Physical Activity and Quality of Life of University Students, Their Parents, and Grandparents in Poland—Selected Determinants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
Participants and Ethical Considerations
3. Data Collection
4. Data Analysis
5. Results
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Disclosure Statement
References
- Villas-Boas, S.; Oliveira, A.L.; Natália Ramos, N. Predictors of Quality of Life in Different Age Groups across Adulthood. J. Intergenerational Relatsh. (JIG) 2019, 17, 42–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nowak, P.F.; Bożek, A.; Blukacz, M. Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Quality of Life among University Students. Biomed Res. Int. 2019, 97, 1281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Núñez-Rocha, G.M.; López-Botello, C.K.; Salinas-Martínez, A.M.; Arroyo-Acevedo, H.V.; Martínez-Villarreal, R.T.; Ávila-Ortiz, M.N. Lifestyle, Quality of Life, and Health Promotion Needs in Mexican University Students: Important Differences by Sex and Academic Discipline. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 8024. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tanabe, T.; Snyder, A.R.; Bay, R.C.; McLeod, T.C.V. Representative values of health-related quality of life among female and male adolescent athletes and the impact of gender. Athl. Train. Sports Health Care 2010, 2, 106–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Snedden, T.R.; Scerpella, J.; Kliethermes, S.A.; Norman, R.S.; Blyholder, L.; Sanfilippo, J.; McGuine, T.A.; Heiderscheit, B. Sport and Physical Activity Level Impacts Health-Related Quality of Life Among Collegiate Students. Am. J. Health Promot. 2019, 33, 675–682. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Solis, A.C.; Lotufo-Neto, F. Predictors of quality of life in Brazilian medical students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr. 2019, 41, 556–567. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Medrano-Ureña, M.D.; Ortega-Ruiz, R.; Benítez-Sillero, J.D. Physical Fitness, Exercise Self-Efficacy, and Quality of Life in Adulthood: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6343. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miko, H.C.; Zillmann, N.; Ring-Dimitriou, S.; Dorner, T.E.; Titze, S.; Bauer, R. Effects of Physical Activity on Health. Gesundheitswesen 2020, 82, S184–S195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ding, D.; Ramirez Varela, A.; Bauman, A.E.; Ekelund, U.; Lee, I.M.; Heath, G.; Katzmarzyk, P.T.; Reis, R.; Pratt, M. Towards better evidence-informed global action: Lessons learnt from the Lancet series and recent developments in physical activity and public health. Br. J. Sports Med. 2020, 54, 462–468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Sevil, J.; Práxedes, A.; Abarca-Sos, A.; Del Villar, F.; García-González, L. Levels of physical activity, motivation and barriers to participation in university students. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit. 2016, 56, 1239–1248. [Google Scholar]
- Brown, D.W.; Balluz, L.S.; Heath, G.W.; Moriarty, D.G.; Ford, E.S.; Giles, W.H.; Mokdad, A.H. Associations between recommended levels of physical activity and health-related quality of life. Findings from the 2001 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey. Prev. Med. 2003, 37, 520–528. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tittlbach, S.A.; Jekauc, D.; Schmidt, S.C.; Woll, A.; Bös, K. The relationship between physical activity, fitness, physical complaints and BMI in German adults–results of a longitudinal study. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 2017, 17, 1090–1099. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bös, K.; Tittlbach, S.; Woll, A.; Suni, J.; Oja, P. FinGer–Physicalactivity, fitness and health—An international longitudinal study in Bad Schönborn and Tampere. Int. Sports Stud. 2012, 34, 42–50. [Google Scholar]
- Rożek-Piechura, K.; Ignasiak, Z.; Sławińska, T.; Piechura, J.; Ignasiak, T. Respiratory function, physical activity and body composition in adult rural population. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 2014, 21, 369–374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Physical activity of the society 2019. Physical and sporting activity of Poles. MultiSport Index. 2019. Available online: https://www.benefitsystems.pl/en/about-us/press-centre/press-release/multisport-index-2019-survey-of-physical-activity-among-poles/ (accessed on 11 December 2020).
