Changes in Physical Activity Compared to the Situation before the Outbreak of COVID-19 in Korea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Subjects
2.3. Physical Activity
- In the last week, on how many days to you do involve vigorous-intensity activity, that causes large increases in breathing or heart rate for at least 10 min continuously? How much time do you spend doing vigorous-intensity activities on a typical day?
- In the last week, on how many days to you do involve moderate-intensity activity, that causes small increases in breathing or heart rate for at least 10 min continuously? How much time do you spend doing moderate-intensity activities on a typical day?
- In the last week, on how many days to you walk for at least 10 min continuously? How much time do you spend walking on a typical day?
2.4. Analysis Method
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics of the Subjects before and after the Outbreak of COVID-19
3.2. Differences in the Amount of Physical Activity Based on General Characteristics before and after the Outbreak of COVID-19
3.2.1. Presence of the Spouse
3.2.2. Educational Status
3.2.3. Engagement in Economic Activity
3.3. Differences in Physical Activity before and after COVID-19
4. Discussion & Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Adults | Seniors | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | 2020 | χ2(p) | 2019 | 2020 | χ2(p) | |||
Males | Spouse | Present | 34,596(62.5) | 41,568(61.8) | 5.982(0.015) | 11,283(88.1) | 20,243(86.8) | 11.881(0.001) |
Absent | 20,803(37.6) | 25,729(38.2) | 1529(11.9) | 3078(13.2) | ||||
Educational Status | No education | 262(0.5) | 323(0.5) | 37.347(<0.001) | 1602(12.5) | 2442(10.5) | 56.006(<0.001) | |
Elementary | 1614(2.9) | 2136(3.2) | 4149(32.4) | 7305(31.4) | ||||
Middle | 3260(5.9) | 4302(6.4) | 2651(20.7) | 4854(20.8) | ||||
High | 23,721(42.8) | 29,097(43.3) | 2864(22.4) | 5780(24.8) | ||||
College | 7969(14.4) | 9177(13.6) | 229(1.8) | 410(1.8) | ||||
University | 15,832(28.6) | 18,831(28) | 1006(7.9) | 1932(8.3) | ||||
Graduate school or above | 2746(5) | 3404(5.1) | 307(2.4) | 574(2.5) | ||||
Economic Activity | Yes | 46,783(84.4) | 54,941(81.6) | 167.033(<0.001) | 6663(52) | 11,219(48.1) | 50.26(<0.001) | |
No | 8648(15.6) | 12,384(18.4) | 6153(48) | 12,109(51.9) | ||||
Females | Spouse | Yes | 48,433(70) | 53,504(68.3) | 50.376(<0.001) | 8394(52.7) | 16,192(48.5) | 74.957(<0.001) |
No | 20,754(30) | 24,842(31.7) | 7531(47.3) | 17,166(51.5) | ||||
Educational Status | No education | 566(0.8) | 761(1.0) | 161.067(<0.001) | 5974(37.5) | 12,645(37.9) | 18.814(0.094) | |
Elementary | 3673(5.3) | 4819(6.2) | 5636(35.4) | 11,905(35.7) | ||||
Middle | 5663(8.2) | 7131(9.1) | 1973(12.4) | 4226(12.7) | ||||
