Health-Related Quality of Life among Cancer Survivors Depending on the Occupational Status
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Health-Related Quality of Life
× PD2 + 0.151 × PD3 + 0.043 × AD2 + 0.158 × AD3 + 0.05 × N3)
2.3.2. Demographic and Health-Related Characteristics
2.3.3. Health Behaviors and Psychological Factors
2.4. Ethical Considerations
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Comparison of Demographic and Health-Related Characteristics Depending on the Occupational Status of Cancer Survivors
3.2. Comparison of Health Behavior Characteristics Depending on the Occupational Status of Cancer Survivors
3.3. Comparison of Psychological Characteristics Depending on the Occupational Status of Cancer Survivors
3.4. Multiple Regression Results with HRQoL as Dependent Variables
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Categories | Working (n = 245) | Non-Working (n = 373) | χ2 or t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) or M ± SD | |||||
HRQoL | 0.954 ± 0.083 | 0.877 ± 0.171 | −7.485 | <0.001 | |
Gender | Men | 124 (50.6%) | 129 (34.6%) | 15.711 | <0.001 |
Women | 121 (49.4%) | 244 (65.4%) | |||
Age | 56.56 ± 0.72 | 64.28 ± 11.06 | 8.220 | <0.001 | |
Education level | ≤Elementary school | 59 (24.1%) | 139 (37.3%) | 13.162 | 0.004 |
Middle school | 41 (16.7%) | 49 (13.1%) | |||
High school | 70 (28.6%) | 97 (26.0%) | |||
≥College | 75 (30.6%) | 85 (22.8%) | |||
Income level | Low | 33 (13.5%) | 127 (34.0%) | 37.790 | <0.001 |
Medium-low | 64 (26.1%) | 97 (26.0%) | |||
Medium-high | 69 (28.2%) | 77 (20.6%) | |||
High | 78 (31.8%) | 71 (19.0%) | |||
Monthly family income (approximate; in USD) | 4171.44 ± 196.57 | 3042.37 ± 151.02 | −4.610 | <0.001 | |
Number of household members | One | 21 (8.6%) | 56 (15.0%) | 5.626 | 0.018 |
Two or more | 224 (91.4%) | 317 (85.0%) | |||
Marital status | Married | 216 (88.2%) | 277 (74.3%) | 20.516 | <0.001 |
Single and other | 29 (11.8%) | 96 (25.7%) | |||
Subjective health status | Excellent | 8 (3.3%) | 6 (1.6%) | 28.399 | <0.001 |
Good | 47 (19.2%) | 45 (12.1%) | |||
Fair | 120 (49%) | 150 (40.2%) | |||
Poor | 55 (22.4%) | 101 (27.1%) | |||
Very poor | 15 (6.1%) | 71 (19.0%) | |||
Hypertension | Yes | 59 (24.1%) | 139 (37.3%) | 11.804 | 0.001 |
No | 186 (75.9%) | 234 (62.7%) | |||
Osteoarthritis | Yes | 27 (11.0%) | 79 (21.2%) | 10.740 | 0.001 |
No | 218 (89.0%) | 294 (78.8%) | |||
Osteoporosis | Yes | 17 (6.9%) | 48 (12.9%) | 5.525 | 0.019 |
No | 228 (93.1%) | 325 (87.1%) | |||
Diabetes | Yes | 27 (11.0%) | 68 (18.2%) | 5.909 | 0.015 |
No | 218 (89.0%) | 305 (81.8%) | |||
Metabolic syndrome | Yes | 67 (27.3%) | 110 (29.5%) | 0.332 | 0.564 |
No | 178 (72.7%) | 263 (70.5%) | |||
Activity restriction | Yes | 22 (9.0%) | 90 (24.1%) | 22.870 | <0.001 |
No | 223 (91.0%) | 283 (75.9%) | |||
Disease in the previous one month | Yes | 23 (9.4%) | 61 (16.4%) | 6.110 | 0.013 |
No | 222 (90.6%) | 312 (83.6%) | |||
Hospitalization in the previous one year | Yes | 72 (29.4%) | 119 (31.9%) | 0.438 | 0.508 |
No | 173 (70.6%) | 254 (68.1%) | |||
Outpatient treatment in the previous two weeks | Yes | 84 (34.3%) | 174 (46.6%) | 9.294 | 0.002 |
