Psychological Impact on the Nursing Professionals of the Rioja Health Service (Spain) Due to the SARS-CoV-2 Virus
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Population and Scope of the Study
2.3. Study Variables
2.4. Data Collection Instrument and Procedure
2.5. Statistical Procedures and Analysis
2.6. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Results
3.2. Descriptive Data
3.3. Comparative Analysis of the Variables
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | |
---|---|
Age | n (%) |
<25 years old | 38 (6.28) |
26–35 years old | 102 (16.86) |
36–45 years old | 159 (26.28) |
46–55 years old | 183 (30.25) |
>55 years old | 123 (20.33) |
Sex | |
Men | 49 (8.1) |
Women | 556 (91.9) |
Marital status | |
Single | 179 (29.58) |
Married | 340 (56.2) |
Divorced | 59 (9.75) |
Widower | 5 (0.83) |
Other | 22 (3.64) |
Children | |
None | 220 (36.36) |
One | 121 (20) |
Two | 223 (36.86) |
Three or more | 41 (6.78) |
Dependents in my charge | |
Yes | 113 (18.68) |
No | 492 (81.32) |
Category | |
Registered Nurse | 386 (63.80) |
Nurse Auxiliary | 219 (36.20) |
Type of employment relationship | |
Civil servant | 316 (52.23) |
Not civil servant | 289 (47.77) |
Laboral Experience | |
<1 year | 33 (5.46) |
1–5 years | 82 (13.55) |
6–10 years | 61 (10.1) |
11–15 years | 67 (11.07) |
>15 years | 362 (59.83) |
Item | a. Never | b. Sometimes | c. Almost Always | d. Always |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dimension 1. Stressors (N = 605 Cronbach’s alpha = 0.8828) | ||||
14. I felt that I had material in the unit that guaranteed my safety in the care of patients infected or possibly infected by COVID-19. | 10 | 212 | 264 | 119 |
15. Did I feel a lack or shortage of knowledge related to COVID-19 infection when providing care to patients? | 38 | 368 | 153 | 46 |
16. I was afraid of making mistakes and failures in the care of patients infected with COVID-19. | 31 | 332 | 147 | 95 |
17. I felt helpless when I saw a COVID-19 patient who was not progressing satisfactorily. | 31 | 156 | 178 | 240 |
18. I felt that I did not pay attention to the psycho-emotional needs of COVID-19 infected patients. | 105 | 300 | 138 | 62 |
19. I thought that the care I was providing was not sufficiently humanized. | 116 | 281 | 141 | 67 |
20. I have had difficulty with a service with new techniques and procedures that I did not previously control and it affected my personal stability. Check only for people who have been relocated or hired because of the health crisis | 122 | 240 | 60 | 27 |
21. Coordination and teamwork were observed during the work shifts. | 13 | 191 | 284 | 117 |
22. There was enough staff in the unit where I worked during the pandemic. | 87 | 150 | 207 | 161 |
23. I felt that the rest time I had was sufficient during the work shift. | 105 | 266 | 134 | 100 |
24. I felt that I had an orderly rotation. | 73 | 122 | 138 | 272 |
25. I have thought about the possibility of getting infected by COVID-19 during my shift. | 11 | 233 | 159 | 202 |
26. I have thought about the possibility of being a probable asymptomatic carrier. | 25 | 288 | 126 | 166 |
27. I tested positive for COVID-19. | Yes: n = 95 | No: n = 510 | ||
28. What level of stress was generated by being positive in COVID-19. Answer only people who have been positive. Score 1 to 5 | 3.38 | |||
29. In what way has the disease passed? Answer only if you have been given positive in the test. | ||||
a. Asymptomatic. | n = 34 | |||
b. Mild symptoms without requiring hospital admission. | n = 58 | |||
c. Serious symptoms that have required hospital admission | n = 3 | |||
30. I have been afraid of infecting the people I live with. Answer only if you live with more people. | 7 | 81 | 95 | 278 |
31. The situation I found myself in during the pandemic at work has affected my psychological state. | 38 | 319 | 124 | 124 |
32. At the end of the shift I felt physically exhausted | 5 | 154 | 232 | 214 |
33. At the end of the shift I felt emotionally overloaded. | 10 | 146 | 197 | 252 |
34. I managed to fall asleep easily and my rest was restorative. | 126 | 332 | 115 | 32 |
Dimension 2. Perceived Emotions (N = 605 Cronbach’s alpha = 0.8379) | ||||
35. I often felt that I did not spend enough time on my feelings and emotions. Score 1 to 5 | 3.73 | |||
36. I have felt sad and have thought about things too much. Score 1 to 5 | 3.91 | |||
37. I did not feel able to think about the positive aspects of things. Score 1 to 5 | 3.35 | |||
38. I believe that this crisis has changed me and destabilized me on an emotional level. Score 1 to 5 | 3.22 | |||
