Urban Health and Social Marginality: Perceived Health Status and Interaction with Healthcare Professionals of a Hard-to-Reach Community Living in a Suburban Area of Rome (Italy)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Socio-Demographic Characteristics
3.2. Health Status: Self-Reported Perception of Health and Health-Related Behaviours
3.3. Interaction with Healthcare Professionals
3.3.1. Health-Related Behaviours
3.3.2. Cardiovascular Risk Assessment
3.3.3. Immunisation
3.3.4. Help-Seeking Behaviour
3.4. Screening Tests
4. Discussion
Study Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bastogi | ASL | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | n | % | n | % | |
Male | 76 | 36.2 | 421 | 46.8 | 0.005 |
Female | 134 | 63.8 | 478 | 53.2 | |
Educational level | n | % | n | % | |
None | 5 | 2.4 | 1 | 0.1 | <0.001 * |
Elementary school | 19 | 9.1 | 12 | 1.3 | |
Middle school | 111 | 53.4 | 121 | 13.5 | |
High school | 60 | 28.9 | 431 | 47.9 | |
University degree | 13 | 6.3 | 334 | 37.2 | |
Marital Status | n | % | n | % | |
Single | 97 | 46.4 | 345 | 38.4 | <0.001 |
Married | 62 | 29.7 | 467 | 52.0 | |
Separated/Divorced | 35 | 16.8 | 68 | 7.6 | |
Widowed | 15 | 7.2 | 19 | 2.1 | |
Citizenship | n | % | n | % | |
Italian | 185 | 88.9 | 851 | 94.7 | 0.002 |
Foreign | 23 | 11.1 | 48 | 5.3 | |
Employment status | n | % | n | % | |
Unemployed | 94 | 45 | 257 | 28.6 | <0.001 |
Continuously employed | 84 | 40.2 | 593 | 66.0 | |
Non-continuously employed | 31 | 14.8 | 49 | 5.5 |
Bastogi | ASL | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 210 | N = 899 | ||||
How would you describe your health? | n | % | n | % | |
Very good | 27 | 12.9 | 100 | 11.2 | <0.001 |
Good | 95 | 45.2 | 544 | 60.5 | |
Not bad | 56 | 26.7 | 213 | 23.7 | |
Bad | 25 | 11.9 | 34 | 3.8 | |
Very bad | 7 | 3.3 | 8 | 0.9 | |
Have you ever been diagnosed with? | n | % | n | % | |
Diabetes | 14 | 6.7 | 28 | 3.1 | 0.015 |
Kidney failure | 2 | 1.0 | 10 | 1.1 | 1.000 * |
Obstructive pulmonary diseases | 41 | 19.5 | 53 | 5.9 | <0.001 |
Cardiovascular diseases | 22 | 10.4 | 32 | 3.6 | <0.001 |
Cancer | 10 | 4.8 | 46 | 5.1 | 0.833 |
Bastogi | ASL | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 210 | N = 899 | ||||
In the last 12 months, has a doctor ever | n | % | n | % | |
asked if you smoke? | |||||
Yes | 108 | 51.4 | 348 | 38.7 | 0.003 * |
No, nobody asked | 82 | 39.1 | 474 | 52.7 | |
No, I haven’t spoken with any health worker | 19 | 9.0 | 72 | 8.0 | |
I do not know | 1 | 0.5 | 5 | 0.6 | |
advised you to practice regular physical activity? | N = 204 | N = 899 | |||
n | % | n | % | ||
Yes | 71 | 34.8 | 304 | 33.8 | 0.099 * |
No, the doctor hasn’t suggested it | 103 | 50.5 | 496 | 55.2 | |
No, I haven’t spoken with any health worker | 29 | 14.2 | 83 | 9.2 | |
I do not remember | 1 | 0.5 | 16 | 1.8 | |
advised you to keep a healthy weight or to lose weight? | N = 209 | N = 898 | |||
n | % | n | % | ||
Yes | 77 | 36.8 | 216 | 24.1 | <0.001 * |
No, the doctor hasn’t suggested it | 107 | 51.2 | 611 | 68.0 | |
No, I haven’t spoken with any health worker | 25 | 12.0 | 68 | 7.6 | |
I do not remember | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0.3 | |
asked how much alcohol you drink? 1 | N = 99 | N = 513 | |||
n | % | n | % | ||
Yes | 23 | 23.2 | 75 | 14.6 | 0.035 * |
No, nobody asked | 60 | 60.6 | 377 | 73.5 | |
No, I haven’t spoken with any health worker | 16 | 16.2 | 55 | 10.7 | |
I do not know | 0 | 0 | 6 | 1.2 | |
In the last 12 months, has a doctor ever advised you to quit smoking? 2 | N = 74 | N = 188 | |||
n | % | n | % | ||
Yes, for health reasons | 16 | 21.6 | 8 | 4.3 | <0.001 * |
Yes, for prevention | 8 | 10.8 | 87 | 46.3 | |
Yes, for both reasons | 8 | 10.8 | 18 | 9.6 | |
No | 41 | 55.4 | 68 | 36.2 | |
I do not recall | 1 | 1.4 | 7 | 3.7 | |
Has a doctor ever | |||||
measured your blood pressure? | N = 210 | N = 899 | |||