No | 161 (65.7%) | 199 (53.4%) | |||
Discomfort in the previous two weeks | Yes | 50 (20.4%) | 127 (34.0%) | 13.461 | <0.001 |
No | 195 (79.6%) | 246 (66.0%) |
Variables | Categories | Working (n = 245) | Non-Working (n = 373) | χ2 or t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) or M ± SD | |||||
Annual hospital service unmet | Unmet | 232 (94.7%) | 334 (89.5%) | 5.089 | 0.024 |
Met | 13 (5.3%) | 39 (10.5%) | |||
Flu vaccination | Yes | 122 (49.8%) | 251 (67.3%) | 18.918 | <0.001 |
No | 123 (50.2%) | 122 (32.7%) | |||
Medical checkup | Yes | 188 (76.7%) | 246 (66.0%) | 8.223 | 0.004 |
No | 57 (23.3%) | 127 (34.0%) | |||
Subjective body type recognition | Very thin | 12 (4.9%) | 30 (8.0%) | 11.765 | 0.019 |
A little thin | 23 (9.4%) | 58 (15.5%) | |||
Normal | 105 (42.9%) | 167 (44.8%) | |||
A little obese | 87 (35.5%) | 99 (26.5%) | |||
Very obese | 18 (7.3%) | 19 (5.1%) | |||
Drinking | Yes | 224 (91.4%) | 280 (75.1%) | 26.313 | <0.001 |
Never | 21 (8.6%) | 93 (24.9%) | |||
Smoking | Yes | 27 (11.0%) | 21 (5.6%) | 5.998 | 0.014 |
No | 218 (89.0%) | 352 (94.4%) | |||
Walking in the previous week | Yes | 194 (79.2%) | 303 (81.2%) | 0.395 | 0.530 |
No | 51 (20.8%) | 70 (18.8%) | |||
Strength training in the previous week | Yes | 64 (26.1%) | 83 (22.3%) | 1.222 | 0.269 |
No | 181 (73.9%) | 290 (77.7%) | |||
Energy intake (Kcal) | 89.93 ± 11.92 | 58.16 ± 6.04 | −2.380 | 0.018 | |
Water intake (g) | 12.17 ± 2.74 | 10.65 ± 1.73 | −0.470 | 0.639 | |
Dietary fiber intake (g) | 0.39 ± 0.06 | 0.54 ± 0.07 | 1.550 | 0.123 | |
Sodium intake (mg) | 81.69 ± 25.44 | 53.37 ± 11.96 | −1.010 | 0.315 | |
Vitamin C intake (mg) | 0.26 ± 0.08 | 0.49 ± 0.2 | 1.060 | 0.292 |
Variables | Categories | Working (n = 245) | Non-Working (n = 373) | χ2 or t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) or M ± SD | |||||
Sleep time during weekends (min/day) | 450.88 ± 6.63 | 455.71 ± 6.13 | 2.360 | 0.019 | |
Sleep time during weekdays (min/day) | 420.43 ± 5.69 | 439.96 ± 5.98 | 0.530 | 0.599 | |
Current depressive symptoms | Yes | 7 (2.9%) | 19 (5.1%) | 1.836 | 0.175 |
No | 238 (97.1%) | 354 (94.9%) | |||
Stress perception | Extremely high | 9 (3.7%) | 26 (7.0%) | 16.191 | 0.001 |
High | 46 (18.8%) | 58 (15.5%) | |||
Rather low | 152 (62.0%) | 188 (50.4%) | |||
Almost none | 38 (15.5%) | 101 (27.1%) | |||
Depressive symptoms present for two weeks or more | Yes | 11 (4.5%) | 38 (10.2%) | 6.576 | 0.010 |
No | 234 (95.5%) | 335 (89.8%) | |||
Suicidal ideation in the previous year | Yes | 2 (0.8%) | 18 (4.8%) | 7.591 | 0.006 |
No | 243 (99.2%) | 355 (95.2%) | |||
Suicidal planning in the previous year | Yes | 4 (1.6%) | 10 (2.7%) | 0.734 | 0.392 |
No | 241 (98.4%) | 363 (97.3%) |
Variables | Categories | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||||||||
b | β | t(p) | b | β | t(p) | b | β | t(p) | b | β | t(p) | ||
(Contrast) | 1.022 | 13.02 (<0.001) | 1.076 | 14.99 (<0.001) | 1.046 | 10.67 (<0.001) | 1.043 | 8.96 (<0.001) | |||||
General characteristics | Age | −0.002 | −0.217 | −1.82 (0.071) | −0.001 | −0.099 | −0.86 (0.390) | −0.001 | −0.109 | −0.86 (0.392) | −0.001 | −0.096 | −0.70 (0.487) |
