Redox Regulation and Oxidative Stress in Mammalian Oocytes and Embryos Developed In Vivo and In Vitro
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Cellular ROS
2.1. Sources of Cellular ROS
2.2. The (Patho)Physiological Roles of ROS
2.2.1. Oxidative Eustress
2.2.2. Oxidative Distress
3. The Effect of Oxidative Eustress and Distress on Oocyte Maturation, Fertilisation, and Embryo Development
3.1. Oocyte Maturation and Fertilisation
3.2. The Preimplantation Embryo
3.2.1. Use of Antioxidants for In Vitro Culture
3.2.2. Amino Acids and Polyamines
3.2.3. O2 Tension and Oxidative Stress
3.2.4. Laboratory Light
4. Transgenerational Effects of ROS
5. Emerging Therapies and Trends in ART
Antioxidant | Trial Type | Population | Method | Results | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Melatonin | Retrospective | Women with poor oocyte quality or low embryo quality in previous cycles. | 3 mg/day oral melatonin for ≥2 weeks until the day of hCG trigger dose. | Improved fertilisation rates and improved embryo quality. No effect on oocyte maturation or percentage of blastocyst development. | [209] |
Melatonin | Randomised clinical trial | Women 20–45 years undergoing IVF. | 3 mg/day oral melatonin from the day of GnRH antagonist until the day of embryo transfer. | Increased percentage of mature oocytes and grade 1 embryos. No effect on pregnancy rates | [210] |
Melatonin | Randomised pilot study | Women with unexplained infertility undergoing a second IVF cycle. | Groups allocated to 0, 3, or 6 mg/day oral melatonin from first appointment to start of ovarian stimulation (i.e., 40 days). | Both doses of melatonin increased levels of melatonin, TAC, and lipid peroxidation in follicular fluid; 6 mg/day melatonin increased SOD. Both 3 and 6 mg/day melatonin increased the number of oocytes retrieved, fertilisation percentage, and number of transferable embryos. | [211] |
Myoinositol and melatonin | Randomised double-blind clinical trial | Women with PCOS undergoing IVF treatment. | Women were allocated to the following groups: Control, 4 g myoinositol or 4 g myoinositol + 3 mg melatonin, orally twice per day, from cycle day 1 to 14 days post embryo transfer. | Melatonin increased the percentage of mature oocytes and number of high-grade embryos. No effect on pregnancy rate. | [212] |
Myoinositol and melatonin | Prospective clinical trial | Women aged 30–40 with one or more unsuccessful IVF cycles due to poor oocyte quality. | Daily oral supplementation with 4 g myoinositol + 1.8 mg melatonin for 3 months prior to IVF cycle. | Increased number of mature oocytes. No effect on the percentage of mature oocytes, fertilised embryos, or grade of embryos. | [213] |
Coenzyme Q10 | Randomised control trial | Women aged <35, with poor ovarian response to stimulation undergoing IVF/ICSI. | Oral administration of 200 mg CoQ10 3 times per day for 60 days prior to IVF/ICSI cycle. | Decreased day 3 FSH, increased peak E2 concentration, number of oocytes retrieved, fertilisation rate, and embryo quality. No effect on clinical pregnancy rate. | [214] |
Coenzyme Q10 | Controlled clinical study | Women undergoing IVF-ET for unexplained or tubal disease-related infertility. | Oral supplementation of 200 mg CoQ10 daily for 30 days before oocyte pick up. | Increased follicular fluid CoQ10 in its reduced form. Decreased TAC in patients aged >35 years. | [215] |
Coenzyme Q10 | Retrospective study | Women with poor ovarian reserve undergoing IUI or IVF cycles. | Daily oral administration of either 75 mg DHEA alone or 75 mg DHEA + 600 mg CoQ10. | Improved ovarian responsiveness with an increase in antral follicular count and number of mature follicles. No change in blastocyst development or pregnancy rates. | [216] |
Growth hormone | Randomised control clinical trial | Women with poor ovarian reserve undergoing IVF. | 4 IU/day growth hormone injected subcutaneously from day 2 of the previous menstrual cycle until trigger day (36–48 days). | Increased endometrial thickness, implantation rate, and clinical pregnancy. Increased TAC, decreased total oxidative stress index in follicular fluid. Decreased ROS in granulosa cells. Increased embryo quality, implantation rate, and clinical pregnancies. | [217] |
N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) | Placebo-controlled double-blind, randomised clinical trial | Women with PCOS undergoing IVF. | Oral administration of 1.2 g NAC on days 3–7 of the menstrual cycle. | Increased number of follicles, ovulation rate, pregnancy rate, and endometrial thickness. | [218] |
Pentoxifylline and vitamin E | Randomised clinical trial | Women <39 years of age with various forms of infertility undergoing ICSI-ZIFT. | Daily oral administration of 400 mg vitamin E and 400 mg pentoxifylline for two cycles before ZIFT. | Improved clinical pregnancy rate. | [224,229] |
Multivitamin and mineral | Controlled clinical trial | Women undergoing infertility treatment. | Oral multivitamin and mineral supplementation for 45 days before oocyte collection. | Decreased lipid peroxidase levels in follicular fluid and serum. Increased GSH and vitamins C and E in follicular fluid. | [219] |
