Association between Breastfeeding Attitudes and Postpartum Depression among Mothers with Premature Infants during COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Design
2.2. Setting
2.3. Sample
2.4. Measurement
2.4.1. Infant Feeding Attitude Scale (IIFAS)
2.4.2. Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale
2.5. Data Collection
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Participants
3.2. Breastfeeding Attitude Status
3.3. Characteristics of Participants and Their Association with Breastfeeding Attitude
3.4. Breastfeeding Attitude, Depression Status, and Its Associated Factors
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Mean (SD) | Frequency, n (%) |
---|---|---|
Age | 31.41 ± 5.86 | |
19–34 years old | 174 (70.2) | |
≥35 years old | 74 (29.8) | |
Ethnicity | ||
Malay | 217 (87.5) | |
Non-Malay | 31 (12.5) | |
Educational level | ||
Secondary or lower | 110 (44.4) | |
Diploma or apprentice | 65 (26.2) | |
Higher education | 73 (29.4) | |
Occupation | ||
Government | 40 (16.1) | |
Private | 140 (56.5) | |
Housewife/Not | ||
working | 68 (27.4) | |
Monthly household income | RM a 5162.12 ± RM a 3917.87 | |
≤RM a 3000 | 91 (36.7) | |
RM a 3001–RM a 5000 | 64 (25.8) | |
≥RM a 5001 | 93 (37.5) | |
Gestational age | 33.06 ± 3.30 weeks | |
<34 weeks | ||
(extreme to moderate | ||
preterm) | 117 (47.2) | |
34 weeks and above | ||
(Late preterm) | 131 (52.8) | |
Type of delivery | ||
Normal delivery | 141 (56.9) | |
Cesarean section | 107 (43.1) | |
Infant’s birth weight | ||
<2500 g | 86 (34.7) | |
≥2500 g | 162 (65.3) | |
Infant’s birth order | ||
First baby | 108 (43.5) | |
Others | 140 (56.5) |
Attitudes towards Breastfeeding | IIFAS Score | Agree b | Neutral | Disagree c | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | |
| 3.47 ± 1.58 | 142 | 57.3 | 23 | 9.3 | 83 | 33.5 |
| 4.59 ± 0.91 | 224 | 90.3 | 13 | 5.2 | 11 | 4.4 |
| 4.83 ± 0.66 | 239 | 96.4 | 3 | 1.2 | 6 | 2.4 |
| 4.45 ± 0.96 | 207 | 83.5 | 28 | 11.3 | 13 | 5.2 |
| 2.86 ± 1.44 | 79 | 31.9 | 65 | 26.2 | 104 | 41.9 |
| 3.65 ± 1.39 | 151 | 60.9 | 46 | 18.5 | 51 | 20.6 |
| 3.26 ± 1.58 | 120 | 48.4 | 38 | 15.3 | 90 | 36.3 |
| 4.06 ± 1.52 | 128 | 51.6 | 34 | 13.7 | 86 | 34.7 |
| 4.06 ± 1.51 | 175 | 70.6 | 30 | 12.1 | 43 | 17.3 |
| 3.16 ± 1.45 | 110 | 44.4 | 62 | 25.0 | 76 | 30.6 |
| 4.23 ± 1.15 | 198 | 79.8 | 26 | 10.5 | 24 | 9.7 |
| 4.68 ± 0.80 | 232 | 93.5 | 7 | 2.8 | 9 | 3.6 |
| 4.64 ± 0.91 | 227 | 91.5 | 9 | 3.6 | 12 | 4.8 |
| 4.04 ± 1.15 | 182 | 73.4 | 44 | 17.7 | 22 | 8.9 |
| 4.59 ± 0.90 | 227 | 91.5 | 9 | 3.6 | 12 | 4.8 |
| 4.44 ± 1.20 | 213 | 85.9 | 8 | 3.2 | 27 | 10.9 |
| 2.08 ± 1.38 | 39 | 15.7 | 43 | 17.3 | 166 | 66.9 |
Factors | Low Level a n (%) (n = 87) | High Level b n (%) (n = 161) | Crude OR (95% CI) c | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal age (years) | ||||
18–34 years old | 64 (73.6%) | 110 (68.3%) | 1.00 | 0.390 |
≥35 years old | 23 (26.4%) | 51 (31.7%) | 0.775 (0.434, 1.385) | |
Maternal ethnicity | ||||
Malay | 74 (85.1%) | 143 (88.8%) | 1.000 | 0.394 |
Non-Malay | 13 (14.9%) | 18 (11.2%) | 1.396 (0.648, 3.004) | |
Marital status | ||||
