Psychometric Properties of the Translated Tai Chi Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale for Chinese Adults with Coronary Heart Disease or Risk Factors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants and Settings
2.2. Study Instruments
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Factorial Validity
3.3. Reliability
3.4. Construct Validity
3.5. Concurrent Validity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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English | Mandarin Chinese Version |
---|---|
I believe I can perform Tai Chi exercise three times per week, even if…… | 我相信即使在下列情况发生时, 我也可以每周练习太极三次… |
1. The weather was bothering me? | 天气使我感到困扰时? |
2. I am bored by Tai Chi? | 我对太极感到无趣时? |
3. I feel pain or discomfort when doing Tai Chi? | 当我在练习太极时, 我感到疼痛或者不舒服? |
4. I have to perform Tai Chi alone? | 我得独自练习太极时? |
5. I do not enjoy Tai Chi? | 我不享受练习太极时? |
6. I am too busy with other activities? | 我太忙于其他活动时? |
7. I feel tried? | 我感到疲惫时? |
8. I feel stressed? | 我感到紧张或者有压力时? |
9. I feel depressed? | 我感到沮丧或情绪低落时? |
I believe I can move my whole body in a slow, rhythmical fashion continuously… | 我相信我可以用一种缓慢, 有节奏的方式持续移动我的整个身体… |
10. For 2 min | 长达2分钟 |
11. For 5 min | 长达5分钟 |
12. For 10 min | 长达10分钟 |
13. For 20 min | 长达20分钟 |
14. For 30 min | 长达30分钟 |
Characteristics | Mean ± SD or n (%) |
---|---|
Age (years) | 64.5 ± 8.1 |
Gender | |
Male | 53 (37.9%) |
Female | 87 (62.1%) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.3 ± 2.9 |
Education level | |
No formal education | 7 (5.0%) |
≤Primary | 68 (48.6%) |
≤Secondary | 49 (35.0%) |
Tertiary | 16 (11.4%) |
Marital status | |
Married | 132 (94.3%) |
Divorced | 8 (5.7%) |
Residential status | |
Live alone | 7 (5.0%) |
Live with family | 133 (95.0%) |
Employment status | |
Currently employed | 16 (11.2%) |
Unemployed | 8 (5.7%) |
Retired | 108 (77.1%) |
Unknown | 8 (5.7%) |
Smoking habit | |
Never smoked | 113 (80.7%) |
Smoking | 8 (5.7%) |
Former smoker | 19 (13.6%) |
Self-reported medical history | |
Coronary heart disease | 46 (32.9%) |
Diabetic mellitus | 25 (17.9%) |
Hypertension | 52 (37.1%) |
Hyperlipidaemia | 17 (12.1%) |
Exercise experience | |
Weekly exercise frequency (days) | 5.4 ± 2.6 |
Average duration of exercise (min/day) | 66.6 ± 40.1 |
Weekly total exercise time (h/week) | 7 ± 4.9 |
Previous Tai Chi experience | 51 (36.4%) |
TCSE total score (possible range: 0–100) | 62.1 ± 31.1 |
TCSE barriers (possible rage: 0–100) | 48.7 ± 40.0 |
TCSE performance (possible rage: 0–100) | 86.3 ± 25.9 |
Item Stems | Corrected Item-Total Correlation | Cronbach’s Alpha if Item Deleted |
---|---|---|
TCSE Barriers: I believe I can perform Tai Chi exercise three times per week, even if…… | ||
The weather was bothering me? | 0.902 | 0.966 |
I am bored by Tai Chi? | 0.927 | 0.965 |
I feel pain or discomfort when doing Tai Chi? | 0.917 | 0.965 |
I have to perform Tai Chi alone? | 0.900 | 0.966 |
I do not enjoy Tai Chi? | 0.925 | 0.965 |
I am too busy with other activities? | 0.912 | 0.965 |
I feel tried? | 0.921 | 0.965 |
I feel stressed? | 0.935 | 0.965 |
I feel depressed? | 0.932 | 0.965 |
TCSE Performance: I believe I can move my whole body in a slow, rhythmical fashion continuously…. | ||
For 2 min | 0.565 | 0.972 |
For 5 min | 0.581 | 0.971 |
For 10 min | 0.617 | 0.971 |
For 20 min | 0.679 | 0.970 |
For 30 min | 0.713 | 0.970 |
Item | PPTCE (n = 51, Mean ± SD) | POTCE (n = 89, Mean ± SD) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
TCSE barriers | 83.01 ± 24.94 | 29.02 ± 33.24 | <0.001 † |
TCSE performance ‡ | 100.00 ± (96.00, 100.00) | 92.00 ± (79.00, 100.00) | <0.001 § |
TCSE total score | 87.23 ± 20.54 | 47.72 ± 26.77 | <0.001 † |
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Liu, T.; Chan, A.W.K.; Taylor-Piliae, R.E.; Choi, K.-C.; Chair, S.-Y. Psychometric Properties of the Translated Tai Chi Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale for Chinese Adults with Coronary Heart Disease or Risk Factors. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3651. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073651
Liu T, Chan AWK, Taylor-Piliae RE, Choi K-C, Chair S-Y. Psychometric Properties of the Translated Tai Chi Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale for Chinese Adults with Coronary Heart Disease or Risk Factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(7):3651. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073651
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Ting, Aileen Wai Kiu Chan, Ruth E. Taylor-Piliae, Kai-Chow Choi, and Sek-Ying Chair. 2021. "Psychometric Properties of the Translated Tai Chi Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale for Chinese Adults with Coronary Heart Disease or Risk Factors" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7: 3651. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073651