1) | 23 (32) | 23 (31.9) |
Education [N (%)] | ||||||
No education | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Primary school | 0 | 2 (0.3) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Secondary school | 25 (3.2) | 27 (3.5) | 8 (3.1) | 17 (6.5) | 6 (8.3) | 6 (8.3) |
High School | 122 (16) | 226 (29.2) | 57 (22) | 65 (25) | 17 (24) | 17 (23.6) |
University or higher | 113 (15) | 260 (33.5) | 45 (17) | 68 (26.2) | 13 (18) | 13 (18.1) |
Occupation [N (%)] | ||||||
Unemployed | 15 (1.9) | 23 (3) | 8 (3.1) | 7 (2.7) | 1 (1.4) | 2 (2.78) |
Student | 64 (8.3) | 137 (17.7) | 33 (13) | 31 (11.9) | 3 (4.2) | 9 (12.5) |
Tradesman | 5 (0.6) | 4 (0.5) | 2 (0.8) | 3 (1.2) | 3 (4.2) | 0 |
Employee | 97 (13) | 214 (27.6) | 30 (12) | 67 (25.8) | 15 (21) | 15 (20.8) |
Freelancer | 29 (3.7) | 62 (8) | 14 (5.4) | 15 (5.8) | 6 (8.3) | 3 (4.1) |
Retired | 15 (1.9) | 16 (2.1) | 5 (1.9) | 10 (3.8) | 1 (1.4) | 3 (4.1) |
Other | 35 (4.5) | 59 (7.6) | 18 (6.9) | 17 (6.5) | 7 (9.7) | 4 (5.5) |
Topic | Item | Fire Experience | x2 | p Value | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Without (N) | With (N) | Without (M) | With (M) | Without (SD) | With (SD) | |||||
Subjective knowledge | Wildfire_definition (Q12) | 515 | 260 | 0.841 | 0.938 | 0.366 | 0.241 | 152.667 | 0.000 | *** |
Self-perceived_knowledge (Q13) | 515 | 260 | 0.377 | 1.104 | 0.538 | 0.741 | 17.238 | 0.000 | *** | |
WUI_definition (Q14) | 515 | 260 | 0.573 | 0.715 | 0.495 | 0.452 | 189.194 | 0.000 | *** | |
Wildfire_occurrence (Q15) | 515 | 260 | 0.862 | 0.973 | 0.681 | 0.500 | 23.436 | 0.000 | *** | |
Advanced knowledge | Drivers_WUI (Q16) | 515 | 260 | 0.150 | 0.135 | 0.357 | 0.342 | 72.002 | 0.578 | |
Flammability_levels (Q17) | 515 | 260 | 0.612 | 0.662 | 0.488 | 0.474 | 0.133 | 0.175 | ||
Climate_change (Q18) | 515 | 260 | 0.940 | 0.946 | 0.238 | 0.226 | 2.029 | 0.721 | ||
Risk_worsening (Q19) | 515 | 260 | 0.839 | 0.912 | 0.368 | 0.285 | 0.006 | 0.005 | ||
Level of information | Site_specific_mit (Q20) | 515 | 260 | 0.386 | 0.369 | 0.487 | 0.484 | 2.897 | 0.642 | |
Selflearning (Q21) | 515 | 260 | 2.120 | 3.585 | 1.061 | 1.388 | 0.262 | 0.000 | *** | |
Self-protection measures | Response_threat_categ (Q22) | 515 | 260 | 0.728 | 0.696 | 0.445 | 0.461 | 195.801 | 0.350 | |
Home_protection (Q23) | 515 | 260 | 0.951 | 0.935 | 0.215 | 0.248 | 2.841 | 0.329 | ||
Community involvement | Scientific_research (Q24) | 515 | 260 | 4.200 | 4.258 | 0.940 | 0.934 | 0.312 | 0.361 | |
Informed_community (Q25) | 515 | 260 | 0.961 | 0.965 | 0.193 | 0.183 | 0.529 | 0.770 |
Topic | Item | Fire-Related Employment | x2 | p Value | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-Workers (N) | Workers (N) | Non-Workers (M) | Workers (M) | Non-Workers (SD) | Workers (SD) | |||||
Subjective knowledge | Wildfire_definition (Q12) | 150 | 110 | 0.907 | 0.982 | 0.292 | 0.134 | 6.182 | 0.013 | * |
Self-perceived_knowledge (Q13) | 150 | 110 | 0.767 | 1.564 | 0.689 | 0.534 | 73.336 | 0.000 | *** | |
WUI_definition (Q14) | 150 | 110 | 0.613 | 0.855 | 0.489 | 0.354 | 18.065 | 0.000 | *** | |
Wildfire_occurrence (Q15) | 150 | 110 | 0.960 | 0.990 | 0.196 | 0.095 | 34.849 | 0.000 | *** | |
Advanced knowledge | Drivers_WUI (Q16) | 150 | 110 | 0.140 | 0.127 | 0.348 | 0.335 | 0.088 | 0.767 | |
Flammability_levels (Q17) | 150 | 110 | 0.640 | 0.691 | 0.482 | 0.464 | 0.732 | 0.392 | ||