Married | 83 (95.4%) | 160 (99.4%) | 1.000 | 0.070 |
Others | 4 (4.6%) | 1 (0.6%) | 0.13 (0.014, 1.179) | |
Maternal education level | ||||
Secondary or lower | 41 (47.1%) | 69 (42.9%) | 0.84 (0.49, 1.42) | 0.519 |
Diploma or higher education | 46 (52.9%) | 92 (57.1%) | 1.00 | |
Maternal occupation status | ||||
Government | 8 (9.2%) | 32 (19.9%) | 1.000 | |
Non-government | 52 (59.8%) | 88 (54.7%) | 0.42 (0.18, 0.99) | 0.047 * |
Not working | 27 (31.0%) | 41 (25.5%) | 0.38 (0.15, 0.94) | 0.038 * |
Maternal household income | ||||
≤RM3000 | 38 (43.7%) | 53 (32.9%) | 1.00 | |
RM 3001–RM 5000 | 21 (24.1%) | 43 (26.7%) | 1.47 (0.75, 2.86) | 0.260 |
Types of delivery | ||||
Normal delivery | 53 (60.9%) | 88 (54.7%) | 1.00 | |
Cesarean section | 34 (39.1%) | 73 (45.3%) | 1.293 (0.76, 2.19) | 0.343 |
Birth weight | ||||
<2500 g | 30 (34.5%) | 56 (34.8%) | 1.013 (0.59, 1.75) | 0.962 |
≥2500 g | 57 (65.5%) | 105 (65.2%) | 1.00 | |
Infant’s birth order | ||||
First baby | 42 (48.3%) | 66 (41.0%) | 1.00 | |
Others | 45 (51.7%) | 95 (59.0%) | 1.343 (0.79, 2.27) | 0.270 |
Gestational age | ||||
<34 weeks | 42 (48.3%) | 75 (46.6%) | 1.00 | |
≥34 weeks | 45 (51.7%) | 86 (53.4%) | 1.07 (0.64, 1.80) | 0.799 |
Depression status | ||||
Low risk | 54 (62.1%) | 127 (78.9%) | 1.00 | |
High risk | 33 (37.9%) | 34 (21.1%) | 0.438 (0.25, 0.78) | 0.005 * |
Variable | Breastfeeding Attitude | |
---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | p-Value | |
Depression status | p < 0.001 ** | |
Higher risk (n = 67) | 63.73 ± 6.69 | |
Lower risk (n = 181) | 67.25 ± 6.78 | |
Occupational status | 0.163 | |
Government (n = 40) | 68.10 ± 6.04 | |
Non-government (n = 140) | 66.17 ± 7.08 | |
Not working (n = 68) | 65.51 ± 6.98 |
Variable | n (%) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) a | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Depression status | |||
Lower risk | 181 (73.0%) | 1.00 | |
Higher risk | 67 (27.0%) | 0.37 (0.19, 0.68) | p < 0.001 ** |
Maternal occupation status | |||
Government | 40 (16.1%) | 1.00 | |
Non-government | 140 (56.5%) | 0.38 (0.16,0.91) | 0.029 * |
Not working | 68 (27.4%) | 0.27 (0.11, 0.72) | 0.008 * |
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Yahya, N.F.S.; Teng, N.I.M.F.; Shafiee, N.; Juliana, N. Association between Breastfeeding Attitudes and Postpartum Depression among Mothers with Premature Infants during COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 10915. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010915
Yahya NFS, Teng NIMF, Shafiee N, Juliana N. Association between Breastfeeding Attitudes and Postpartum Depression among Mothers with Premature Infants during COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(20):10915. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010915
Chicago/Turabian StyleYahya, Noor Fairuzi Suhana, Nur Islami Mohd Fahmi Teng, Najwa Shafiee, and Norsham Juliana. 2021. "Association between Breastfeeding Attitudes and Postpartum Depression among Mothers with Premature Infants during COVID-19 Pandemic" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 20: 10915. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010915