High | 28,285(40.9) | 32,594(41.6) | 1725(10.8) | 3408(10.2) | ||||
College | 10,786(15.6) | 11,360(14.5) | 155(1) | 294(0.9) | ||||
University | 17,786(25.7) | 18,930(24.2) | 387(2.4) | 727(2.2) | ||||
Graduate school or above | 2473(3.6) | 2704(3.5) | 69(0.4) | 120(0.4) | ||||
Economic Activity | Active | 43,813(63.3) | 48,563(62) | 26.63(<0.001) | 5815(36.5) | 11,240(33.7) | 37.043(<0.001) | |
Inactive | 25,443(36.7) | 29,815(38) | 10,117(63.5) | 22,103(66.3) |
Adults | Seniors | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | 2020 | F(p) 1) | F(p) 2) | F(p) 3) | 2019 | 2020 | F(p) 1) | F(p) 2) | F(p) 3) | |||
Males | Spouse | Present | 433.54 ± 637.94 | 427.95 ± 621.54 | 4.500 | 83.270 | 1.330 | 595.31 ± 742.56 | 556.54 ± 687.13 | 1.320 | 4.190 | 0.000 |
Absent | 387.53 ± 512.88 | 368.63 ± 510.01 | (0.034) | (<0.001) | (0.249) | 526.55 ± 623.64 | 488.64 ± 571.65 | (0.251) | (<0.001) | (0.990) | ||
Educational Status | No education | 824.85 ± 1004.85 | 769.08 ± 1022.23 | 1.59 | 376.94 | 0.26 | 728.18 ± 908.65 | 748.6 ± 787.53 | 2.33 | 25.24 | 0.88 | |
Elementary | 894.13 ± 1022.97 | 874.87 ± 977.78 | (0.208) | (<0.001) | (0.955) | 712.51 ± 841.62 | 628.14 ± 787.89 | (0.126) | (<0.001) | (0.509) | ||
Middle | 746.42 ± 878.24 | 709.87 ± 885.51 | 612.02 ± 812.04 | 607.22 ± 750.49 | ||||||||
High | 479.36 ± 650.42 | 468.15 ± 642.39 | 483.74 ± 546.81 | 491.09 ± 562.75 | ||||||||
College | 394.57 ± 558.15 | 379.47 ± 522.38 | 602.55 ± 665.92 | 487.96 ± 698.77 | ||||||||
University | 296.96 ± 407.74 | 286.3 ± 391.81 | 398.24 ± 376.11 | 342.26 ± 300.52 | ||||||||
Graduate school or above | 239.17 ± 265.68 | 241.16 ± 282.12 | 390.86 ± 473.64 | 329.65 ± 332.11 | ||||||||
Economic Activity | Yes | 433.5 ± 623.96 | 423.9 ± 616.73 | 0.470 | 252.160 | 0.280 | 686.29 ± 845.93 | 636.19 ± 782.32 | 2.640 | 182.130 | 0.940 | |
No | 304.04 ± 315.07 | 302.79 ± 314.95 | (0.491) | (<0.001) | (0.597) | 407.23 ± 389.3 | 394.6 ± 380.82 | (0.104) | (<0.001) | (0.332) | ||
Females | Spouse | Yes | 347.18 ± 531.6 | 324.65 ± 516.7 | 11.990 | 195.110 | 0.130 | 565.97 ± 741.11 | 537.83 ± 714 | 3.370 | 9.370 | 0.340 |
No | 262.63 ± 397.85 | 244.29 ± 359.54 | (0.001) | (<0.001) | (0.723) | 510.38 ± 695.47 | 456.2 ± 651.08 | (0.066) | (<0.001) | (0.561) | ||
Educational Status | No education | 797 ± 855.46 | 812.76 ± 1010.55 | 3.69 | 391.09 | 0.45 | 636.97 ± 803.72 | 542.23 ± 707.42 | 0.21 | 12.63 | 1.19 | |
Elementary | 717.28 ± 906.6 | 669.25 ± 885.51 | (0.055) | (<0.001) | (0.842) | 620.93 ± 798.08 | 544.11 ± 756.41 | (0.647) | (<0.001) | (0.310) | ||
Middle | 605.45 ± 826.44 | 562.48 ± 750.77 | 461.76 ± 639.83 | 504.31 ± 696.79 | ||||||||
High | 344.99 ± 503.48 | 327.35 ± 487.19 | 341.32 ± 411.92 | 353.95 ± 431.96 | ||||||||
College | 255.84 ± 363.64 | 230.78 ± 327.91 | 321.74 ± 399.91 | 400.8 ± 587.82 | ||||||||