Gender | 0.004 | 0.024 | 0.25 (0.800) | −0.009 | −0.056 | −0.63 (0.531) | −0.018 | −0.105 | −1.10 (0.274) | −0.019 | −0.115 | −1.14 (0.257) | |
Educational level | −0.021 | −0.296 | −2.29 (0.024) | −0.016 | −0.218 | −1.89 (0.062) | −0.017 | −0.234 | −1.92 (0.058) | −0.015 | −0.216 | −1.66 (0.101) | |
Income quintile | 0.013 | 0.162 | 1.00 (0.322) | 0.002 | 0.028 | 0.18 (0.855) | −0.003 | −0.041 | −0.25 (0.799) | −0.005 | −0.058 | −0.34 (0.735) | |
Monthly family income | 0.000 | 0.182 | 1.08 (0.283) | 0.000 | 0.144 | 0.95 (0.346) | 0.000 | 0.200 | 1.22 (0.225) | 0.000 | 0.188 | 1.09 (0.279) | |
Home ownership status | 0.001 | 0.007 | 0.07 (0.943) | −0.002 | −0.016 | −0.19 (0.849) | −0.004 | −0.030 | −0.35 (0.726) | −0.003 | −0.026 | −0.29 (0.771) | |
Number of household members | −0.001 | −0.004 | −0.03 (0.973) | −0.011 | −0.043 | −0.43 (0.666) | −0.021 | −0.085 | −0.83 (0.410) | −0.032 | −0.129 | −1.08 (0.283) | |
Marital status | 0.017 | 0.070 | 0.63 (0.531) | 0.034 | 0.141 | 1.39 (0.166) | 0.048 | 0.195 | 1.80 (0.076) | 0.055 | 0.226 | 1.87 (0.065) | |
Health-related characteristics | Subjective health status | −0.015 | −0.156 | −1.84 (0.069) | −0.012 | −0.123 | −1.38 (0.169) | −0.011 | −0.115 | −1.20 (0.232) | |||
Hypertension | 0.034 | 0.183 | 2.15 (0.033) | 0.033 | 0.176 | 2.08 (0.040) | 0.031 | 0.168 | 1.86 (0.066) | ||||
Angina pectoris | −0.050 | −0.204 | −2.15 (0.034) | −0.031 | −0.129 | −1.25 (0.216) | −0.034 | −0.140 | −1.28 (0.202) | ||||
Osteoarthritis | −0.027 | −0.104 | −1.20 (0.232) | −0.033 | −0.129 | −1.30 (0.195) | −0.033 | −0.130 | −1.25 (0.216) | ||||
Metabolic syndrome | −0.003 | −0.017 | −0.21 (0.831) | 0.003 | 0.017 | 0.19 (0.854) | 0.004 | 0.025 | 0.26 (0.798) | ||||
Activity restriction status | −0.054 | −0.204 | −2.28 (0.024) | −0.036 | −0.137 | −1.44 (0.153) | −0.038 | −0.144 | −1.41 (0.162) | ||||
General characteristics | −0.019 | −0.070 | −0.88 (0.383) | −0.032 | −0.121 | −1.47 (0.144) | −0.025 | −0.093 | −1.04 (0.302) | ||||
Outpatient treatment in the previous two weeks | −0.012 | −0.066 | −0.77 (0.441) | −0.013 | −0.073 | −0.84 (0.403) | −0.012 | −0.067 | −0.73 (0.465) | ||||
Discomfort in the previous two weeks | −0.039 | −0.195 | −2.08 (0.040) | −0.041 | −0.203 | −2.06 (0.042) | −0.042 | −0.212 | −2.03 (0.045) | ||||
Health behaviors | Unmet annual hospital service | −0.017 | −0.040 | −0.49 (0.623) | −0.018 | −0.043 | −0.50 (0.621) | ||||||
Flu vaccination | 0.004 | 0.022 | 0.24 (0.814) | 0.001 | 0.007 | 0.07 (0.942) | |||||||
Medical checkup | −0.008 | −0.037 | −0.44 (0.661) | −0.011 | −0.052 | −0.60 (0.551) | |||||||
Subjective body type recognition | −0.006 | −0.064 | −0.70 (0.488) | −0.005 | −0.054 | −0.56 (0.578) | |||||||
Weight control in the previous year | 0.003 | 0.048 | 0.54 (0.594) | 0.003 | 0.047 | 0.49 (0.624) | |||||||
Drinking | 0.031 | 0.112 | 1.17 (0.243) | 0.030 | 0.109 | 1.09 (0.279) | |||||||
Daily high-intensity physical activity | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.03 (0.975) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.01 (0.995) | |||||||
Walking in the previous week | 0.054 | 0.266 | 3.06 (0.003) | 0.055 | 0.271 | 3.00 (0.003) | |||||||
Muscular exercise in the previous week | 0.014 | 0.078 | 0.90 (0.373) | 0.016 | 0.089 | 0.97 (0.333) | |||||||
