Scientific Mobility, Training and Entrepreneurial Skills in Health Sciences: The Spanish Case
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- (1)
- Spanish scientists abroad (SSA).
- (2)
- Scientists who have returned to Spain after carrying out their scientific activity abroad for at least one year (Spanish Returned Scientists) (SRS).
- (3)
- Young researchers working in Spain (YRS), are highly likely to go abroad in search of the differential advantages, which are those that will enable them in the future to increase their differences with other scientists who do not have such advantages. This concept, discovered by Merton [77], is based on the following biblical passage from the Gospel according to St Matthew, and also from St Mark: “For unto every one that hath shall be given, and he shall have abundance: but from him, that hath not shall be taken away even that which he hath”. According to Merton [78], these advantages are the following: training, funding, the prestige of the host institution, excellent teamwork, and research career. The most decisive variables for the progress of this group in Health Sciences in Spain are focused on these differential advantages [74]. The definition of this group is that of researchers who have started doctoral courses in Spain and have continued to carry out scientific work until the age of 41.
2.1. Ethics Statement
2.2. Population and Sample
2.3. Questionnaire: Procedure and Data Analysis
2.3.1. Block 1. Entrepreneurship Training
2.3.2. Block 2. Acquisition of Entrepreneurial Skills
2.3.3. Block 3. Entrepreneurial and Intrapreneurial Intentions
2.3.4. Block 4. Profile of Participants
3. Results
3.1. Entrepreneurship Training
3.2. Acquisition of Entrepreneurial Skills
3.2.1. Entrepreneurial Skills Acquired Primarily by SRS in Health Sciences
3.2.2. Entrepreneurial Skills Acquired to a Greater Extent by SSA in Health Sciences
3.2.3. Entrepreneurial Skills Acquired to a Greater Extent by YRS in Health Sciences
3.3. Entrepreneurial and Intrapreneurial Intentions
3.4. Profile of Participants
4. Discussion
4.1. Discussion of the Research Results
4.2. Limitations and Future Lines of Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Entrepreneurial Skills | Description |
---|---|
Positive mental attitude | Building subjects’ confidence in their own abilities and skills so that they can successfully develop their own business/enterprise. |
Ability to overcome failure | Stressing the difficulty of carrying out a business project, motivating and training employees so that they do not drop out of the project as soon as the first difficulties or adversities arise but continue trying. |
Code of ethics | Entrepreneurial skills must be based on ethics, so entrepreneurs must understand that all their actions and behavior will be governed by moral rules based on respect for other people and nature. |
Meeting management | Developing the necessary knowledge and skills to smoothly run meetings with future employees, and other commercial, political, economic, or social agents. |
Stress management | Training subjects to control themselves in stressful situations. |
Social relations | Interacting easily and appropriately with other people in different situations and contexts |
Time management | Organizing time properly in the activities carried out daily. |
Conversation skills | Ability to communicate fluently and speak appropriately with other people in different situations or contexts. |
Proactive attitude | Doing things for yourself, promoting initiatives, introducing new products, services, or innovative technology. |
Leadership | Promoting the ability to direct and guide, with respect for others, the future employees of your business or company. |
Employee motivation | Ability to encourage future employees to perform their work with interest. |
Negotiation | Ability to trade (e.g., buy and sell or exchange goods or merchandise to increase the profit of the company). |
Organization and delegation | Being competent in coordinating all your employees and dividing up the different tasks and functions of your business. |
