Nutrient and Food Group Intakes among U.S. Children (2–5 Years) Differ by Family Income to Poverty Ratio, NHANES 2011–2018
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Overview
2.2. Demographic Variables
2.3. Dietary Intake
2.4. Body Mass Index
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Characteristics
3.2. Nutrient Intake
3.3. Food Group Intakes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All n (% 2) | PIR 1 < 1.3 n = 1145 n (% 2) | PIR ≥ 1.3 n = 1104 n (% 2) | p-Value 3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Child age | n = 2249 | n = 1145 | n = 1104 | 0.147 |
2 years | 707 (25.0) | 367 (25.8) | 340 (24.4) | |
3 years | 520 (25.9) | 255 (23.8) | 265 (27.4) | |
4 years | 521 (24.9) | 266 (24.5) | 255 (25.2) | |
5 years | 501 (24.2) | 257 (25.9) | 244 (23.0) | |
Child sex | n = 2249 | n = 1145 | n = 1104 | |
Male | 1118 (49.3) | 572 (50.3) | 546 (48.6) | 0.449 |
Female | 1131 (50.7) | 573 (49.7) | 558 (51.4) | |
Child race/ethnicity | n = 2249 | n = 1145 | n = 1104 | <0.0001 |
Mexican American/Other Hispanic | 671 (24.9) | 412 (36.5) | 259 (16.6) | |
Non-Hispanic White | 641 (52.2) | 230 (34.4) | 411 (64.8) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 555 (13.0) | 384 (21.2) | 171 (7.2) | |
Non-Hispanic Asian | 207 (4.4) | 53 (2.6) | 154 (0.8) | |
Other race—including multi-racial | 175 (5.6) | 66 (5.3) | 109 (5.8) | |
Child BMI category (n = 525 missing) | n = 1724 | n = 905 | n = 819 | 0.291 |
Underweight | 68 (3.0) | 33 (3.1) | 35 (3.0) | |
Normal weight | 1240 (73.6) | 628 (70.8) | 612 (75.7) | |
Overweight | 224 (13.2) | 130 (14.4) | 94 (12.4) | |
Obese | 192 (10.1) | 114 (11.7) | 78 (9.0) | |
Child food security (n = 44 missing) | n = 2205 | n = 1104 | n = 1101 | <0.0001 |
Full or marginal | 1815 (84.6) | 817 (74.3) | 998 (91.5) | |
Marginal/low/very low | 390 (15.4) | 287 (26.7) | 103 (8.5) | |
WIC benefit last 12 months (n = 44 missing) | n = 2205 | n = 1104 | n = 1101 | <0.0001 |
Yes | 867 (31.4) | 638 (56.4) | 229 (14.5) | |
No | 1338 (68.6) | 466 (43.6) | 872 (85.5) | |
HR 1 person’s sex | n = 2249 | n = 1145 | n = 1104 | 0.0003 |
Male | 1004 (50.0) | 412 (42.1) | 592 (55.6) | |
Female | 1245 (50.0) | 733 (57.9) | 512 (44.4) | |
HR person’s age | n = 2249 | n = 1145 | n = 1104 | 0.881 |
<20–40 years | 1628 (73.9) | 844 (73.2) | 784 (72.7) | |
40–60+ years | 621 (27.1)) | 301 (26.8) | 320 (27.3) | |
HR person’s marital status | n = 2203 | n = 1104 | n = 1099 | <0.0001 |
Married/living with partner | 1655 (81.4) | 687 (67.2) | 968 (91.2) | |
Widowed/divorced/separated | 306 (11.9) | 222 (20.1) | 84 (6.2) | |
Never married | 242 (6.8) | 195 (12.7) | 47 (2.6) | |
HR person’s education | 2169 | n = 1091 | n = 1078 | <0.0001 |
<HS 1 | 192 (7.4) | 156 (14.1) | 36 (2.8) | |
HS/GED 1, some college | 1553 (67.7) | 873 (79.3) | 680 (59.9) | |
