Are Psychosocial Factors Determinant in the Pain and Social Participation of Patients with Early Knee Osteoarthritis? A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Outcome Measures
2.3.1. Descriptive, Demographic Data and Control Variables
2.3.2. Pain and Disability Variables
- Pain Intensity
- Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC)
2.3.3. Psychological Variables
- Anxiety and Depression Symptoms
- Social Participation
2.4. Procedures
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Pain Analysis
3.2. OA Analysis
3.3. Psychosocial Variables Analysis
3.4. Correlation Analysis
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Pain Group (n = 64) | No-Pain Group (n = 41) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 51.77 ± 5.67 | 50.29 ± 6.38 | 0.44 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.94 ± 4.08 | 27.38 ± 3.75 | 0.59 |
Gender | 0.12 | ||
Women | 39 (60.9) | 31 (75.6) | |
Men | 25 (39.1) | 10 (24.4) | |
Marital status | 0.36 | ||
Single | 13 (20.3) | 5 (12.2) | |
Married | 39 (60.9) | 29 (70.7) | |
Divorced | 9 (14.1) | 5 (12.2) | |
Widow | 3 (4.7) | 2 (4.9) | |
Education level | 0.55 | ||
Primary | 10 (15.6) | 7 (17.1) | |
Secondary | 25 (39.1) | 13 (31.7) | |
College | 29 (44.3) | 21 (51.2) | |
Birth Country | 0.67 | ||
Spain | 59 (92.2) | 64 (100) | |
Other EU countries | 2 (3.1) | 0 (0) | |
Other non-EU countries | 3 (4.7) | 0 (0) | |
Ethnicity | 0.89 | ||
White | 62 (96.9) | 40 (97.6) | |
Black | 0 (0) | 1 (2.4) | |
Hispanic American | 2 (3.1) | 0 (0) | |
Economic status | 0.34 | ||
Easy | 17 (26.6) | 10 (24.4) | |
Fairly easy | 35 (54.7) | 25 (60.9) | |
With some difficulties | 9 (14.0) | 6 (14.7) | |
With great difficulties | 3 (4.7) | 0 (0) | |
Residency | 0.77 | ||
With family | 52 (85.3) | 32 (78.1) | |
Independently | 12 (18.7) | 9 (21.9) | |
Hormonal status | 0.56 | ||
Postmenopausal | 19 (48.7) | 15 | |
Premenopausal | 20 (51.3) | 12 | |
Alcohol | 0.89 | ||
Never | 7 (10.9) | 5 (12.2) | |
Seldom | 23 (35.9) | 11 (26.8) | |
1–2 times/month | 13 (20.3) | 9 (21.9) | |
1–2 times/week | 18 (28.2) | 14 (34.2) | |
1 time day | 2 (3.1) | 2 (4.9) | |
More than 1 a day | 1 (1.6) | 0 (0) | |
Smoking | 0.52 | ||
Yes | 11 (17.2) | 4 (9.8) | |
No | 27 (42.2) | 18 (43.9) | |
Ex | 26 (40.6) | 19 (46.3) |
Measures | Pain Group (n = 64) | No-Pain Group (n = 41) | Mean Difference (95% CI) | Effect Size (d) |
---|---|---|---|---|
WOMAC | 0.18 ± 0.15 | 0.21 ± 0.19 | 0.03 (−0.05 to 0.11) | - |
HAD Anxiety | 5.62 ± 3.54 | 3.27 ± 3.55 | −2.35 ** (−3.76 to −0.94) | 0.66 |
HAD Depression | 3.98 ± 3.12 | 1.54 ± 2.43 | −2.45 ** (−3.59 to −1.31) | 0.87 |
Social Participation | 5.89 ± 3.44 | 5.68 ± 2.73 | −0.21 (−1.47 to 1.05) | - |
Measures | EOA (n = 54) | HS (n = 51) | Mean Difference (95% CI) | Effect Size (d) |
---|---|---|---|---|
WOMAC | 0.21 ± 0.16 | 0.18 ± 0.17 | −0.03 (−0.09 to 0.05) | - |
VAS Rest | 2.17 ± 2.53 | 0.78 ± 1.87 | −1.38 * (−2.25 to −0.52) | 0.62 |
VAS Walking | 3.17 ± 2.86 | 0.75 ± 1.91 | −2.42 ** (−3.37 to −1.48) | 0.99 |
HAD Anxiety | 5.80 ± 3.69 | 3.50 ± 3.39 | −2.29** (−3.67 to −0.92) | 0.65 |
HAD Depression | 4.06 ± 3.19 | 1.90 ± 2.59 | −2.15 ** (−3.29 to −1.02) | 0.74 |
Social Participation | 5.89 ± 3.23 | 5.73 ± 3.14 | −0.16 (−1.39 to 1.07) | - |
Variable | HAD Anxiety | HAD Depression |
---|---|---|
VAS Rest | 0.18 * | 0.32 * |
VAS Walking | 0.26 ** | 0.41 ** |
WOMAC | 0.06 | 0.23 * |
Social Participation | −0.14 | −0.21 * |
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Alabajos-Cea, A.; Herrero-Manley, L.; Suso-Martí, L.; Alonso-Pérez-Barquero, J.; Viosca-Herrero, E. Are Psychosocial Factors Determinant in the Pain and Social Participation of Patients with Early Knee Osteoarthritis? A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4575. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094575
Alabajos-Cea A, Herrero-Manley L, Suso-Martí L, Alonso-Pérez-Barquero J, Viosca-Herrero E. Are Psychosocial Factors Determinant in the Pain and Social Participation of Patients with Early Knee Osteoarthritis? A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(9):4575. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094575
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlabajos-Cea, Ana, Luz Herrero-Manley, Luis Suso-Martí, Juan Alonso-Pérez-Barquero, and Enrique Viosca-Herrero. 2021. "Are Psychosocial Factors Determinant in the Pain and Social Participation of Patients with Early Knee Osteoarthritis? A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9: 4575. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094575