Maximal Isometric or Eccentric Hamstring Strength—Which Test Modality Might Be More Suitable for Assessments in Youth Alpine Ski Racers?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study 1
2.2. Study 2
3. Results
3.1. Study 1
3.2. Study 2
4. Discussion
4.1. Study 1
4.2. Study 2
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Müller, E.; Benko, U.; Raschner, C.; Schwameder, H. Specific fitness training and testing in competitive sports. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2000, 32, 216–220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Gilgien, M.; Reid, R.; Raschner, C.; Supej, M.; Holmberg, H.-C. The Training of Olympic Alpine Ski Racers. Front. Physiol. 2018, 9, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Haaland, B.; Steenstrup, S.E.; Bere, T.; Bahr, R.; Nordsletten, L. Injury rate and injury patterns in FIS World Cup Alpine skiing (2006–2015): Have the new ski regulations made an impact? Br. J. Sports Med. 2016, 50, 32–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Ardern, C.L.; Ekås, G.; Grindem, H.; Moksnes, H.; Anderson, A.; Chotel, F.; Cohen, M.; Forssblad, M.; Ganley, T.J.; Feller, J.A.; et al. 2018 International Olympic Committee consensus statement on prevention, diagnosis and management of paediatric anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc. 2018, 26, 989–1010. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mueller, L.; Hildebrandt, C.; Mueller, E.; Oberhoffer, R.; Raschner, C. Injuries and illnesses in a cohort of elite youth alpine ski racers and the influence of biological maturity and relative age: A two-season prospective study. Open Access J. Sports Med. 2017, 8, 113–122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Raschner, C.; Müller, L.; Hildebrandt, C. Talent Detection and Develpment in Alpine Skiing. In Science and Skiing VI; Meyer&Meyer Sport: Maidenhead, UK, 2015; Volume 6, pp. 65–73. ISBN 9781782550662. [Google Scholar]
- Jordan, M.J.; Aagaard, P.; Herzog, W. Lower limb asymmetry in mechanical muscle function: A comparison between ski racers with and without ACL reconstruction. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 2015, 25, e301–e309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bere, T.; Mok, K.M.; Koga, H.; Krosshaug, T.; Nordsletten, L.; Bahr, R. Kinematics of anterior cruciate ligament ruptures in World Cup alpine skiing: 2 Case reports of the slip-catch mechanism. Am. J. Sports Med. 2013, 41, 1067–1073. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pujol, N.; Rousseaux Blanchi, M.P.; Chambat, P. The incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injuries among competitive alpine skiers: A 25-year investigation. Am. J. Sports Med. 2007, 35, 1070–1074. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Quatman, C.E.; Quatman-Yates, C.C.; Hewett, T.E. A “plane” explanation of anterior cruciate ligament injury mechanisms: A systematic review. Sports Med. 2010, 40, 729–746. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jordan, M.; Aagaard, P.; Herzog, W. Anterior cruciate ligament injury/reinjury in alpine ski racing: A narrative review. Open Access J. Sports Med. 2017, 8, 71–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Pandy, M.G.; Shelburne, K.B. Dependence of cruciate-ligament loading on muscle forces and external load. J. Biomech. 1997, 30, 1015–1024. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, G.; Rudy, T.W.; Sakane, M.; Kanamori, A.; Ma, C.B.; Woo, S.L.Y. The importance of quadriceps and hamstring muscle loading on knee kinematics and in-situ forces in the ACL. J. Biomech. 1999, 32, 395–400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Raschner, C.; Müller, L.; Patterson, C.; Platzer, H.P.; Ebenbichler, C.; Luchner, R.; Lembert, S.; Hildebrandt, C. Current performance testing trends in junior and elite Austrian alpine ski, snowboard and ski cross racers. Sports Orthop. Traumtol. 2013, 29, 193–202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Natri, A.; Beynnon, B.D.; Ettlinger, C.F.; Johnson, R.J.; Shealy, J.E. Alpine Ski Bindings and Injuries. Sports Med. 1999, 28, 35–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aagaard, P.; Simonsen, E.B.; Magnusson, S.P.; Larsson, B.; Dyhre-Poulsen, P. A new concept for isokinetic hamstring: Quadriceps muscle strength ratio. Am. J. Sports Med. 1998, 26, 231–237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Muñoz-Bermejo, L.; Pérez-Gómez, J.; Manzano, F.; Collado-Mateo, D.; Villafaina, S.; Adsuar, J.C. Reliability of isokinetic knee strength measurements in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 2019, 14, 1–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Merlini, L.; Dell’Accio, D.; Granata, C. Reliability of dynamic strength knee muscle testing in children. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther. 1995, 22, 73–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ransom, M.; Saunders, S.; Gallo, T.; Segal, J.; Jones, D.; Jones, M.; Milanese, S. Reliability of a portable fixed frame dynamometry system used to test lower limb strength in elite Australian Football League players. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2020, 23, 826–830. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ribeiro-Alvares, J.B.; Marques, V.; Vaz, M.; Baroni, B. Four weeks of nordic hamstring exercise reduce muscle injury factors in young adults. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2018, 35, 1254–1262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hasebe, Y.; Akasaka, K.; Otsudo, T.; Tachibana, Y.; Hall, T.; Yamamoto, M. Effects of Nordic Hamstring Exercise on Hamstring Injuries in High School Soccer Players: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int. J. Sports Med. 2020, 41, 154–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van Dyk, N.; Behan, F.P.; Whiteley, R. Including the Nordic hamstring exercise in injury prevention programmes halves the rate of hamstring injuries: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 8459 athletes. Br. J. Sports Med. 2019, 53, 1362–1370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lodge, C.; Tobin, D.; O’Rourke, B.; Thorborg, K. Reliability and Validity of a New Eccentric Hamstring Strength Measurement Device. Arch. Rehabil. Res. Clin. Transl. 2020, 2, 100034. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kröll, J.; Spörri, J.; Fasel, B.; Müller, E.; Schwameder, H. Type of muscle control in elite alpine skiing—Is it still the same than in 1995.pdf. In Science and Skiing VI; Meyer & Meyer Sport: Maidenhead, UK, 2015; Volume 6, pp. 56–64. ISBN 9781782550662. [Google Scholar]
- Berg, H.E.; Eiken, O.; Tesch, P.A. Involvement of eccentric muscle actions in giant slalom racing. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 1995, 27, 1666–1670. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dugdale, J.H.; Arthur, C.A.; Sanders, D.; Hunter, A.M. Reliability and validity of field-based fitness tests in youth soccer players. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 2019, 19, 745–756. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Franchi, M.V.; Ellenberger, L.; Javet, M.; Bruhin, B.; Romann, M.; Frey, W.O.; Spörri, J. Maximal eccentric hamstrings strength in competitive alpine skiers: Cross-sectional observations from youth to elite level. Front. Physiol. 2019, 10, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Koo, T.K.; Li, M.Y. A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research. J. Chiropr. Med. 2016, 15, 155–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Hopkins, W.G. Spreadsheets for analysis of validity and reliability. Sportscience 2015, 19, 36–44. [Google Scholar]
- Weir, J.P. Quantifying Test-Retest Reliability Using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient and the SEM. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2005, 19, 231–240. [Google Scholar]
- Bland, J.M.; Altman, D.G. Measuring agreement in method comparison studies with heteroscedastic measurements. Stat. Methods Med. Res. 1999, 8, 135–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bland, J.M.; Altman, D.G. Applying the right statistics: Analyses of measurement studies. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 2003, 22, 85–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grouven, U.; Bender, R.; Ziegler, A.; Lange, S. Vergleich von Messmethoden. Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 2007, 132, 69–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bös, K.; Hänsle, F.; Schrott, N. Empirische Untersuchungen in der Sportwissenschaft: Planung—Auswertung—Statistik; Feldhaus: Hamburg, Germany, 2000; ISBN 9783880204423. [Google Scholar]
- Raschner, C.; Platzer, H.P.; Patterson, C.; Werner, I.; Huber, R.; Hildebrandt, C. The relationship between ACL injuries and physical fitness in young competitive ski racers: A 10-year longitudinal study. Br. J. Sports Med. 2012, 46, 1065–1071. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Daloia, L.M.T.; Leonardi-Figueiredo, M.M.; Martinez, E.Z.; Mattiello-Sverzut, A.C. Isometric muscle strength in children and adolescents using Handheld dynamometry: Reliability and normative data for the Brazilian population. Braz. J. Phys. Ther. 2018, 22, 474–483. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Škarabot, J.; Cronin, N.; Strojnik, V.; Avela, J. Bilateral deficit in maximal force production. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2016, 116, 2057–2084. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Opar, D.A.; Piatkowski, T.; Williams, M.D.; Shield, A.J. A novel device using the nordic hamstring exercise to assess eccentric knee flexor strength: A reliability and retrospective injury study. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther. 2013, 43, 636–640. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Bourne, M.N.; Opar, D.A.; Williams, M.D.; Shield, A.J. Eccentric knee flexor strength and risk of hamstring injuries in rugby union. Am. J. Sports Med. 2015, 43, 2663–2670. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Timmins, R.G.; Bourne, M.N.; Shield, A.J.; Williams, M.D.; Lorenzen, C.; Opar, D.A. Short biceps femoris fascicles and eccentric knee flexor weakness increase the risk of hamstring injury in elite football (soccer): A prospective cohort study. Br. J. Sports Med. 2016, 50, 1524–1535. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Spörri, J.; Kröll, J.; Gilgien, M.; Müller, E. How to Prevent Injuries in Alpine Ski Racing: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go from Here? Sports Med. 2017, 47, 599–614. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Reid, R.C. A Kinematic and Kinetic Study of Alpine Skiing Technique in Slalom. Ph.D. Thesis, Norges Idrettshøgskole, Oslo, Norway, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Sarabon, N.; Kozinc, Z.; Bishop, C.; Maffiuletti, N.A. Factors influencing bilateral deficit and inter-limb asymmetry of maximal and explosive strength: Motor task, outcome measure and muscle group. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2020, 120, 1681–1688. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Neumayr, G.; Hoertnagl, H.; Pfister, R.; Koller, A.; Eibl, C.; Raas, E. Physical and Physiological Factors Associated with Success in Professional Alpine Skiing. Int. J. Sports Med. 2003, 24, 571–575. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Steidl-Müller, L.; Hildebrandt, C.; Müller, E.; Fink, C.; Raschner, C. Limb symmetry index in competitive alpine ski racers: Reference values and injury risk identification according to age-related performance levels. J. Sport Health Sci. 2018, 7, 405–415. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Mean (±SD) | |
---|---|
Age [y] | 12.6 (±0.6) |
Body height [cm] | 157.7 (±6.3) |
Body mass [kg] | 46.2 (±6.1) |
Body mass index [kg/m2] | 19.0 (±1.8) |
Females Mean (±SD) | Males Mean (±SD) | |
---|---|---|
Age [y] | 11.9 (±1.2) | 11.9 (±1.2) |
Body height [cm] | 154.0 (±6.8) | 151.0 (±9.0) |
Body mass [kg] | 43.8 (±7.1) | 40.8 (±7.0) |
Body mass index [kg/m2] | 18.5 (±1.9) | 17.7 (±1.5) |
Test 1 | Test 2 | ICC (3,1) | p | %CV (95% CI) | SEM (95% CI) | % SEM (95% CI) | Smallest Detectable Difference | % Smallest Detectable Difference | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[N] | [N] | (95% CI) | [%] | [N] | [%] | [N] | [%] | |||
MBEHS | right leg | 255 (±35) | 251 (±44) | 0.79 (0.58–0.90) | <0.001 | 8.8 (6.8–12.4) | 18.3 (14.4–25.3) | 7.2 (5.7–10.0) | 50.8 | 20.1 |
left leg | 244 (±38) | 244 (±51) | 0.83 (0.66–0.92) | <0.001 | 7.7 (6.0–10.7) | 18.6 (14.6–25.6) | 7.6 (6.0–10.5) | 51.5 | 21.1 | |
MUIHS | right leg | 283 (±42) | 287 (±50) | 0.78 (0.56–0.89) | <0.001 | 8.6 (6.7–12.1) | 21.9 (17.2–30.3) | 7.7 (6.0–10.6) | 60.8 | 21.3 |
left leg | 258 (±38) | 267 (±47) | 0.66 (0.37–0.83) | <0.001 | 9.5 (7.4–13.3) | 25.1 (19.7–34.6) | 9.6 (7.5–13.2) | 69.5 | 26.5 |
Female (n = 27) | Male (n = 34) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Absolute Strength [N] | Relative Strength [N/kg] | Absolute Strength [N] | Relative Strength [N/kg] | ||
MBEHS | right leg | 209 (±52) | 4.76 (±0.81) | 223 (±48) | 5.49 (±0.92) |
left leg | 212 (±48) | 4.85 (±0.67) | 212 (±39) | 5.24 (±0.67) | |
MUIHS | right leg | 235 (±58) | 5.49 (±0.93) | 226 (±44) | 5.88 (±1.04) |
left leg | 241 (±58) | 5.32 (±0.87) | 238 (±50) | 5.58 (±0.94) |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Luchner, R.; Steidl-Müller, L.; Niedermeier, M.; Raschner, C. Maximal Isometric or Eccentric Hamstring Strength—Which Test Modality Might Be More Suitable for Assessments in Youth Alpine Ski Racers? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 2138. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18042138
Luchner R, Steidl-Müller L, Niedermeier M, Raschner C. Maximal Isometric or Eccentric Hamstring Strength—Which Test Modality Might Be More Suitable for Assessments in Youth Alpine Ski Racers? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(4):2138. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18042138
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuchner, Roland, Lisa Steidl-Müller, Martin Niedermeier, and Christian Raschner. 2021. "Maximal Isometric or Eccentric Hamstring Strength—Which Test Modality Might Be More Suitable for Assessments in Youth Alpine Ski Racers?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4: 2138. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18042138