College grad or above | 424 (24.9) | 62 (6.6) | 362 (37.3) | |
Household food security (n = 44 missing) | n = 2205 | n = 1104 | n = 1101 | <0.0001 |
Full | 1254 (62.7) | 439 (41.5) | 815 (77.1) | |
Marginal/low/very low | 951 (37.3) | 665 (58.5) | 286 (22.9) |
Nutrients 1 | All n = 2249 | PIR 2 < 1.3 n = 1145 | PIR ≥ 1.3 n = 1104 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
To increase | Mean (SE 2) | LS Mean 2 (SE) | LS Mean (SE) | p Value 3 |
Calcium (mg) | 940 (13) | 892 (15) | 951 (15) | 0.008 |
Iron (mg) | 11.2 (0.1) | 11.5 (0.2) | 10.7 (0.1) | 0.0003 |
Vitamin D (D2 + D3) (mcg) | 5.8 (0.1) | 5.7 (0.1) | 5.7 (0.1) | 0.517 |
Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) (mg) | 5.6 (0.1) | 5.5 (0.1) | 5.6 (0.1) | 0.116 |
Potassium (mg) | 1956 (21) | 1917 (20) | 1954 (20) | 0.207 |
Dietary fiber (g) | 12.1 (0.1) | 11.4 (0.2) | 12.3 (0.2) | 0.003 |
To limit | ||||
Sodium (mg) | 2229 (25) | 2247 (22) | 2174 (22) | 0.108 |
Saturated fatty acids (gm) | 19.7 (0.3) | 19.5 (0.3) | 19.5 (0.3) | 0.893 |
Added sugars (tsp eq) | 11.0 (0.2) | 10.8 (0.3) | 10.8 (0.3) | 0.657 |
Food Groups 1 and HEI-2015 Score | All n = 2249 | PIR 2 < 1.3 n = 1145 | PIR ≥ 1.3 n = 1104 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SE 2) | LS Mean 2 (SE) | LS Mean (SE) | p Value 3 | |
Total fruit (cup eq 2) | 1.42 (0.04) | 1.29 (0.04) | 1.51 (0.05) | 0.007 |
Fruit juice (cup eq) | 0.54 (0.03) | 0.58 (0.03 | 0.52 (0.04) | 0.495 |
Total vegetables (cup eq) | 0.66 (0.02) | 0.67 (0.06) | 0.65 (0.07) | 0.630 |
Whole grains (oz eq 2) | 0.77 (0.03) | 0.69 (0.10) | 0.84 (0.12) | 0.004 |
Total protein foods (oz eq) | 2.97 (0.05) | 3.08 (0.07) | 2.88 (0.07) | 0.098 |
Total dairy (cup eq) | 2.04 (0.04) | 1.90 (0.05) | 2.07 (0.06) | 0.026 |
Oils (g) | 16.1 (0.3) | 15.9 (0.4) | 15.9 (0.4) | 0.836 |
HEI-2015 total score | 55.9 (0.4) | 54.4 (0.6) | 57.2 (0.5) | 0.004 |
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Fadeyev, K.; Nagao-Sato, S.; Reicks, M. Nutrient and Food Group Intakes among U.S. Children (2–5 Years) Differ by Family Income to Poverty Ratio, NHANES 2011–2018. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 11938. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211938
Fadeyev K, Nagao-Sato S, Reicks M. Nutrient and Food Group Intakes among U.S. Children (2–5 Years) Differ by Family Income to Poverty Ratio, NHANES 2011–2018. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(22):11938. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211938
Chicago/Turabian StyleFadeyev, Katia, Sayaka Nagao-Sato, and Marla Reicks. 2021. "Nutrient and Food Group Intakes among U.S. Children (2–5 Years) Differ by Family Income to Poverty Ratio, NHANES 2011–2018" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 22: 11938. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211938