Physical Activity Improves Mental Health in Children and Adolescents Irrespective of the Diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)—A Multi-Wave Analysis Using Data from the KiGGS Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedures
2.2. Selection of Groups
2.3. Measurements
2.4. Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Results at Baseline
3.3. Results at Wave 1
3.4. Results at Wave 2
4. Discussion
4.1. Physical Activity and General Developmental Psychopathology
4.2. Physical Activity and ADHD Symptoms
4.3. Physical Activity and Dose-Response Effects
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables/Age Group | 4–5 Years (4.49 ± 0.05) | 6–9 Years (7.52 ± 1.11) | 10–17 Years (13.37 ± 2.26) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Mean ± SD | N | Mean ± SD | N | Mean ± SD | |
Participants | 1935 | 4136 | 7830 | |||
SDQ | ||||||
Total difficulties | 1904 | 8.31 ± 4.49 | 4059 | 8.43 ± 5.25 | 7564 † | 8.18 ± 5.26 |
Hyperactivity/inattention | 1906 | 3.40 ± 2.20 | 4062 | 3.34 ± 2.36 | 7571 † | 2.7 ± 2.8 |
PA | 1829 | 3867 | 7614 | |||
Low | 566 (30.9%) | 819 (21.2%) | 3208 (42.1%) | |||
Medium | 702 (36.3%) | 1377 (35.6%) | 2385 (31.3%) | |||
High | 561 (30.7%) | 1671 (43.2%) | 2021 (26.5%) | |||
ADHD | 58 | 332 | 860 | |||
Diagnosed | 29 (50%) | 166 (50%) | 430 (50%) | |||
Control | 29 (50%) | 166 (50%) | 430 (50%) | |||
Descriptive characteristics were used in the model after control of covariates | ||||||
SDQ-total N (Mean) | SDQ-H/I N (Mean) | SDQ-total N (Mean) | SDQ-H/I N (Mean) | SDQ-total N (Mean) | SDQ-H/I N (Mean) | |
PA | ||||||
Low | 548 (9.38 ± 4.86) | 549 (3.79 ± 2.31) | 791 (9.90 ± 5.60) | 797 (3.78 ± 2.37) | 3040 (8.38 ± 5.2) | 3045 (2.73 ± 2.11) |
Medium | 695 (8.18 ± 4.4) | 695 (3.37 ± 2.17) | 1362 (8.69 ± 5.32) | 1366 (3.40 ± 2.40) | 2287 (7.52 ± 4.96) | 2284 (2.69 ± 2.10) |
High | 533 (7.41 ± 4.04) | 553 (3.02 ± 2.09) | 1648 (7.42 ± 4.77) | 1652 (3.05 ± 2.26) | 1932 (8.16 ± 5.17) | 1936 (3.13 ± 2.22) |
Total | 1796 (8.31 ± 4.51) | 1797 (3.39 ± 2.21) | 3801 (8.39 ± 5.24) | 3815 (3.33 ± 2.35) | 7259 (8.05 ± 5.14) | 7265 (2.83 ± 2.15) |
Variables/Age Group | 6–9 Years (7.55 ± 1.10) | 10–17 Years (13.53 ± 2.26) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
N | Mean ± SD | N | Mean ± SD | |
Participants | 2548 | 5953 | ||
SDQ | ||||
Total difficulties | 2534 † | 8.53 ± 4.92 | 5865 † | 7.90 ± 4.87 |
Hyperactivity/inattention | 2546 | 3.29 ± 2.25 | 5861 † | 2.75 ± 2.08 |
PA | 2535 | 5615 | ||
Low | 305 (12%) | 1389 (24.7%) | ||
Medium | 1120 (44.2%) | 2985 (53.2%) | ||
High | 1110 (43.8%) | 1241 (22.1%) | ||
ADHD | 158 | 646 | ||
Diagnosed | 79 (50%) | 323 (50%) | ||
Control | 79 (50%) | 323 (50%) | ||
Descriptive characteristics were used in the model after control of covariates | ||||
SDQ-total N (Mean) | SDQ-H/I N (Mean) | SDQ-total N (Mean) | SDQ-H/I N (Mean) | |
PA | ||||
Low | 202 (9.74 ± 5.21) | 203 (3.62 ± 2.23) | 1145 (8.65 ± 4.95) | 1369 (2.72 ± 2.07) |
Medium | 818 (8.58 ± 4.81) | 824 (3.32 ± 2.24) | 2452 (7.50 ± 4.60) | 2926 (2.61 ± 2.01) |
High | 708 (8.25 ± 5.02) | 713 (3.20 ± 2.28) | 1031 (7.93 ± 5.09) | 1224 (3.06 ± 2.20) |
Total | 1728 (8.58 ± 4.97) | 1740 (3.31 ± 2.26) | 4628 (7.88 ± 4.82) | 5519 (2.74 ± 2.07) |
Variables/Age Group | 10–17 Years (14 ± 1.99) | |
---|---|---|
N | Mean ± SD | |
Participants | 4598 | |
SDQ | ||
Total difficulties | 4502 | 7.13 ± 4.89 |
Hyperactivity/inattention | 4472 † | 2.51 ± 1.97 |
PA | 4367 | |
Low | 1214 (27.8%) | |
Medium | 2173 (49.8%) | |
High | 980 (22.4%) | |
ADHD | 494 | |
