Italian Children Exposure to Bisphenol A: Biomonitoring Data from the LIFE PERSUADED Project
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Analytical Method
2.3. Estimation of BPA Daily Intake
2.4. Derivation of Reference Values
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. BPA Levels in the Population of Italian Children
3.2. BPA Levels by Living Area, Sex and Age in Each Macro-Area
3.3. Daily Intake Estimation
3.4. Reference Values
3.5. Correlation between BPA and Sum of DEHP Metabolites Levels
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Units | >LOQ (%) | GM (95% CI) | P50 (P25–P75) |
---|---|---|---|
µg/L | 96.10% | 7.06 (6.57–7.60) | 7.02 (4.16–12.06) |
µg/g creatinine | 96.10% | 6.77 (6.27–7.30) | 6.47 (3.92–12.77) |
N | Units | GM (95% CI) | P50 (P25–P75) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Macro-Area | |||||
North a | 300 | µg/L | 7.14 (6.31–8.07) | 6.69 (3.75–11.79) | |
Centre | 300 | 6.57 (5.76–7.50) | 7.08 (4.40–11.15) | ||
South b | 300 | 7.53 (6.65–8.53) | 7.84 (4.44–13.20) | 0.0324 b vs. a | |
North | 300 | µg/g crea | 7.09 (6.26–8.04) | 5.96 (3.64–12.10) | |
Centre | 300 | 6.29 (5.46–7.24) | 6.62 (3.84–12.98) | ||
South | 300 | 6.95 (6.11–7.90) | 6.96 (4.22–12.59) | ||
Area | |||||
Rural a | 450 | µg/L | 6.50 (6.10–7.03) | 6.79 (4.10–10.71) | |
Urban b | 450 | 7.69 (6.80–8.69) | 7.34 (4.33–14.70) | 0.0083 b vs. a | |
Rural a | 450 | µg/g crea | 6.17 (5.68–6.72) | 6.18 (3.83–10.63) | |
Urban b | 450 | 7.42 (6.54–8.41) | 7.28 (3.98–14.90) | 0.0074 b vs. a | |
Sex | |||||
Boys | 450 | µg/L | 7.28 (6.59–8.06) | 7.34 (4.15–12.36) | |
Girls | 450 | 6.86 (6.17–7.63) | 6.89 (4.18–11.63) | ||
Boys | 450 | µg/g crea | 6.88 (6.20–7.64) | 6.49 (3.86–12.10) | |
Girls | 450 | 6.66 (5.96–7.43) | 6.41 (3.96–13.00) | ||
Age | |||||
4–6 yrs old | 300 | µg/L | 6.90 (6.10–7.83) | 7.20 (4.30–11.95) | |
7–11 yrs old | 300 | 7.09 (6.25–8.04) | 7.24 (4.14–11.63) | ||
11–14 yrs old | 300 | 7.22 (6.34–8.22) | 6.79 (4.11–12.57) | ||
4–6 yrs old a | 300 | µg/g crea | 7.95 (7.00–9.04) | 7.90 (4.90–14.81) | <0.0001 a vs. c |
7–11 yrs old b | 300 | 6.85 (6.00–7.81) | 6.74 (4.00–13.25) | 0.0116 b vs. a | |
11–14 yrs old c | 300 | 5.68 (4.97–6.50) | 5.52 (3.27–9.65) | 0.0031 c vs. b |
Category | Sub-Category (a) | Sub-Category (b) | Daily Intake GM (95% CI) (µg/kg bw per Day) | p-Value (a) | p-Value (b) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 0.17 (0.16–0.19) | ||||
Macro-areas | North a | 0.17 (0.15–0.20) | |||
Centre | 0.16 (0.15–0.19) | ||||
South b | 0.18 (0.16–0.21) | 0.0324 a vs. b | |||
Area | Rural a | 0.16 (0.15–0.17) | |||
Urban b | 0.19 (0.17–0.22) | 0.0083 a vs. b | |||
Age class | 4–6 yrs | 0.17 (0.15–0.19) | |||
7–10 yrs | 0.17 (0.16–0.20) | ||||
11–14 yrs | 0.18 (0.16–0.20) | ||||
Sex | Boys | 0.18 (0.16–0.20) | |||
Girls | 0.17 (0.15–0.19) | ||||
Macro-area/Area | North | Rural * | 0.15 (0.13–0.17) | 0.0492 N vs. C | |
Urban * | 0.20 (0.16–0.25) | 0.0094 N vs. S | |||