Planning | Organizing your company/business/intrapreneurship plan in an orderly, coherent, and pragmatic way. |
Personnel selection | Ability to choose the workers who will be part of your company appropriately. |
Perseverance | Learning to be constant with a task or action and not to give up before finishing it. |
Foresight and project for the future | Generating ideas and identifying opportunities that have not been seen by other employers. |
Area of Knowledge | Researcher Groups (%) a | ||
---|---|---|---|
YRS b Entrepreneurship Training in Spain | SSA c Entrepreneurship Training Abroad | SRS d Entrepreneurship Training Abroad | |
Health Sciences | 16.22% | 37.84% | 31.25% |
Social and Law Sciences | 20.00% | 28.57% | 0.00% |
Arts and Humanities | 11.11% | 28.57% | 25.00% |
Sciences | 12.50% | 35.09% | 17.86% |
Engineering and Architecture | 43.75% | 37.50% | 16.67% |
Total | 18.69% | 35.48% | 21.67% |
(a) Positive Mental Attitude | (b) Ability to Overcome Failure | |||||
Area of Knowledge | Researcher Groups (%) a | Researcher Groups (%) a | ||||
YRS b | SSA c | SRS d | YRS b | SSA c | SRS d | |
Health Sciences | 75.68% | 86.49% | 81.25% | 97.30% | 83.78% | 100.00% |
Social and Law Sciences | 100.00% | 85.71% | 100.00% | 100,00% | 85.71% | 100,00% |
Arts and Humanities | 88.89% | 85.71% | 87.50% | 100,00% | 100,00% | 75,00% |
Sciences | 80.00% | 82.46% | 89.28% | 87.50% | 85.97% | 100.00% |
Engineering and Architecture | 62.50% | 93.75% | 66.67% | 75.00% | 87.50% | 83.33% |
Total | 77.57% | 85.49% | 85.00% | 90.66% | 86.29% | 95.00% |
(c) Code of Ethics | (d) Meeting Management | |||||
Area of knowledge | Researcher Groups (%) a | Researcher Groups (%) a | ||||
YRS b | SSA c | SRS d | YRS b | SSA c | SRS d | |
Health Sciences | 97.29% | 100.00% | 100.00% | 64.87% | 75.68% | 93.75% |
Social and Law Sciences | 100.00% | 85.71% | 100.00% | 100.00% | 85.71% | 100.00% |
Arts and Humanities | 100.00% | 100.00% | 87.50% | 100.00% | 85.71% | 87.50% |
Sciences | 100.00% | 96.50% | 100.00% | 60.00% | 82.46% | 89.28% |
Engineering and Architecture | 93.75% | 100.00% | 100.00% | 75.00% | 93.75% | 66.67% |
Total | 98.13% | 97.58% | 98.33% | 69.16% | 82.25% | 83.33% |
(e) Stress Management | (f) Social Relations | |||||
Area of knowledge | Researcher Groups (%) a | Researcher Groups (%) a | ||||
YRS b | SSA c | SRS d | YRS b | SSA c | SRS d | |
Health Sciences | 75.68% | 81.08% | 93.75% | 86.49% | 89.99% | 87.50% |
Social and Law Sciences | 100.00% | 85.71% | 50.00% | 100.00% | 85.71% | 50.00% |
Arts and Humanities | 100.00% | 57.14% | 62.50% | 100.00% | 100.00% | 87.50% |
Sciences | 72.50% | 61.41% | 85.71% | 82.50% | 77.19% | 96.43% |
Engineering and Architecture | 75.00% | 93.75% | 50.00% | 81.25% | 93.75% | 66.67% |
Total | 77.57% | 72.90% | 80.00% | 85.98% | 84.67% | 88.33% |
(g) Time Management | (h) Conversation Skills | |||||
Area of knowledge | Researcher Groups (%) a | Researcher Groups (%) a | ||||
YRS b | SSA c | SRS d | YRS b | SSA c | SRS d | |
Health Sciences | 94.60% | 70.27% | 75.00% | 81.08% | 91.89% | 87.50% |
Social and Law Sciences | 80.00% | 85.71% | 50.00% | 100.00% | 85.71% | 100.00% |
Arts and Humanities | 100.00% | 71.43% | 50.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% | 87.50% |
Sciences | 77.50% | 64.91% | 60.72% | 72.50% | 82.46% | 100.00% |
Engineering and Architecture | 75.00% | 87.50% | 16.67% | 75.00% | 93.75% | 66.67% |
Total | 85.04% | 70.97% | 58.33% | 79.44% | 87.90% | 91.67% |
(i) Proactive Attitude | (j) Leadership | |||||
Area of knowledge | Researcher Groups (%) a | Researcher Groups (%) a | ||||
YRS b | SSA c | SRS d | YRS b | SSA c | SRS d | |
Health Sciences | 78.38% | 81.08% | 93.75% | 59.46% | 81.08% | 93.75% |
Social and Law Sciences | 100.00% | 85.71% | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% |
Arts and Humanities | 100.00% | 85.71% | 100.00% | 100.00% | 71.43% | 87.50% |
Sciences | 80.00% | 87.72% | 100.00% | 70.00% | 84.21% | 85.71% |
Engineering and Architecture | 81.25% | 93.75% | 83.33% | 81.25% | 87.50% | 83.33% |
Total | 82.24% | 86.29% | 93.33% | 71.97% | 83.87% | 88.33% |
(k) Employee Motivation | (l) Negotiation | |||||