- Koistinen, S.; Olai, L.; Ståhlnacke, K.; Fält, A.; Ehrenberg, A. Oral health-related quality of life and associated factors among older people in short-term care. Int. J. Dent. Hyg. 2019, 18, 163–172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Çiçek, G. Quality of Life and Physical Activity among University Students. Univers. J. Educ. Res. 2018, 6, 1141–1148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Allender, S.; Hutchinson, L.; Foster, C. Life-change events and participation in physical activity: A systematic review. Health Promot. Int. 2008, 23, 160–172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wang, L.; Qi, J. Association between Family Structure and Physical Activity of Chinese Adolescents. BioMed Res. Int. 2016, 2016, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Levasseur, M.; Desrosiers, J.; St-Cyr Tribble, D. Do quality of life, participation and environment of older adults differ according to level of activity? Health Qual. Life Out. 2018, 6, 30–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kruk, J. Health and Economic Costs of Physical Inactivity. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 2014, 15, 7499–7503. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ribeiro, O.; Teixeira, L.; Araújo, L.; Rodríguez-Blázquez, C.; Calderón-Larrañaga, A.; Forjaz, M.J. Anxiety, Depression and Quality of Life in Older Adults: Trajectories of Influence across Age. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 4, 9039. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Keating, X.D.; Guan, J.; Piñero, J.C.; Bridges, D.M. A meta-analysis of college students’ physical activity behaviors. J. Am. Coll. Health 2005, 54, 116–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Włodarczyk, K. Quality of life perceived by Poles in the 21st century. Konsumpcja Rozw. 2015, 1, 3–16. [Google Scholar]
- Gruszczyńska, M.; Skorupa, P. Physical activity, quality of life and self-esteem. Probl. Hig. Epidemiol. 2018, 99, 69–73. [Google Scholar]
- An, H.Y.; Chen, W.; Wang, C.W.; Yang, H.F.; Huang, W.T.; Fan, S.Y. The Relationships between Physical Activity and Life Satisfaction and Happiness among Young, Middle-Aged, and Older Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4817. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, H.; Tang, L.; Hu, Z.; Gao, F.; Yang, Y.; Qin, L.; Luo, B.-A. Association between physical activity and health-related quality of life in elderly individuals with pre-diabetes in rural Hunan Province. China: A cross-sectional stud. BMJ Open 2018, 8, 143–148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kotarska, K.; Wunsch, E.; Raszeja-Wyszomirska, J.; Kempińska-Podhorodecka, A.; Wójcicki, M.; Milkiewicz, P. Leisure time physical activity and health-related behaviours after liver transplantation: A prospective, single centre study. Gastroenterol. Rev. 2015, 2, 1–5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Puciato, D.; Rozpara, M.; Borysiuk, Z. Physical Activity as a Determinant of Quality of Life in Working-Age People in Wrocław, Poland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 623. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Navarro-Flores, E.; Losa-Iglesias, M.E.; Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo, R.; López-López, D.; Rodríguez-Sanz, D.; Palomo-López, P.; Calvo-Lobo, C. Translation and Test—Retest of the Spanish Podiatry Health Questionnaire (PHQ-S). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Hinkle, D.E.; Wiersma, W.; Jurs, S.G. Applied Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences, 5th ed.; Houghton Mifflin: Boston, MA, USA, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical computing; R Foundation for Statistical Computing: Vienna, Austria, 2017; Available online: https://www.R-project.org/ (accessed on 20 December 2020).