Climate_change (Q18) | 150 | 110 | 0.940 | 0.955 | 0.238 | 0.209 | 0.263 | 0.608 | ||
Risk_worsening (Q19) | 150 | 110 | 0.927 | 0.891 | 0.262 | 0.313 | 1.002 | 0.317 | ||
Level of information | Site_specific_mit (Q20) | 150 | 110 | 0.347 | 0.400 | 0.478 | 0.492 | 0.772 | 0.380 | |
Selflearning (Q21) | 150 | 110 | 2.853 | 4.582 | 1.282 | 0.771 | 104.221 | 0.000 | *** | |
Self-protection measures | Response_threat_categ (Q22) | 150 | 110 | 0.713 | 0.673 | 0.454 | 0.471 | 0.493 | 0.483 | |
Home_protection (Q23) | 150 | 110 | 0.940 | 0.927 | 0.238 | 0.261 | 0.168 | 0.682 | ||
Community involvement | Scientific_research (Q24) | 150 | 110 | 4.233 | 4.291 | 0.958 | 0.902 | 0.088 | 0.767 | |
Informed_community (Q25) | 150 | 110 | 0.960 | 0.973 | 0.197 | 0.164 | 0.306 | 0.580 |
Topic | Item | WUI Proximity | x2 | p Value | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-Resident (N) | Resident (N) | Non-Resident (M) | Resident (M) | Non-Resident (SD) | Resident (SD) | |||||
Subjective knowledge | Wildfire_definition (Q12) | 36 | 36 | 0.889 | 0.972 | 0.319 | 0.167 | 6.182 | 0.167 | |
Self-perceived_knowledge (Q13) | 36 | 36 | 0.917 | 1.361 | 0.806 | 0.593 | 73.336 | 0.015 | * | |
WUI_definition (Q14) | 36 | 36 | 0.694 | 0.833 | 0.467 | 0.378 | 18.065 | 0.168 | ||
Wildfire_occurrence (Q15) | 36 | 36 | 0.972 | 0.944 | 0.166 | 0.232 | 34.849 | 0.336 | ||
Advanced knowledge | Drivers_WUI (Q16) | 36 | 36 | 0.083 | 0.111 | 0.280 | 0.319 | 0.088 | 0.693 | |
Flammability_levels (Q17) | 36 | 36 | 0.694 | 0.611 | 0.467 | 0.494 | 0.732 | 0.461 | ||
Climate_change (Q18) | 36 | 36 | 0.917 | 1.000 | 0.280 | 0.000 | 0.263 | 0.079 | ||
Risk_worsening (Q19) | 36 | 36 | 0.944 | 0.944 | 0.232 | 0.232 | 1.002 | 1.000 | ||
Level of information | Site_specific_mit (Q20) | 36 | 36 | 0.333 | 0.361 | 0.478 | 0.487 | 0.772 | 0.806 | |
Selflearning (Q21) | 36 | 36 | 3.111 | 4.167 | 1.389 | 1.134 | 104.22 | 0.001 | ** | |
Self-protection measures | Response_threat_categ (Q22) | 36 | 36 | 0.639 | 0.389 | 0.487 | 0.494 | 0.493 | 0.035 | * |
Home_protection (Q23) | 36 | 36 | 0.861 | 0.917 | 0.351 | 0.280 | 0.168 | 0.456 | ||
Community involvement | Scientific_research (Q24) | 36 | 36 | 4.111 | 4.389 | 1.008 | 0.803 | 0.088 | 0.261 | |
Informed_community (Q25) | 36 | 36 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.306 | NA |
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Spano, G.; Elia, M.; Cappelluti, O.; Colangelo, G.; Giannico, V.; D’Este, M.; Lafortezza, R.; Sanesi, G. Is Experience the Best Teacher? Knowledge, Perceptions, and Awareness of Wildfire Risk. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8385. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168385
Spano G, Elia M, Cappelluti O, Colangelo G, Giannico V, D’Este M, Lafortezza R, Sanesi G. Is Experience the Best Teacher? Knowledge, Perceptions, and Awareness of Wildfire Risk. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(16):8385. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168385
Chicago/Turabian StyleSpano, Giuseppina, Mario Elia, Onofrio Cappelluti, Giuseppe Colangelo, Vincenzo Giannico, Marina D’Este, Raffaele Lafortezza, and Giovanni Sanesi. 2021. "Is Experience the Best Teacher? Knowledge, Perceptions, and Awareness of Wildfire Risk" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16: 8385. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168385