Physical Activity and the Home Environment of Pre-School-Aged Children in Urban Bangladesh
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Subjects
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Accelerometry
2.4. Anthropometry
2.5. Home Built Environment
2.6. Hemoglobin Concentration
2.7. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Physical Activity Levels
3.3. Association of Household Factors with Physical Activity
3.4. Maternal Perceptions of the Home and the Surrounding Environment
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Total n = 65 | Boys n = 37 | Girls n = 28 |
---|---|---|---|
Preschooler | |||
Age (months), median (min, max) | 37 (36, 38) | 37 (36, 38) | 37 (36, 38) |
Height-for-age z-score, mean ± SD a | −1.48 ± 1.0 | −1.52 ± 0.8 | −1.42 ± 1.2 |
Weight-for-age z-score, mean ± SD a | −1.16 ± 1.1 | −1.11 ± 1.0 | −1.21 ± 1.3 |
BMI-for-age z-score, mean ± SD a | −0.27 ± 1.0 | −0.15 ± 1.0 | −0.42 ± 1.1 |
Body fat (%), mean ± SD b | 24 (2.2) | 24 (1.7) | 24 (2.8) |
Waist circumference (cm), mean ± SD c | 47.2 (3.7) | 47.4 (3.5) | 47.0 (4.1) |
Anemia (hemoglobin < 110 g/L), n (%) d | 23 (36) | 16 (43) | 7 (26) |
Carried by caregiver indoors, n (%) | |||
Never | 18 (28) | 9 (24) | 9 (32) |
Sometimes | 45 (69) | 26 (70) | 19 (68) |
Most of the time | 2 (3) | 2 (5) | 0 (0) |
Carried by caregiver when outdoors, n (%) | |||
Never | 8 (12) | 4 (11) | 4 (14) |
Very little | 9 (14) | 4 (11) | 5 (18) |
Sometimes | 35 (54) | 21 (57) | 14 (50) |
For long periods of time | 13 (20) | 8 (22) | 5 (18) |
Mother | |||
Age (years), median (min, max) | 29 (20, 43) | 29 (21, 40) | 29 (20, 43) |
Married | 65 (100) | 37 (100) | 28 (100) |
Level of education, n (%) | |||
Primary incomplete | 14 (22) | 6 (16) | 8 (29) |
Primary complete | 7 (11) | 2 (5) | 5 (18) |
Secondary incomplete | 32 (49) | 19 (51) | 13 (46) |
Secondary complete or higher | 12 (18) | 10 (27) | 2 (7) |
Primary occupation, n (%) | |||
Homemaker | 62 (95) | 36 (97) | 26 (93) |
Other | 3 (5) | 1 (3) | 2 (7) |
BMI (kg/m2) category, n (%) e | |||
Normal weight (18.5–24.9) | 26 (41) | 18 (49) | 8 (30) |
Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 25 (40) | 16 (43) | 9 (35) |
Obese (>30.0) | 12 (19) | 3 (8) | 9 (35) |
Body fat (%), mean ± SD e | 35 ± 4.0 | 35 ± 3.8 | 35 ± 4.2 |
Waist circumference (cm), mean ± SD e | 91.1 ± 9.0 | 90.1 ± 9.2 | 92.4 ± 8.5 |
Maternal perceptions | |||
Adequate indoor space for PA, n (%) | 43 (66) | 25 (68) | 18 (64) |
Comfortable allowing child to play outdoors, n (%) | 14 (22) | 7 (19) | 7 (25) |
Conditions preventing child from playing outdoors, n (%) | |||
Unsafe outdoor environment | 53 (82) | 33 (89) | 20 (71) |
Unclean outdoor environment | 36 (55) | 25 (68) | 11 (39) |
Inadequate outdoor space | 28 (43) | 15 (41) | 13 (46) |
Poor weather | 2 (3) | 2 (5) | 0 (0) |
Child has siblings or friends to play with indoors, n (%) | 52 (80) | 28 (76) | 24 (86) |
Frequency of active play with siblings or friends, n (%) | |||
Every day | 51 (78) | 26 (70) | 25 (89) |
1–4 times per week | 6 (9) | 4 (11) | 2 (7) |
Almost never | 7 (11) | 6 (16) | 1 (4) |
Household | |||
Food security status, n (%) f | |||
Severely food insecure | 11 (17) | 5 (14) | 6 (21) |
Moderately food insecure | 23 (35) | 13 (35) | 10 (36) |
Food secure | 31 (48) | 19 (51) | 12 (43) |
Outdoor space available, n (%) | 57 (88) | 35 (86) | 22 (89) |
Indoor area of the home (m2), median (IQR) | 18.2 (17.8) | 23.1 (16.7) | 16.1 (17.9) |
Min, Max | 4.9, 59.4 | 4.9, 59.4 | 5.9, 46.9 |
Household occupancy (m2/person), mean ± SD | 3.96 ± 2.26 | 4.23 ± 1.74 | 3.6 ± 2.80 |
Household person density (person/m2), mean ± SD | 0.33 ± 0.18 | 0.29 ± 0.16 | 0.39 ± 0.20 |