- Castro, L.; Svastisalee, C.; Mendes, R.; Fontaine, O.; Breda, J. School-based physical activity and good practices in Europe. Health Probl. Civiliz. 2019, 13, 9–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Word Health Organization. Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Barengo, N.C.; Nissinen, A.; Tuomilehto, J.; Pekkarinen, H. Twenty-five-year trends in physical activity of 30- to 59-year-old populations in eastern Finland. Med. Sci. Sports Exer. 2002, 34, 1302–1307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Beenackers, M.A.; Kamphuis, C.B.; Giskes, K.; Brug, J.; Kunst, A.E.; Burdorf, A.; van Lenthe, F.J. Socioeconomic inequalities in occupational, leisure-time, and transport related physical activity among European adults: A systematic review. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phy. Act. 2012, 29, 116–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nowak, M.A.; Kotarska, K.; Nowak, L. Physical Activity, Health and Physical Fitness of Students, Their Parents and Grandparents. Coll. Antropol. 2019, 43, 1–10. Available online: https://hrcak.srce.hr/223978 (accessed on 18 December 2020).
- Al-Naggar, R.A.; Osman, M.T.; Musa, R. Quality of Life among University Students in a Single Malaysian Institute. Pensee J. 2003, 75, 123–127. [Google Scholar]
- Maia, J.; Gomes, T.N.; Trégouët, D.A.; Katzmarzyk, P.T. Familial Resemblance of Physical Activity Levels in The Portuguese Population. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2014, 17, 381–386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ajman, H.; Ukić, M.; Madić, D. The relationship between family socio-economic status, family social support and adolescent physical activity. Health Probl. Civiliz. 2019, 13, 48–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Central Statistical Office (CSO). Participation in Sports and Physical Recreation in 2016–2017. Statistical Information and Elaborations; Central Statistical Office (CSO): Warsaw, Poland. Available online: http://stat.gov.pl (accessed on 6 November 2020).
- Hosforda, K.; Fuller, D.; Lear, A.; Teschke, K.; Gauvin, L.; Brauer, M. Evaluation of the impact of a public bicycle share program on population bicycling in Vancouver, BC. Prev. Med. Rep. 2018, 12, 176–181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gill, D.L.; Hammond, C.C.; Reifsteck, E.J.; Jehu, C.M.; Williams, R.A.; Adams, M.A.; Lange, E.H.; Becofsky, K.; Rodriguez, E.; Ya-Ting, S. Physical Activity and Quality of Life. J. Prev. Med. Public Health 2013, 46, 28–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kupcewicz, E.; Grochans, E.; Kadučáková, H.; Mikla, M.; Jóźwik, M. Analysis of the Relationship between Stress Intensity and Coping Strategy and the Quality of Life of Nursing Students in Poland, Spain and Slovakia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 24, 4530. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boerma, T.; Hosseinpoor, A.R.; Verdes, E.; Chatterji, S. A global assessment of the gender gap in self-reported health with survey data from 59 countries. BMC Public Health 2016, 16, 675–679. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Grasdalsmoen, M.; Eriksen, H.R.; Lønning, K.J.; Sivertsen, B. Physicalexercise, mental health problems, and suicide attempts in university students. BMC Psychiatry. 2020, 20, 175–180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Codina, N.; Pestana, J.V.; Valenzuela, R.; Giménez, N. Procrastination at the Core of Physical Activity (PA) and Perceived Quality of Life: A New Approach for Counteracting Lower Levels of PA Practice. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grzanka-Tykwińska, A.; Chudzińska, M.; Kędziora-Kornatowska, K. Evaluating the quality of life of elderly people who attend classes at the University of the Third Age. Med. Biol. Sci. 2014, 28, 19–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Czapiński, J.; Panek, T. Social Diagnosis 2015.The objective and subjective quality of life in Poland Report. Social Monit. Council. 2015, 9, 429–453. [Google Scholar]