Understanding of the nutritional labeling of food | −0.005 | −0.025 | −0.25 (0.800) | −0.004 | −0.023 | −0.21 (0.837) | |||||||
Vitamin C intake | −0.007 | −0.082 | −1.04 (0.300) | −0.007 | −0.090 | −1.08 (0.284) | |||||||
Psychological characteristics | Current depressive symptoms | 0.003 | 0.007 | 0.08 (0.935) | |||||||||
Perceived stress level | 0.003 | 0.023 | 0.24 (0.810) | ||||||||||
Depression for more than two weeks | −0.040 | −0.085 | −0.85 (0.395) | ||||||||||
Suicidal ideation in the previous year | 0.023 | 0.024 | 0.28 (0.782) | ||||||||||
Suicidal planning in the previous year | −0.006 | −0.010 | −0.11 (0.916) | ||||||||||
Sleep time during weekends | 0.000 | 0.010 | 0.12 (0.904) | ||||||||||
R2 | 0.117 | 0.393 | 0.475 | 0.481 | |||||||||
Adj. R2 (ΔR2) | 0.058 (0.117) | 0.299 (0.276) | 0.327 (0.082) | 0.292 (0.006) | |||||||||
F(p) | 1.972 (0.056) | 5.556 (<0.001) | 1.409 (0.181) | 0.180 (0.982) |
Variables | Categories | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||||||||
b | β | t(p) | b | β | t(p) | b | β | t(p) | b | β | t(p) | ||
(Contrast) | 0.727 | 5.83 (<0.001) | 0.916 | 7.64 (<0.001) | 0.958 | 6.51 (<0.001) | 0.902 | 5.45 (<0.001) | |||||
General characteristics | Age | −0.001 | −0.037 | −0.44 (0.660) | −0.001 | −0.035 | −0.46 (0.647) | 0.000 | −0.009 | −0.10 (0.919) | 0.000 | 0.012 | 0.13 (0.893) |
Gender | 0.029 | 0.078 | 1.00 (0.318) | 0.013 | 0.034 | 0.47 (0.636) | −0.009 | −0.025 | 0.32 (0.751) | −0.011 | −0.029 | −0.38 (0.703) | |
Educational level | −0.004 | −0.026 | −0.30 (0.761) | 0.000 | −0.003 | −0.04 (0.965) | 0.001 | 0.008 | 0.11 (0.915) | 0.006 | 0.039 | 0.55 (0.585) | |
Income quintile | 0.039 | 0.244 | 1.62 (0.108) | 0.019 | 0.121 | 0.96 (0.340) | 0.007 | 0.045 | 0.34 (0.737) | 0.002 | 0.012 | 0.10 (0.924) | |
Monthly family income | 0.000 | 0.045 | 0.31 (0.756) | 0.000 | −0.004 | −0.03 (0.974) | 0.000 | 0.026 | 0.21 (0.836) | 0.000 | 0.025 | 0.21 (0.831) | |
Home ownership status | 0.005 | 0.018 | 0.24 (0.813) | 0.026 | 0.090 | 1.41 (0.159) | 0.021 | 0.073 | −1.07 (0.288) | 0.022 | 0.077 | 1.15 (0.251) | |
Number of household members | −0.004 | −0.008 | −0.09 (0.931) | −0.033 | −0.069 | −0.85 (0.399) | −0.045 | −0.095 | −1.09 (0.279) | −0.049 | −0.103 | −1.22 (0.224) | |
Marital status | 0.127 | 0.309 | 2.96 (0.004) | 0.119 | 0.290 | 3.33 (0.001) | 0.134 | 0.326 | 3.50 (0.001) | 0.136 | 0.332 | 3.69 (<0.001) | |
Health-related characteristics | Subjective health status | −0.019 | −0.106 | −1.59 (0.113) | −0.019 | −0.105 | −1.47 (0.142) | −0.008 | −0.045 | −0.64 (0.522) | |||
Hypertension | 0.018 | 0.048 | 0.74 (0.458) | 0.010 | 0.025 | 0.37 (0.712) | −0.018 | −0.047 | −0.70 (0.484) | ||||
Angina pectoris | −0.069 | −0.154 | −2.48 (0.014) | −0.073 | −0.163 | −2.52 (0.013) | −0.072 | −0.161 | −2.53 (0.013) | ||||
Osteoarthritis | 0.008 | 0.015 | 0.25 (0.807) | 0.008 | 0.014 | 0.22 (0.827) | 0.003 | 0.006 | 0.09 (0.927) | ||||
Metabolic syndrome | 0.038 | 0.098 | 1.59 (0.122) | 0.043 | 0.112 | 1.70 (0.091) | 0.055 | 0.141 | 2.21 (0.029) | ||||
Activity restriction status | −0.109 | −0.264 | −3.96 (<0.001) | −0.111 | −0.268 | −3.83 (<0.001) | −0.115 | −0.279 | −4.16 (<0.001) | ||||