Area of knowledge | Researcher Groups (%) a | Researcher Groups (%) a | ||||
YRS b | SSA c | SRS d | YRS b | SSA c | SRS d | |
Health Sciences | 70.27% | 94.59% | 87.50% | 51.36% | 37.84% | 68.75% |
Social and Law Sciences | 80.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% | 60.00% | 71.43% | 50.00% |
Arts and Humanities | 100.00% | 85.71% | 87.50% | 77.78% | 71.43% | 50.00% |
Sciences | 72.50% | 82.46% | 82.14% | 62.50% | 59.65% | 57.15% |
Engineering and Architecture | 56.25% | 93.75% | 83.33% | 43.75% | 68.75% | 66.67% |
Total | 71.96% | 88.71% | 85.00% | 53.27% | 55.65% | 60.00% |
(ll) Organization and Delegation | (m) Planning | |||||
Area of knowledge | Researcher Groups (%) a | Researcher Groups (%) a | ||||
YRS b | SSA c | SRS d | YRS b | SSA c | SRS d | |
Health Sciences | 78.37% | 75.67% | 87.50% | 100.00% | 91.90% | 93.75% |
Social and Law Sciences | 60.00% | 71.43% | 100.00% | 100.00% | 85.71% | 100.00% |
Arts and Humanities | 77.78% | 85.71% | 75.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% | 75.00% |
Sciences | 85.00% | 80.70% | 71.43% | 85.00% | 85.97% | 75.00% |
Engineering and Architecture | 93.75% | 100.00% | 50.00% | 93.75% | 93.75% | 83.33% |
Total | 82.24% | 81.45% | 85.00% | 93.46% | 89.52% | 81.67% |
(n) Personnel Selection | (o) Perseverance | |||||
Area of knowledge | Researcher Groups (%) a | Researcher Groups (%) a | ||||
YRS b | SSA c | SRS d | YRS b | SSA c | SRS d | |
Health Sciences | 57.03% | 75.68% | 81.25% | 91.90% | 97.30% | 100.00% |
Social and Law Sciences | 80.00% | 85.71% | 100.00% | 80.00% | 85.71% | 100.00% |
Arts and Humanities | 77.78% | 71.43% | 50.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% | 87.50% |
Sciences | 65.00% | 57.89% | 71.43% | 95.00% | 85.96% | 100.00% |
Engineering and Architecture | 68.75% | 87.50% | 16.67% | 87.50% | 100.00% | 83.33% |
Total | 64.49% | 69.35% | 66.67% | 92.52% | 91.93% | 96.66% |
(p) Foresight and Project for the Future | ||||||
Area of knowledge | Researcher Groups (%) a | |||||
YRS b | SSA c | SRS d | ||||
Health Sciences | 72.98% | 70.27% | 81.25% | |||
Social and Law Sciences | 80.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% | |||
Arts and Humanities | 88.89% | 100.00% | 62.50% | |||
Sciences | 72.50% | 68.42% | 78.58% | |||
Engineering and Architecture | 75.00% | 93.75% | 50.00% | |||
Total | 74.77% | 75.81% | 75.00% |
Area of Knowledge | Research Groups with Entrepreneurial Intentions (%) a | ||
YRS b | SSA c | SRS d | |
Health Sciences | 0.00% | 5.41% | 12.50% |
Social and Law Sciences | 0.00% | 28.57% | 0.00% |
Arts and Humanities | 0.00% | 0.00% | 12.50% |
Sciences | 2.50% | 10.53% | 7.14% |
Engineering and Architecture | 25.00% | 6.25% | 33.33% |
Total | 4.67% | 8.87% | 11.67% |
Area of Knowledge | Research Groups with Intrapreneurial Intentions (%) e | ||
YRS b | SSA c | SRS d | |
Health Sciences | 27.03% | 32.43% | 50.00% |
Social and Law Sciences | 0.00% | 28.57% | 0.00% |
Arts and Humanities | 33.33% | 42.86% | 37.50% |
Sciences | 12.50% | 22.81% | 32.14% |
Engineering and Architecture | 18.75% | 37.50% | 33.33% |
Total | 19.63% | 29.03% | 36.67% |
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Aceituno-Aceituno, P.; Danvila-del-Valle, J.; González García, A.; Bousoño-Calzón, C. Scientific Mobility, Training and Entrepreneurial Skills in Health Sciences: The Spanish Case. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 2195. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18042195
Aceituno-Aceituno P, Danvila-del-Valle J, González García A, Bousoño-Calzón C. Scientific Mobility, Training and Entrepreneurial Skills in Health Sciences: The Spanish Case. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(4):2195. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18042195
Chicago/Turabian StyleAceituno-Aceituno, Pedro, Joaquín Danvila-del-Valle, Abel González García, and Carlos Bousoño-Calzón. 2021. "Scientific Mobility, Training and Entrepreneurial Skills in Health Sciences: The Spanish Case" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4: 2195. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18042195