Centre | Rural * | 0.17 (0.15–0.20) | |||
Urban * | 0.16 (0.13–0.19) | 0.0008 C vs. S | |||
South | Rural a,* | 0.15 (0.13–0.17) | 0.0422 S vs. C | ||
Urban b,* | 0.23 (0.19–0.27) | 0.0001 a vs. b | |||
Macro-area/sex | North | Boys | 0.18 (0.15–0.21) | ||
Girls | 0.17 (0.14–0.20) | ||||
Centre | Boys | 0.17 (0.14–0.20) | |||
Girls | 0.16 (0.14–0.19) | ||||
South | Boys | 0.19 (0.16–0.22) | |||
Girls | 0.18 (0.15–0.21) | ||||
Macro-area/age | North | 4–6 yrs | 0.16 (0.13–0.20) | ||
7–10 yrs | 0.19 (0.15–0.23) | ||||
11–14 yrs | 0.18 (0.15–0.21) | ||||
Centre | 4–6 yrs | 0.18 (0.14–0.21) | |||
7–10 yrs | 0.15 (0.13–0.19) | ||||
11–14 yrs | 0.17 (0.13–0.21) | ||||
South | 4–6 yrs | 0.18 (0.15–0.22) | |||
7–10 yrs | 0.19 (0.15–0.23) | ||||
11–14 yrs | 0.19 (0.15–0.24) |
Category | Sub-Category (a) | Sub-Category (b) | N | RV95 (µg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 855 | 24.06 (20.29–27.93) | ||
Macro-area | North | 284 | 22.82 (19.35–30.04) | |
Centre | 286 | 21.76 (17.16–31.48) | ||
South | 285 | 27.88 (21.53–32.44) | ||
Area | Rural | 444 | 21.82 (17.56–28.56) | |
Urban | 411 | 25.74 (22.18–30.83) | ||
Age class | 4–6 yrs | 290 | 29.07 (22.31–32.68) | |
7–10 yrs | 283 | 22.61 (18.51–29.01) | ||
11–14 yrs | 282 | 23.71 (18.94–26.71) | ||
Sex | Boys | 428 | 23.56 (19.65–30.64) | |
Girls | 427 | 24.79 (20.91–28.74) | ||
Macro-area/Area | North | Rural | 150 | 19.31 (15.72–25.24) |
Urban | 134 | 27.42 (21.88–33.06) | ||
Centre | Rural | 147 | 23.59 (15.74–32.39) | |
Urban | 139 | 22.19 (17.80–34.05) | ||
South | Rural | 147 | 27.89 (17.54–34.99) | |
Urban | 138 | 28.01 (20.63–32.87) | ||
Macro-area/sex | North | Boys | 143 | 22.26 (19.28–31.89) |
Girls | 141 | 23.02 (17.84–30.78) | ||
Centre | Boys | 144 | 25.76 (16.44–33.84) | |
Girls | 142 | 20.71 (16.00–32.49) | ||
South | Boys | 141 | 24.32 (17.94–32.53) | |
Girls | 144 | 28.79 (22.52–35.12) | ||
Macro-area/age | North | 4–6 yrs | 97 | 26.70 (22.10–32.81) |
7–10 yrs | 93 | 25.32 (18.23–34.93) | ||
11–14 yrs | 94 | 19.19 (16.80–24.99) | ||
Centre | 4–6 yrs | 97 | 31.22 (16.02–39.19) | |
7–10 yrs | 95 | 18.86 (14.00–32.83) | ||
11–14 yrs | 94 | 26.13 (15.07–37.14) | ||
South | 4–6 yrs | 96 | 30.09 (19.73–36.68) | |
7–10 yrs | 95 | 27.67 (17.47–34.96) | ||
11–14 yrs | 94 | 26.96 (19.72–37.75) |
Category | Sub-Category | Unadjusted Concentrations | Creatinine-Adjusted Concentrations | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rho | p-Value | Rho | p-Value | ||
Total | 0.1524 | <0.0001 | 0.2035 | <0.0001 | |
Macro-area | North | 0.2149 | 0.0002 | 0.2234 | 0.0001 |
Centre | 0.1181 | 0.0409 | 0.2487 | <0.0001 | |
South | 0.1174 | 0.0426 | 0.1311 | 0.0234 | |
Area | Rural | 0.1662 | 0.0004 | 0.2386 | <0.0001 |
Urban | 0.1408 | 0.0028 | 0.1719 | 0.0003 | |
Age class | Boys | 0.1023 | 0.0302 | 0.1457 | 0.0020 |
Girls | 0.1928 | <0.0001 | 0.2627 | <0.0001 | |
4–6 yrs | 0.1865 | 0.0012 | 0.1373 | 0.0174 | |
Sex | 7–10 yrs | 0.1823 | 0.0015 | 0.2112 | 0.0002 |