General characteristics | −0.058 | −0.114 | −1.75 (0.082) | −0.049 | −0.096 | −1.39 (0.165) | −0.025 | −0.050 | −0.70 (0.485) | ||||
Outpatient treatment within the previous two weeks | 0.002 | 0.006 | 0.09 (0.928) | −0.009 | −0.024 | −0.37 (0.712) | −0.011 | −0.030 | −0.48 (0.634) | ||||
Discomfort in the previous two weeks | −0.089 | −0.232 | −3.25 (0.001) | −0.078 | −0.201 | −2.64 (0.009) | −0.061 | −0.158 | −2.14 (0.034) | ||||
Health behaviors | Unmet annual hospital service | −0.013 | −0.022 | −0.31 (0.754) | −0.005 | −0.009 | −0.14 (0.889) | ||||||
Flu vaccination | −0.010 | −0.027 | −0.42 (0.678) | −0.015 | −0.041 | −0.65 (0.518) | |||||||
Medical checkup | 0.045 | 0.118 | 1.96 (0.051) | 0.033 | 0.085 | 1.46 (0.148) | |||||||
Subjective body type recognition | −0.012 | −0.068 | −0.97 (0.336) | −0.009 | −0.049 | −0.72 (0.471) | |||||||
Weight control in the previous year | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.04 (0.965) | −0.005 | −0.036 | −0.56 (0.579) | |||||||
Drinking | 0.004 | 0.011 | 0.17 (0.869) | 0.005 | 0.012 | 0.20 (0.843) | |||||||
Daily high-intensity physical activity | −0.099 | −0.042 | −0.68 (0.500) | −0.114 | −0.048 | −0.81 (0.417) | |||||||
Walking in the previous week | −0.010 | −0.022 | −0.33 (0.741) | −0.006 | −0.012 | −0.18 (0.855) | |||||||
Muscular exercise in the previous week | 0.036 | 0.081 | 1.28 (0.203) | 0.045 | 0.102 | 1.69 (0.093) | |||||||
Understanding of the nutritional labeling of food | −0.011 | −0.031 | −0.40 (0.688) | −0.024 | −0.064 | −0.87 (0.388) | |||||||
Vitamin C intake | −0.005 | −0.093 | −1.46 (0.147) | −0.005 | −0.096 | −1.39 (0.166) | |||||||
Psychological characteristics | Current depressive symptoms | −0.156 | −0.172 | −2.58 (0.011) | |||||||||
Perceived stress level | 0.007 | 0.031 | 0.45 (0.656) | ||||||||||
Depression for more than two weeks | −0.001 | −0.001 | −0.02 (0.987) | ||||||||||
Suicidal ideation in the previous year | −0.155 | −0.193 | −2.38 (0.019) | ||||||||||
Suicidal planning in the previous year | 0.041 | 0.038 | 0.53 (0.600) | ||||||||||
Sleep time during weekends | 0.000 | 0.012 | 0.19 (0.846) | ||||||||||
R2 | 0.244 | 0.518 | 0.549 | 0.620 | |||||||||
Adj. R2 (ΔR2) | 0.208 (0.244) | 0.466 (0.274) | 0.462 (0.031) | 0.527 (0.071) | |||||||||
F(p) | 6.671 (<0.001) | 9.841 (<0.001) | 0.918 (0.525) | 4.298 (<0.001) |
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Share and Cite
Kim, K.; Yoon, H. Health-Related Quality of Life among Cancer Survivors Depending on the Occupational Status. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3803. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073803
Kim K, Yoon H. Health-Related Quality of Life among Cancer Survivors Depending on the Occupational Status. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(7):3803. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073803
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Kisook, and Hyohyeon Yoon. 2021. "Health-Related Quality of Life among Cancer Survivors Depending on the Occupational Status" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7: 3803. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073803