Open stairwell, n (%) g | 30 (54) | 18 (54) | 12 (54) |
Presence of at least one play item in the home, n (%) | 33 (51) | 22 (59) | 11 (39) |
Types of gross motor activity facilitating items, n (%) h | |||
Fixed equipment (e.g., swings, jungle gym) | 3 (5) | 3 (8) | 0 (0) |
Ball equipment (e.g., bats, balls, rackets) | 20 (31) | 13 (35) | 7 (25) |
Locomotor equipment (e.g., tricycle, self-propelled car) | 20 (31) | 16 (43) | 4 (14) |
Rocking equipment (e.g., rocking horse) | 4 (6) | 2 (5) | 2 (7) |
Participant Characteristic or Setting | Number of Observation Days | Sedentary Time | Light Physical Activity | Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity | Total Physical Activity | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average Min/d a | Average % Wear Time a | Average Min/d a | Average % Wear Time a | Average Min/d a | Average % Wear Time a | Average Min/d a | Average % Wear Time a | ||
All (n = 65) | 448 | 421 ± 48 | 52 ± 5.5 | 301 ± 37 | 37 ± 4.1 | 82 ± 23 | 10 ± 2.8 | 382 ± 49 | 48 ± 5.5 |
Boys (n = 37) | 249 | 414 ± 36 | 52 ± 4.8 | 295 ± 33 | 37 ± 3.5 | 90 ± 24 | 11 ± 2.8 | 385 ± 47 | 48 ± 4.8 |
Girls (n = 28) | 199 | 429 ± 58 | 53 ± 6.2 | 306 ± 42 | 38 ± 4.9 | 71 ± 18 | 8.9 ± 2.3 | 377 ± 53 | 47 ± 6.3 |
Food secure (n = 31) | 211 | 417 ± 52 | 52 ± 5.8 | 298 ± 36 | 37 ± 4.2 | 85 ± 28 | 11 ± 3.4 | 383 ± 49 | 48 ± 5.8 |
Food insecure (n = 34) | 237 | 423 ± 42 | 53 ± 5.3 | 301 ± 39 | 37 ± 4.1 | 79 ± 19 | 9.9 ± 2.2 | 380 ± 49 | 47 ± 5.3 |
Weekdays (n = 65) b | 319 | 419 ± 47 | 52 ± 5.6 | 300 ± 39 | 37 ± 4.2 | 83 ± 25 | 10 ± 3.0 | 383 ± 52 | 48 ± 5.6 |
Weekend days (n = 65) c | 129 | 426 ± 65 | 53 ± 6.9 | 298 ± 44 | 37 ± 5.0 | 80 ± 26 | 10 ± 3.2 | 377 ± 60 | 47 ± 6.9 |
Inside the home (n = 55) d | 411 | 346 ± 66 | 54 ± 6.0 | 236 ± 45 | 36 ± 4.8 | 66 ± 20 | 10 ± 2.7 | 301 ± 57 | 46 ± 6.0 |
Outside the home (n = 55) d | 250 | 70 ± 67 | 51 ± 12 | 49 ± 41 | 38 ± 8.5 | 15 ± 15 | 11 ± 6.1 | 63 ± 54 | 49 ± 11.5 |
Household Factor | Unadjusted | Adjusted | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample Size (Number of Observation Days) | Change in Min/d of MVPA | 95% CI | p-Value | Sample Size (Number of Observation Days) | Change in Min/d of MVPA | 95% CI | p-Value | |
Indoor area, per 10 m2 a | 65 (448) | 4.71 | (0.34, 9.09) | 0.035 * | 65 (448) | 2.91 | (−3.36, 9.18) | 0.363 |
Presence of an open stairwell b | 65 (448) | −4.58 | (−16.2, 7.03) | 0.439 | 65 (448) | −5.76 | (−16.3, 4.80) | 0.285 |
Presence of gross motor facilitating items c | 65 (448) | 10.3 | (−0.826, 21.3) | 0.070 | 65 (448) | 4.12 | (−6.37, 14.6) | 0.441 |
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Watterworth, J.C.; Korsiak, J.; Keya, F.K.; Arbour-Nicitopoulos, K.P.; Al Mahmud, A.; Tam, V.; Roth, D.E. Physical Activity and the Home Environment of Pre-School-Aged Children in Urban Bangladesh. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3362. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073362
Watterworth JC, Korsiak J, Keya FK, Arbour-Nicitopoulos KP, Al Mahmud A, Tam V, Roth DE. Physical Activity and the Home Environment of Pre-School-Aged Children in Urban Bangladesh. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(7):3362. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073362
Chicago/Turabian StyleWatterworth, Jessica C., Jill Korsiak, Farhana K. Keya, Kelly P. Arbour-Nicitopoulos, Abdullah Al Mahmud, Vivian Tam, and Daniel E. Roth. 2021. "Physical Activity and the Home Environment of Pre-School-Aged Children in Urban Bangladesh" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7: 3362. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073362