University | 223.39 ± 299.74 | 194.39 ± 259.09 | 298.19 ± 274.73 | 318.49 ± 289.28 | ||||||||
Graduate school or above | 192.48 ± 247.17 | 173.77 ± 196.49 | 227.78 ± 253.46 | 427.5 ± 502.18 | ||||||||
Economic Activity | Active | 355.68 ± 569.33 | 325.21 ± 529.76 | 15.140 | 250.280 | 1.760 | 718.38 ± 847.11 | 651.77 ± 826.52 | 3.380 | 275.390 | 1.710 | |
Inactive | 255.58 ± 301.68 | 240.62 ± 312.66 | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | (0.184) | 339.27 ± 467.4 | 328.04 ± 411.12 | (0.066) | (<0.001) | (0.191) |
Adults | Seniors | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | 2020 | F(p) 1) | F(p) 2) | F(p) 3) | 2019 | 2020 | F(p) 1) | F(p) 2) | F(p) 3) | |||
Males | Spouse | Present | 505.28 ± 698.54 | 491.27 ± 689.12 | 15.010 | 155.430 | 2.320 | 355.17 ± 404.69 | 361.02 ± 388.35 | 0.270 | 10.450 | 0.050 |
Absent | 440.03 ± 604.73 | 407.84 ± 575.99 | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | (0.128) | 331.78 ± 413.49 | 334.02 ± 370.85 | (0.604) | (0.001) | (0.818) | ||
Educational Status | No education | 1015.85 ± 1105.79 | 696.33 ± 815.01 | 14.05 | 423.35 | 4.11 | 734.59 ± 779.29 | 688.11 ± 747.04 | 3.89 | 35.13 | 2.09 | |
Elementary | 933.02 ± 1006.85 | 840.98 ± 954.65 | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | 768.08 ± 846.23 | 654.97 ± 744.9 | (0.049) | (<0.001) | (0.052) | ||
Middle | 812.54 ± 905.88 | 733.51 ± 884.25 | 689.7 ± 827.93 | 601.65 ± 694.63 | ||||||||
High | 552.81 ± 712.79 | 526.5 ± 702.32 | 540.12 ± 629.81 | 532.29 ± 653.27 | ||||||||
College | 472.01 ± 647.06 | 439.02 ± 597.26 | 538.74 ± 786.77 | 504.08 ± 636.9 | ||||||||
University | 333.85 ± 488.34 | 330.19 ± 497.58 | 421.75 ± 505.76 | 438.2 ± 514.46 | ||||||||
Graduate school or above | 245.9 ± 310.44 | 252.77 ± 330.81 | 434.84 ± 546.05 | 417.15 ± 475.02 | ||||||||
Economic Activity | Yes | 509.39 ± 697.83 | 492.6 ± 688.77 | 2.720 | 680.280 | 0.140 | 774.87 ± 864.12 | 694.49 ± 780.06 | 12.750 | 577.760 | 4.560 | |
No | 289.39 ± 328.44 | 278.73 ± 315.05 | (0.099) | (<0.001) | (0.712) | 406.2 ± 417 | 385.99 ± 407.64 | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | (0.033) | ||
Females | Spouse | Present | 452.67 ± 671.91 | 439.33 ± 661.59 | 8.040 | 428.920 | 0.430 | 586 ± 697.76 | 589.89 ± 720.18 | 2.970 | 57.340 | 4.120 |
Absent | 329.96 ± 513.77 | 308.6 ± 498.58 | (0.005) | (<0.001) | (0.512) | 515.16 ± 648.92 | 467.2 ± 576.7 | (0.085) | (<0.001) | (0.043) | ||
Educational Status | No education | 864.81 ± 957.16 | 793.31 ± 914.88 | 6.75 | 587.24 | 4.18 | 609.02 ± 698.53 | 533.59 ± 643.8 | 0.51 | 28.21 | 1.31 | |
Elementary | 845.8 ± 939.34 | 770.31 ± 853.71 | (0.009) | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | 616.47 ± 731.67 | 608.29 ± 724.87 | (0.476) | (<0.001) | (0.248) | ||