Diagnosed | 247 (50%) | |
Non-diagnosed | 247 (50%) | |
Descriptive characteristics were used in the model after control of covariates | ||
SDQ-total N (Mean) | SDQ-H/I N (Mean) | |
PA | ||
Low | 936 (7.84 ± 5.04) | 1185 (2.47 ± 1.95) |
Medium | 1737 (6.59 ± 4.62) | 2119 (2.35 ± 1.92) |
High | 768 (7.26 ± 5.19) | 953 (2.78 ± 2.06) |
Total | 3441 (7.08 ± 4.89) | 4257 (2.48 ± 1.97) |
Age Groups | PA | SDQ-Total | SDQ-H/I | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate (SE) | T Value | Coefficient (std.) | Estimate (SE) | T Value | Coefficient (std.) | |||
Baseline | 4–5 years | Low-medium | −0.09 (0.05) | −1.944 | −0.11 | −0.12 (0.12) | −1.01 | −0.06 |
Low-high | −0.20 (0.05) | −4.26 *** | −0.25 | −0.41 (0.13) | −3.13 ** | −0.19 | ||
Medium-high | −0.11 (0.04) | −2.64 ** | −0.14 | −0.28 (0.12) | −2.37 * | −0.13 | ||
6–9 years | Low-medium | −0.106(0.04) | −2.60 ** | −0.11 | −0.13 (0.10) | −1.31 | −0.06 | |
Low-high | −0.33 (0.04) | −8.28 *** | −0.35 | −0.48 (0.09) | −4.84 *** | −0.21 | ||
Medium-high | −0.23 (0.03) | −6.85 *** | −0.24 | −0.35 (0.08) | −4.25 *** | −0.15 | ||
10–17 years | Low-medium | −0.21 (0.02) | −8.75 *** | −0.24 | −0.26 (0.05) | −4.56 *** | −0.12 | |
Low-high | −0.16 (0.02) | −6.11 *** | −0.18 | −0.02 (0.06) | −0.30 | −0.01 | ||
Medium-high | 0.05 (0.02) | 1.97 * | 0.06 | 0.24 (0.06) | 3.85 *** | 0.11 | ||
Wave 1 | 6–9 years | Low-medium | −0.11 (0.06) | −1.79 | −0.14 | −0.04 (0.05) | −0.69 | −0.05 |
Low-high | −0.21 (0.06) | −3.24 ** | −0.25 | −0.12 (0.06) | −2.08 * | −0.16 | ||
Medium-high | −0.09 (0.04) | −2.28 * | −0.11 | −0.08 (0.03) | −2.18 * | −0.11 | ||
10–17 years | Low-medium | −0.22 (0.03) | −7.18 *** | −0.25 | −0.21 (0.06) | −3.27 ** | −0.10 | |
Low-high | −0.21 (0.03) | −5.58 *** | −0.24 | 0.04 (0.08) | 0.59 | 0.02 | ||
Medium-high | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.40 | 0.01 | 0.26 (0.06) | 3.86 *** | 0.13 | ||
Wave 2 | 10–17 years | Low-medium | −0.26 (0.03) | −6.88 *** | −0.27 | −0.23 (0.06) | −3.46 *** | −0.12 |
Low-high | −0.20 (0.04) | −4.40 *** | −0.21 | −0.01 (0.08) | −0.16 | −0.01 | ||
Medium-high | 0.057 (0.04) | 1.40 | 0.06 | 0.22 (0.07) | 3.05 ** | 0.11 |
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Ganjeh, P.; Meyer, T.; Hagmayer, Y.; Kuhnert, R.; Ravens-Sieberer, U.; von Steinbuechel, N.; Rothenberger, A.; Becker, A. Physical Activity Improves Mental Health in Children and Adolescents Irrespective of the Diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)—A Multi-Wave Analysis Using Data from the KiGGS Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 2207. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052207
Ganjeh P, Meyer T, Hagmayer Y, Kuhnert R, Ravens-Sieberer U, von Steinbuechel N, Rothenberger A, Becker A. Physical Activity Improves Mental Health in Children and Adolescents Irrespective of the Diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)—A Multi-Wave Analysis Using Data from the KiGGS Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(5):2207. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052207
Chicago/Turabian StyleGanjeh, Parisa, Thomas Meyer, York Hagmayer, Ronny Kuhnert, Ulrike Ravens-Sieberer, Nicole von Steinbuechel, Aribert Rothenberger, and Andreas Becker. 2021. "Physical Activity Improves Mental Health in Children and Adolescents Irrespective of the Diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)—A Multi-Wave Analysis Using Data from the KiGGS Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5: 2207. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052207