n | % | n | % | ||
Yes | 195 | 92.8 | 857 | 95.3 | 0.120 |
No | 14 | 6.7 | 33 | 3.7 | |
I do not recall | 1 | 0.5 | 9 | 1.0 | |
calculated your cardiovascular risk? 3 | N = 99 | N = 349 | |||
n | % | n | % | ||
Yes | 7 | 7.1 | 2 | 0.6 | <0.001 |
No | 85 | 85.8 | 319 | 91.4 | |
I do not recall | 7 | 7.1 | 28 | 8.0 | |
In the last 12 months, have you been vaccinated against the flu? | N = 209 | N = 899 | |||
n | % | n | % | ||
Yes | 20 | 9.6 | 82 | 9.1 | 0.376 * |
No | 187 | 89.5 | 814 | 90.6 | |
I do not recall | 2 | 0.9 | 3 | 0.3 |
Pap Smear | Mammogram | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bastogi | ASL Roma 1 | p | Bastogi | ASL Roma 1 | p | |||||
Have you ever taken this test for preventive purposes at least once in life? | ||||||||||
N = 108 | N = 400 | N = 85 | N = 332 | |||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |||
Yes | 98 | 90.8 | 377 | 94.3 | 0.281 * | 64 | 75.3 | 300 | 90.4 | 0.001 * |
No | 9 | 8.3 | 18 | 4.5 | 20 | 23.5 | 29 | 8.7 | ||
I do not know | 1 | 0.9 | 5 | 1.2 | 1 | 1.2 | 3 | 0.9 | ||
Have you ever received the letter from the local health unit inviting you to take this test? | ||||||||||
N = 100 | N = 400 | N = 62 | N = 203 | |||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |||
Yes | 67 | 67.0 | 189 | 47.2 | <0.001 | 48 | 77.4 | 143 | 70.4 | 0.005 |
No | 31 | 31.0 | 138 | 34.5 | 13 | 21.0 | 26 | 12.8 | ||
I do not remember | 2 | 2.0 | 73 | 18.3 | 1 | 1.6 | 34 | 16.8 | ||
Have you ever been advised by a doctor or healthcare professional to take the test regularly, in absence of symptoms? | ||||||||||
N = 104 | N = 400 | N = 69 | N = 293 | |||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |||
Yes | 58 | 55.8 | 291 | 72.8 | <0.001 * | 54 | 78.3 | 210 | 71.7 | 0.048 |
No | 45 | 43.3 | 87 | 21.8 | 15 | 21.7 | 59 | 20.1 | ||
I do not remember | 0 | 0.0 | 19 | 4.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 24 | 8.2 | ||
No, because already hysterectomized | 1 | 0.9 | 3 | 0.7 | - | - | ||||
Did you have to pay for the last test you got? 1 | ||||||||||
N = 74 | N = 343 | N = 52 | N = 252 | |||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |||
No | 55 | 74.3 | 79 | 59.0 | <0.001 | 43 | 82.7 | 67 | 26.6 | <0.001 |
Just the ticket | 8 | 10.8 | 69 | 20.1 | 5 | 9.6 | 77 | 30.6 | ||
Yes | 9 | 12.2 | 177 | 51.6 | 4 | 7.7 | 91 | 36.1 | ||
I do not know | 2 | 2.7 | 18 | 5.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 17 | 6.7 |
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Caminada, S.; Turatto, F.; Iorio, S.; Paglione, L.; Errigo, M.; Mazzalai, E.; Jaljaa, A.; Giannini, D.; Tofani, M.; Michelazzo, M.B.; et al. Urban Health and Social Marginality: Perceived Health Status and Interaction with Healthcare Professionals of a Hard-to-Reach Community Living in a Suburban Area of Rome (Italy). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8804. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168804
Caminada S, Turatto F, Iorio S, Paglione L, Errigo M, Mazzalai E, Jaljaa A, Giannini D, Tofani M, Michelazzo MB, et al. Urban Health and Social Marginality: Perceived Health Status and Interaction with Healthcare Professionals of a Hard-to-Reach Community Living in a Suburban Area of Rome (Italy). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(16):8804. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168804
Chicago/Turabian StyleCaminada, Susanna, Federica Turatto, Silvia Iorio, Lorenzo Paglione, Miriam Errigo, Elena Mazzalai, Anissa Jaljaa, Dara Giannini, Marco Tofani, Maria Benedetta Michelazzo, and et al. 2021. "Urban Health and Social Marginality: Perceived Health Status and Interaction with Healthcare Professionals of a Hard-to-Reach Community Living in a Suburban Area of Rome (Italy)" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16: 8804. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168804