11–14 yrs | 0.0895 | 0.1225 | 0.1159 | 0.0453 |
Country | Collection (Years) | Population (N) (Age) | GM (μg/L) (μg/g crea) | P75 | P90 (μg/L) | P95 | Intake GM (95% CI) (ng/kg bw per Day) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Italy | 2015–2017 | 900 4–14 years | 7.06 μg/L 7.77 μg/g | 12.1 | 22.98 | 24.1 | 170 (160–190) | This study |
Germany | 2014–2017 | 515 3–17 years | 1.90 μg/L 1.67 μg/g | - | 5.24 | 7.24 | - | [24] |
Slovenia | 2011–2012 | 145 6–11 years | 1.81 μg/L 1.51 μg/g | 3.47 | 6.81 | - | - | [25] |
France | 2014–2016 | 500 6–17 years | 2.26 μg/L 1.97 μg/g | 3.71 | 5.56 | 7.09 | - | [26] |
Portugal | 2014–2015 | 110 4–18 years | 1.58 μg/L 1.76 μg/g | - | - | 16.0 | 41.6 (----) | [27] |
Belgium | 2011–2012 | 125 6–11 years | 2.35 μg/L 2.10 μg/g | 3.76 | 8.15 | 13.4 | 41.2 (32.9–51.7) | [13] |
Denmark | 2011–2012 | 142 6–11 years | 1.87 μg/L 1.94 μg/g | 3.42 | 6.20 | 7.90 | 38.9 (32.2–47.0) | [13] |
Spain | 2011–2012 | 118 6–11 years | 1.83 μg/L 2.01 μg/g | 3.59 | 7.36 | 9.84 | 38.3 (31.4–46.7) | [13] |
Sweden | 2011–2012 | 97 6–11 years | 1.48 μg/L 1.67 μg/g | 2.22 | 4.14 | 6.24 | 32.6 (27.8–38.3) | [13] |
USA | 2011–2012 | 396 8–10 years | 1.6 μg/L 2.3 μg/g | 3.1 | - | 8.5 | 30.4 (27.0–34.2) | [28] |
Korea | 2010–2012 | 258 7–12 years | 1.88 μg/L 2.09 μg/g | - | - | - | 40 (38–41) | [29] |
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Tait, S.; Carli, F.; Busani, L.; Ciociaro, D.; Della Latta, V.; Deodati, A.; Fabbrizi, E.; Pala, A.P.; Maranghi, F.; Tassinari, R.; et al. Italian Children Exposure to Bisphenol A: Biomonitoring Data from the LIFE PERSUADED Project. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 11846. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211846
Tait S, Carli F, Busani L, Ciociaro D, Della Latta V, Deodati A, Fabbrizi E, Pala AP, Maranghi F, Tassinari R, et al. Italian Children Exposure to Bisphenol A: Biomonitoring Data from the LIFE PERSUADED Project. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(22):11846. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211846
Chicago/Turabian StyleTait, Sabrina, Fabrizia Carli, Luca Busani, Demetrio Ciociaro, Veronica Della Latta, Annalisa Deodati, Enrica Fabbrizi, Anna Paola Pala, Francesca Maranghi, Roberta Tassinari, and et al. 2021. "Italian Children Exposure to Bisphenol A: Biomonitoring Data from the LIFE PERSUADED Project" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 22: 11846. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211846
APA StyleTait, S., Carli, F., Busani, L., Ciociaro, D., Della Latta, V., Deodati, A., Fabbrizi, E., Pala, A. P., Maranghi, F., Tassinari, R., Toffol, G., Cianfarani, S., Gastaldelli, A., La Rocca, C., & LIFE PERSUADED Project Group. (2021). Italian Children Exposure to Bisphenol A: Biomonitoring Data from the LIFE PERSUADED Project. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(22), 11846. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211846