FertiMax2 (Vitamins C and E, zinc, selenium, L-carnitine, folic acid, and coenzyme Q10) | Preliminary clinical study | Males with male factor infertility undergoing IVF/ICSI. | Oral administration of Fertimax2 for 2–5 months prior to partner’s IVF/ICSI cycle. | Increased fertilisation, cleavage, embryo quality, implantation, and clinical pregnancy rate. No effect on semen parameters. | [220] |
Menevit (Lycopene, vitamins C and E, zinc, selenium, folate, garlic oil) | Retrospective cohort analysis | Males with male factor infertility undergoing IVF/ICSI. | Single daily capsule for an unrecorded amount of time. | Increased clinical pregnancy and live birth rate. | [225] |
Micronutrient antioxidants (Vitamins, folates and minerals) | Preliminary study | Women aged >39 years undergoing infertility treatments with one failed embryo transfer. | After one typical GnRH antagonist cycle, failed patients were prescribed a daily capsule of micronutrient antioxidants for three months before embryo transfer. | Increased TAC and free thiol availability in follicular fluid and serum. Decreased number of poor grade embryos. No change in fertilisation or cleavage rates. | [222] |
Mixed antioxidant formulation (Vitamins C and E, selenium, L-carnitine, zinc, folic acid, lycopene) | Randomised controlled trial | Males with either low sperm concentration, motility, morphology or high DNA fragmentation. | Allocated antioxidant or placebo for 3–6 months. Semen parameters including concentration, motility, morphology, and DNA fragmentation measured. | Decreased sperm concentration, total sperm count, and total motile sperm. No change in morphology, motility, or DNA fragmentation. No change in pregnancy/live birth rates. | [223] |
Antioxidant | Trial Type | Population | Method | Results | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mixed antioxidant formulation (acetyl-L-carnitine, N-acetyl cysteine, alpha-lipoic acid) | Blinded randomised control sibling oocyte study | IVF/ICSI patients under 40 years undergoing fertility treatment. | Formulation added to G-series medium, including 10 μM acetyl-L-carnitine, 10 μM N-acetylcysteine, and 5 μM alpha-lipoic acid added to both fertilisation and culture media. | No effect on fertilisation. Increased percentage of good quality embryos on day 3 (patients <35 years). Increased number of patients (35–40 years) receiving a positive pregnancy test, increased percentage with fetal heart beat and ongoing pregnancy. | [230] |
L-carnitine | Retrospective clinical trial | Patients <40 years undergoing infertility treatment. | 1 mM L-carnitine added to embryo culture medium from day 1 to day 6. | No effect on percentage of embryos developed to blastocyst stage but increased percentage of good quality embryos on days 2, 3, and 5. Increased blastocyst ICM and TE cell numbers and increased clinical and ongoing pregnancies. | [231] |
Coenzyme Q10 | Randomised clinical trial | Women 38–46 years and ≤30 years undergoing IVF. | GV stage oocytes randomly allocated to no treatment or antioxidant treatment where oocytes were cultured ±50 μM CoQ10 for 24 h. | For patients 38–46 years, CoQ10 increased oocyte maturation and decreased oocyte aneuploidy. No effect on oocyte maturation or aneuploidy in ≤30 years group. | [232] |
Mixed antioxidants (L-carnitine, taurine vitamin B5, vitamin C; other vitamins that are not antioxidants were also added to this formulation) | Non-interventional sibling oocyte study | Women ≤42 years old undergoing ICSI cycles. | Oocytes randomly allocated to medium containing mixed antioxidants or standard continuous single culture medium. | Antioxidant containing medium had no effect on blastulation but showed slower compaction and blastulation rates, and blastocysts were of poorer quality. | [233] |
Alpha-lipoic acid | Randomised clinical trial | Normozoospermic men undergoing IVF/ICSI cycles. | Semen samples were randomly allocated to sperm wash medium ±0.02 mM alpha-lipoic acid during centrifugation and incubation for 1 h. | Sperm viability and motility increased while DNA damage and ROS decreased when prepared in wash medium containing alpha-lipoic acid. | [234] |
L-carnitine | Randomised clinical trial | Infertile men with normospermia or asthenozoospermia. | Cryopreservation of semen samples in medium containing 1 g/L L-carnitine. | Improved sperm parameters after thawing including motility and viability as well as decreased DNA fragmentation. | [235] |
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Hardy, M.L.M.; Day, M.L.; Morris, M.B. Redox Regulation and Oxidative Stress in Mammalian Oocytes and Embryos Developed In Vivo and In Vitro. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 11374. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111374
Hardy MLM, Day ML, Morris MB. Redox Regulation and Oxidative Stress in Mammalian Oocytes and Embryos Developed In Vivo and In Vitro. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(21):11374. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111374
Chicago/Turabian StyleHardy, Madeleine L. M., Margot L. Day, and Michael B. Morris. 2021. "Redox Regulation and Oxidative Stress in Mammalian Oocytes and Embryos Developed In Vivo and In Vitro" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21: 11374. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111374