- Bouchard, C.; Blair, S.N.; Haskell, W.L. Physicalactivity and Health, 2nd ed.; Human Kinetics: Champaign, IL, USA, 2012; p. 456. [Google Scholar]
- Konopack, J.F.; McAuley, E. Efficacy-media-ted effects of spirituality and physical activity on quality of life: A path analysis. Health Qual. Life Outcomes 2012, 10, 57–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rugbeer, N.; Ramklass, S.; Mckune, A.; van Heerden, J. The effect of group exercise frequency on health related quality of life in institutionalized elderly. Pan Afr. Med. J. (PAMJ) 2017, 26, 35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Navarro-Flores, E.; Romero-Morales, C.; Becerro de Bengoa-Vallejo, R.; Rodríguez-Sanz, D.; Palomo-López, P.; López-López, D.; Losa-Iglesias, M.E.; Calvo-Lobo, C. Sex Differences in Frail Older Adults with Foot Pain in a Spanish Population: An Observational Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Healthy 2020, 17, 6141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Specification | Groups * | Value of p for Student’s t-Test | Hedges’ g | Means | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MS | M | F | GM | GF | MS | M | F | GM | GF | |||
Quality of life F = 16.87 p < 0.001 ω² = 0.07 | FS | 0.578 | 0.949 | 0.751 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 4.03 |
MS | 0.516 | 0.438 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 4.09 | |||
M | 0.775 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 4.02 | |||||
F | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 4.00 | |||||||
GM | 0.859 | −0.1 | 3.57 | |||||||||
GF | 3.59 | |||||||||||
Satisfaction with health F = 26.42 p < 0.001 ω² = 0.11 | FS | 0.031 | 0.521 | 0.361 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 3.83 |
MS | 0.011 | 0.012 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 4.04 | |||
M | 0.723 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 3.78 | |||||
F | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 3.75 | |||||||
GM | 0.034 | −0.2 | 3.19 | |||||||||
GF | 3.37 | |||||||||||
Physical domain F = 46.21 p < 0.001 ω² = 0.18 | FS | 0.598 | 0.459 | 0.684 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.1 | 01 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 28.58 |
MS | 0.923 | 0.921 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.1 | −0.1 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 28.33 | |||
M | 0.823 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.1 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 28.28 | |||||
F | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 28.39 | |||||||
GM | 0.294 | −0.1 | 23.89 | |||||||||
GF | 24.41 | |||||||||||
Psychological domain F = 15.94 p < 0.001 ω² = 0.07 | FS | 0.064 | 0.153 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.055 | −0.2 | −0.1 | −0.4 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 21.53 |
MS | 0.466 | 0.282 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.1 | −0.2 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 22.46 | |||
M | 0.032 | 0.000 | 0.001 | −0.2 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 22.10 | |||||
F | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 23.05 | |||||||
GM | 0.057 | −0.2 | 19.88 | |||||||||
GF | 20.67 | |||||||||||
Social domain F = 20.93 p< 0.001 ω² = 0.09 | FS | 0.775 | 0.409 | 0.118 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.1 | 0.1 | −0.2 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 11.61 |
MS | 0.713 | 0.095 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.1 | −0.2 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 11.51 | |||
M | 0.013 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.3 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 11.40 | |||||
F | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 12.04 | |||||||
GM | 0.150 | −0.1 | 9.97 | |||||||||
GF | 10.33 | |||||||||||
Environmental domain F = 9.34 p < 0.001 ω² = 0.04 | FS | 0.423 | 0.371 | 0.599 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 30.43 |
MS | 0.955 | 0.809 | 0.000 | 0.006 | −0.1 | −0.1 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 29.99 | |||
M | 0.813 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.1 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 30.02 | |||||
F | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 30.15 | |||||||
GM | 0.577 | −0.1 | 28.12 | |||||||||
GF | 28.38 |
Specification | Physical Activity | Value of p for Student’s t-Test | Hedges’ g | Means |
---|---|---|---|---|
Participation in physical education classes | ||||
Satisfaction with life F = 6.98, p < 0.01 ω² = 0.01 | Willing | 0.008 | 0.3 | 3.87 |
Reluctant and negative | 3.65 | |||
Physical domain F = 7.72, p < 0.001 ω² = 0.01 | Willing | 0.005 | 0.3 | 26.79 |
Reluctant and negative | 25.34 | |||
Social domain F = 6.84, p < 0.01 ω² = 0.01 | Willing | 0.009 | 0.3 | 11.07 |
Reluctant and negative | 10.37 | |||
Practicing competitive sport | ||||
Satisfaction with life F = 10.12, p < 0.001 ω² = 0.01 | Yes | 0.001 | 0.3 | 4.01 |
No | 3.80 | |||
Satisfaction with health F = 12.01, p < 0.001 ω² = 0.01 | Yes | 0.000 | 0.3 | 3.78 |
No | 3.54 | |||
Physical domain F = 12.16, p < 0.001 ω² = 0.01 | Yes | 0.000 | 0.3 | 27.74 |
No | 26.35 | |||
Psychological domain F = 13.26, p < 0.001 ω² = 0.01 | Yes | 0.000 | 0.3 | 22.33 |
No | 21.11 | |||
Social domain F = 6.56, p < 0.01 ω² = 0.01 | Yes | 0.010 | 0.2 | 11.39 |
No | 10.87 | |||
Current participation in physical recreation | ||||
Satisfaction with health F = 10.48, p < 0.001 ω² = 0.01 | Yes | 0.001 | 0.3 | 3.63 |
No | 3.40 | |||
Physical domain F = 15.99, p < 0.001 ω² = 0.01 | Yes | 0.000 | 0.3 | 26.91 |
No | 25.32 | |||
Psychological domain F = 12.65, p < 0.001 ω² = 0.01 | Yes | 0.000 | 0.3 | 21.58 |
No | 20.40 | |||
Environmental domain F = 5.3, p < 0.05 ω² = 0.01 | Yes | 0.021 | 0.2 | 29.52 |
No | 28.66 |
Specification | Marital Status | Value of p for Student’s t-Test | Hedge’s g | Means | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Married | Divorced | Widowers | Cohabitation | Married | Divorced | Widowers | Cohabitation | |||
Quality of life F = 16.43 p < 0.001 ω² = 0.06 | Unmarried | 0.419 | 0.023 | 0.000 | 0.962 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 3.97 |
Married | 0.077 | 0.000 | 0.792 | 0.2 | 0.7 | −0.1 | 3.92 | |||
Divorced | 0.001 | 0.197 | 0.5 | −0.3 | 3.75 | |||||
Widowed | 0.000 | −0.8 | 3.39 | |||||||
Cohabitation | 3.96 | |||||||||
Satisfaction with health F = 14.34 p < 0.001 ω² = 0.06 | Unmarried | 0.023 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.216 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 3.78 |
Married | 0.025 | 0.000 | 0.781 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 3.64 | |||
Divorced | 0.057 | 0.280 | 0.3 | −0.2 | 3.40 | |||||
Widowed | 0.017 | −0.5 | 3.17 | |||||||
Cohabitation | 3.59 | |||||||||
Physical domain F = 23.36 p < 0.001 ω² = 0.08 | Unmarried | 0.186 | 0.015 | 0.000 | 0.500 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 27.62 |
Married | 0.148 | 0.000 | 0.919 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 27.14 | |||
Divorced | 0.000 | 0.425 | 0.6 | −0.2 | 26.25 | |||||
Widowed | 0.000 | −0.8 | 23.26 | |||||||
Cohabitation | 27.04 | |||||||||
Psychological domain F = 14.78 p < 0.001 ω² = 0.06 | Unmarried | 0.015 | 0.576 | 0.000 | 0.626 | −0.2 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 21.36 |
Married | 0.033 | 0.000 | 0.134 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 22.08 | |||
Divorced | 0.002 | 0.923 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 21.05 | |||||
Widowed | 0.041 | −0.4 | 19.24 | |||||||
Cohabitation | 20.96 | |||||||||
