Childhood Rotavirus Infection Associated with Temperature and Particulate Matter 2.5 µm: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source and Study Population
2.2. Ethics Statement
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. RvI Incidence Inversely Related to Average Temperature
3.2. Incidence and Relative Risk of RvI by Temperature, PM2.5, and Parental Income
3.3. RvI Associated with Interaction between Temperature and PM2.5
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Infection, n/100 Days | Relative Risk 1 (95% Confidence Interval) |
---|---|---|
Average daily temperature, °C | ||
<15 | 52.8 | 1.74 (1.61–1.88) |
15–19 | 71.6 | 2.25 (2.11–2.41) |
20–24 | 54.9 | 1.72 (1.61–1.84) |
25–29 | 33.3 | 1.20 (1.12–1.28) |
≥30 | 29.2 | Ref. |
Average daily PM2.5, µg/m3 | ||
<17.5 | 30.8 | Ref. |
17.5–31.4 | 45.8 | 1.34 (1.29–1.38) |
31.5–41.9 | 52.3 | 1.52 (1.46–1.58) |
≥42.0 | 63.0 | 1.85 (1.78–1.92) |
Parental income, NTD | ||
<250,000 | 27.1 | Ref. |
250,000–299,999 | 63.0 | 2.40 (2.33–2.46) |
≥300,000 | 108.8 | 4.07 (3.95–4.20) |
Variable | Adjusted Relative Risk (95% Confidence Interval) 1 | |
---|---|---|
≤5 Years | 6–9 Years | |
Average temperature, °C | ||
<15 | 1.74 (1.59–1.89) | 1.75 (1.50–2.03) |
15–19 | 2.29 (2.12–2.47) | 2.15 (1.88–2.46) |
20–24 | 1.74 (1.62–1.88) | 1.63 (0.42–1.87) |
25–29 | 1.22 (1.13–1.32) | 1.13 (0.99–1.30) |
≥30 | Ref. | Ref. |
Average PM2.5, µg/m3 | ||
<17.5 | Ref. | Ref. |
17.5–31.4 | 1.35 (1.30–1.41) | 1.29 (1.20–1.38) |
31.5–41.9 | 1.52 (1.45–1.59) | 1.51 (1.39–1.63) |
≥42.0 | 1.85 (1.78–1.93) | 1.85 (1.72–1.99) |
Parental income, NTD | ||
<250,000 | Ref. | Ref. |
250,000–299,999 | 2.21 (2.14–2.27) | 3.21 (3.03–3.40) |
≥300,000 | 3.75 (3.62–3.88) | 5.50 (5.15–5.88) |
Temperature °C | PM2.5, μg/m3 | Rate | Relative Risk Crude | (95% CI) Adjusted 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|
<20 | <17.5 | 14.8 | Ref. | Ref. |
17.5–31.4 | 14.8 | 1.00 (0.88–1.12) | 1.03 (0.92–1.17) | |
31.5–41.9 | 16.4 | 1.11 (0.97–1.26) | 1.26 (1.11–1.43) | |
≥42.0 | 15.9 | 1.07 (0.96–1.21) | 1.39 (1.24–1.57) | |
20–24 | <17.5 | 7.81 | 0.53 (0.45–0.62) | 0.59 (0.50–0.69) |
17.5–31.4 | 10.7 | 0.72 (0.64–0.83) | 0.77 (0.68–0.88) | |
31.5–41.9 | 12.0 | 0.81 (0.70–0.93) | 0.91 (0.79–1.05) | |
≥42.0 | 16.2 | 1.09 (0.98–1.23) | 1.32 (1.18–1.48) | |
≥25 | <17.5 | 4.84 | 0.33 (0.29–0.37) | 0.40 (0.35–0.45) |
17.5–31.4 | 8.32 | 0.56 (0.50–0.63) | 0.61 (0.54–0.68) | |
31.5–41.9 | 8.95 | 0.60 (0.53–0.69) | 0.70 (0.61–0.80) | |
≥42.0 | 9.84 | 0.66 (0.58–0.76) | 0.81 (0.77–0.93) |
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Tseng, H.-C.; Sung, F.-C.; Mou, C.-H.; Chen, C.W.; Tsai, S.P.; Hsieh, D.P.H.; Lu, C.-Y.; Chen, P.-C.; Tzeng, Y.-L. Childhood Rotavirus Infection Associated with Temperature and Particulate Matter 2.5 µm: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 12570. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312570
Tseng H-C, Sung F-C, Mou C-H, Chen CW, Tsai SP, Hsieh DPH, Lu C-Y, Chen P-C, Tzeng Y-L. Childhood Rotavirus Infection Associated with Temperature and Particulate Matter 2.5 µm: A Retrospective Cohort Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(23):12570. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312570
Chicago/Turabian StyleTseng, Hui-Chen, Fung-Chang Sung, Chih-Hsin Mou, Chao W. Chen, Shan P. Tsai, Dennis P. H. Hsieh, Chung-Yen Lu, Pei-Chun Chen, and Ya-Ling Tzeng. 2021. "Childhood Rotavirus Infection Associated with Temperature and Particulate Matter 2.5 µm: A Retrospective Cohort Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 23: 12570. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312570