Dimension 3. Coping Strategies (N = 605 Cronbach’s alpha = 0.7917) | ||||
39. I have tried to avoid facing certain problems. | 189 | 327 | 69 | 20 |
40. I have avoided expressing my emotions with my co-workers. | 183 | 317 | 83 | 22 |
41. I have answered or spoken badly to my peers to release my pent-up emotions. | 332 | 254 | 15 | 4 |
42. I preferred not to analyze the situation when I was doing something wrong, without performing self-criticism and continuing with my tasks. | 365 | 212 | 25 | 3 |
Varimax Rotation | Dimension 1 | Dimension 2 | Dimension 3 |
---|---|---|---|
p14 | 0.4962 | ||
p15 | 0.5111 | ||
p16 | 0.5338 | ||
p17 | 0.3039 | ||
p18 | 0.4732 | ||
p19 | 0.4510 | ||
p21 | 0.4412 | ||
p22 | 0.6506 | ||
p23 | 0.5520 | ||
p24 | 0.4990 | ||
p25 | 0.6030 | ||
p26 | 0.6107 | ||
p27 | 0.2418 | ||
p31 | 0.2444 | ||
p32 | 0.2434 | ||
p33 | 0.2454 | ||
p34 | 0.3034 | ||
p35 | 0.6236 | ||
p36 | 0.8015 | ||
p37 | 0.7273 | ||
p38 | 0.7342 | ||
p39 | 0.4451 | ||
p40 | 0.3147 | ||
p41 | 0.3404 | ||
p42 | 0.4451 | ||
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Test (KMO) | |||
Item | Value | ||
p14 | 0.7715 | ||
p15 | 0.8097 | ||
p16 | 0.8829 | ||
p17 | 0.9073 | ||
p18 | 0.7837 | ||
p19 | 0.8004 | ||
p21 | 0.7471 | ||
p22 | 0.8049 | ||
p23 | 0.8221 | ||
p24 | 0.8283 | ||
p25 | 0.8403 | ||
p26 | 0.7798 | ||
p27 | 0.4910 | ||
p31 | 0.9431 | ||
p32 | 0.8555 | ||
p33 | 0.8639 | ||
p34 | 0.9423 | ||
p35 | 0.9244 | ||
p36 | 0.8950 | ||
p37 | 0.9163 | ||
p38 | 0.9220 | ||
p39 | 0.8823 | ||
p40 | 0.8640 | ||
p41 | 0.8683 | ||
p42 | 0.7160 |
Analysis Value | ||
---|---|---|
RMSEA | Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation | 0.098 |
AIC | Akaike’s Information Criterion | 40,223.5 |
BIC | Bayesian Information Criterion | 40,611.2 |
CFI | Comparative Fit Index | 0.969 |
TLI | Tucker-Lewis Index | 0.935 |
SRMR | Standardized Root Mean Squared Residual | 0.059 |
CD | Coefficient of Determination | 0.994 |
Variable | N | Mean | SD | Min. | Max. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dimension 1: Stressors | 605 | 25.7438 | 6.8417 | 9 | 46 |
Dimension 2: Perceived emotions | 605 | 10.20826 | 3.7340 | 0 | 16 |
Dimension 3: Coping strategies | 605 | 2.712397 | 1.7717 | 0 | 12 |
Stressors | Perceived Emotions | Coping Strategies. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | 95% IC | p-Value | C | 95% IC | p-Value | C | 95%IC | p-Value | |
Sex | |||||||||
Woman | 3.02 | 1.08–4.96 | 0.002 | 1.57 | 0.49–2.65 | 0.004 | |||
Men | |||||||||
Dependents in my charge | |||||||||
Not | |||||||||
Yes | 1.19 | (−0.20)–2.59 | 0.094 | 0.94 | 0.17–1.72 | 0.017 | |||
Type of employment relationship | |||||||||
Civil servant | −2.09 | (−3.36)–(−0.81) | 0.001 | −0.45 | (−1.44)–0.54 | 0.374 | −0.18 | (−0.66)–0.29 | 0.455 |
Not civil servant | 0.17 | (−1.83)–2.17 | 0.868 | 0.95 | 0.16–1.74 | 0.018 | 0.45 | (−0.03)–0.9 | 0.069 |
Laboral experience | |||||||||
<1 year | |||||||||
1–5 years | 5.79 | 3.13–8.46 | 0.000 | 2.19 | 0.71–3.68 | 0.004 | 0.26 | (−0.50)–1.02 | 0.506 |
6–10 years | 4.99 | 2.18–7.79 | 0.001 | 2.18 | 0.62–3.73 | 0.006 | 0.69 | 0.32–1.07 | 0.000 |
11–15 years | 4.78 | 1.90–7.66 | 0.001 | 1.60 | 0.06–3.15 | 0.042 | 0.17 | (−0.73)–1.06 | 0.716 |
>15 years | 4.19 | 1.55–6.83 | 0.002 | 1.75 | 0.43–3.08 | 0.009 | 0.15 | (−0.70)–1.00 | 0.727 |
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Del Pozo-Herce, P.; Garrido-García, R.; Santolalla-Arnedo, I.; Gea-Caballero, V.; García-Molina, P.; Ruiz de Viñaspre-Hernández, R.; Rodríguez-Velasco, F.J.; Juárez-Vela, R. Psychological Impact on the Nursing Professionals of the Rioja Health Service (Spain) Due to the SARS-CoV-2 Virus. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 580. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020580
Del Pozo-Herce P, Garrido-García R, Santolalla-Arnedo I, Gea-Caballero V, García-Molina P, Ruiz de Viñaspre-Hernández R, Rodríguez-Velasco FJ, Juárez-Vela R. Psychological Impact on the Nursing Professionals of the Rioja Health Service (Spain) Due to the SARS-CoV-2 Virus. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(2):580. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020580
Chicago/Turabian StyleDel Pozo-Herce, Pablo, Rebeca Garrido-García, Iván Santolalla-Arnedo, Vicente Gea-Caballero, Pablo García-Molina, Regina Ruiz de Viñaspre-Hernández, Francisco José Rodríguez-Velasco, and Raúl Juárez-Vela. 2021. "Psychological Impact on the Nursing Professionals of the Rioja Health Service (Spain) Due to the SARS-CoV-2 Virus" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2: 580. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020580