Social domain F = 32.40 p < 0.001 ω² = 0.01 | Unmarried | 0.053 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.851 | −0.1 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 11.21 |
Married | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.311 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 11.56 | |||
Divorced | 0.001 | 0.089 | 0.4 | −0.4 | 10.19 | |||||
Widowed | 0.000 | −0.9 | 9.14 | |||||||
Cohabitation | 11.11 | |||||||||
Environmental domain F = 11.54 p < 0.001 ω² = 0.04 | Unmarried | 0.528 | 0.070 | 0.000 | 0.795 | −0.1 | 0.2 | 0.6 | −0.1 | 29.70 |
Married | 0.026 | 0.000 | 0.992 | 0.3 | 0.6 | −0.1 | 29.92 | |||
Divorced | 0.026 | 0.228 | 0.3 | −0.3 | 28.64 | |||||
Widowed | 0.002 | −0.6 | 27.18 | |||||||
Cohabitation | 29.93 |
Specification | Level of Education | Value of p for Student’s t-Test | Hedges’ g | Means | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Secondary | Post-Secondary | Secondary | Post-Secondary | |||
Quality of life F = 24.33 p < 0.001 ω² = 0.06 | pre-secondary | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.4 | −0.6 | 3.61 |
secondary | 0.003 | −0.2 | 3.89 | |||
post-secondary | 4.08 | |||||
Satisfaction with health F = 21.39 p < 0.001 ω² = 0.06 | pre-secondary | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.4 | −0.5 | 3.33 |
secondary | 0.214 | −0.1 | 3.68 | |||
post-secondary | 3.76 | |||||
Physical domain F = 28.21 p < 0.001 ω² = 0.06 | pre-secondary | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.5 | −0.6 | 24.96 |
secondary | 0.093 | −0.1 | 27.16 | |||
post-secondary | 27.81 | |||||
Psychological domain F = 6.83 p < 0.001 ω² = 0.01 | pre-secondary | 0.273 | 0.000 | −0.1 | −0.3 | 20.93 |
secondary | 0.004 | −0.2 | 21.25 | |||
post-secondary | 22.22 | |||||
Social domain F = 14.71 p < 0.001 ω² = 0.01 | pre-secondary | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.3 | −0.4 | 10.38 |
secondary | 0.281 | −0.1 | 11.21 | |||
post-secondary | 11.42 | |||||
Environmental domain F = 12.86 p < 0.001 ω² = 0.01 | pre-secondary | 0.007 | 0.000 | −0.2 | −0.4 | 28.49 |
secondary | 0.002 | −0.3 | 29.38 | |||
post-secondary | 30.51 |
Specification | Employment | Value of p for Student’s t-Test | Hedges’ g | Means |
---|---|---|---|---|
Quality of life F = 88.27 p < 0.001 ω² = 0.08 | Yes | 0.000 | 0.6 | 4.10 |
No | 3.64 | |||
Satisfaction with health F = 111.57 p < 0.001 ω² = 0.10 | Yes | 0.000 | 0.7 | 3.89 |
No | 3.34 | |||
Physical domain F = 170.08 p < 0.001 ω² = 0.15 | Yes | 0.000 | 0.8 | 28.75 |
No | 24.95 | |||
Psychological domain F = 67.47 p < 0.001 ω² = 0.06 | Yes | 0.000 | 0.5 | 22.51 |
No | 20.43 | |||
Social domain F = 82.16 p < 0.001 ω² = 0.08 | Yes | 0.000 | 0.6 | 11.78 |
No | 10.38 | |||
Environmental domain F = 55.03 p < 0.001 ω² = 0.06 | Yes | 0.000 | 0.5 | 30.53 |
No | 28.41 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Kotarska, K.; Nowak, M.A.; Nowak, L.; Król, P.; Sochacki, A.; Sygit, K.; Sygit, M. Physical Activity and Quality of Life of University Students, Their Parents, and Grandparents in Poland—Selected Determinants. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3871. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083871
Kotarska K, Nowak MA, Nowak L, Król P, Sochacki A, Sygit K, Sygit M. Physical Activity and Quality of Life of University Students, Their Parents, and Grandparents in Poland—Selected Determinants. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(8):3871. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083871
Chicago/Turabian StyleKotarska, Katarzyna, Maria Alicja Nowak, Leonard Nowak, Paweł Król, Artur Sochacki, Katarzyna Sygit, and Marian Sygit. 2021. "Physical Activity and Quality of Life of University Students, Their Parents, and Grandparents in Poland—Selected Determinants" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8: 3871. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083871