Middle | 664.31 ± 814.43 | 718.55 ± 894.43 | 504.63 ± 615.66 | 504.48 ± 648.73 | ||||||||
High | 459.11 ± 672.35 | 422.88 ± 631.36 | 398.35 ± 542.24 | 397.51 ± 533.22 | ||||||||
College | 330.03 ± 507.05 | 312.99 ± 503.71 | 349.8 ± 505.99 | 396.58 ± 522.84 | ||||||||
University | 275.21 ± 431.55 | 244.55 ± 388.18 | 312.75 ± 323.29 | 326.05 ± 450.88 | ||||||||
Graduate school or above | 227.87 ± 336.06 | 205.81 ± 298.9 | 465.71 ± 559.21 | 322.86 ± 221.23 | ||||||||
Economic Activity | Active | 480.19 ± 713.99 | 467.96 ± 702.2 | 17.000 | 1085.640 | 4.130 | 757.35 ± 808.3 | 704.95 ± 785.25 | 7.870 | 1024.610 | 2.350 | |
Inactive | 299.38 ± 416.43 | 263.38 ± 372.31 | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | (0.042) | 352.33 ± 425.71 | 336.98 ± 400.49 | (0.005) | (<0.001) | (0.125) |
Adults | Seniors | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | 2020 | F(p) 1) | F(p) 2) | F(p) 3) | 2019 | 2020 | F(p) 1) | F(p) 2) | F(p) 3) | |||
Males | Spouse | Present | 380.17 ± 516.32 | 385.62 ± 513.99 | 1.030 | 10.480 | 6.830 | 355.17 ± 404.69 | 361.02 ± 388.35 | 0.270 | 10.450 | 0.050 |
Absent | 378.04 ± 510.04 | 365.69 ± 513.93 | (0.311) | (0.001) | (0.009) | 331.78 ± 413.49 | 334.02 ± 370.85 | (0.604) | (0.001) | (0.818) | ||
Educational Status | No education | 452.73 ± 615.55 | 414.52 ± 497.77 | 0.00 | 149.02 | 1.53 | 340.88 ± 433.88 | 325.39 ± 397.12 | 0.55 | 2.74 | 1.23 | |
Elementary | 452.66 ± 572.41 | 472.63 ± 613.88 | (0.980) | (<0.001) | (0.164) | 353.95 ± 436.95 | 353.06 ± 397.37 | (0.458) | (0.012) | (0.286) | ||
Middle | 427.74 ± 578.79 | 455.66 ± 628.5 | 357.04 ± 411.7 | 347.73 ± 398.5 | ||||||||
High | 416.83 ± 563.59 | 406.41 ± 561.22 | 353.13 ± 384.97 | 374.41 ± 383.93 | ||||||||
Community College | 395.8 ± 550.33 | 398.44 ± 557.21 | 399.2 ± 425.63 | 398.24 ± 370.24 | ||||||||
University | 323.17 ± 418.8 | 322.93 ± 399.55 | 344.53 ± 331.36 | 359.53 ± 329.97 | ||||||||
Graduate school or above | 276.89 ± 310.76 | 273.68 ± 297.39 | 336.7 ± 276.15 | 368.2 ± 333.65 | ||||||||
Economic Activity | Yes | 394.96 ± 543.06 | 401.62 ± 547.81 | 5.360 | 649.600 | 14.780 | 386.34 ± 475.65 | 388.86 ± 457.15 | 1.800 | 161.560 | 0.710 | |
No | 300.64 ± 317.84 | 273.79 ± 306 | (0.021) | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | 317.74 ± 314.61 | 328.81 ± 304.4 | (0.180) | (<0.001) | (0.398) | ||
Females | Spouse | Present | 284.55 ± 372.55 | 292.07 ± 388.5 | 13.970 | 10.440 | 47.150 | 276.86 ± 307.31 | 290.52 ± 316.49 | 6.490 | 176.260 | 2.160 |
Absent | 308.83 ± 404.84 | 283.33 ± 398.11 | (0.000) | (0.001) | (0.000) | 236.75 ± 275.81 | 240.41 ± 267.92 | (0.011) | (<0.001) | (0.141) | ||
Educational Status | No education | 339.65 ± 457.59 | 309.02 ± 409.1 | 0.91 | 128.09 | 3.04 | 223.19 ± 276.86 | 231.75 ± 289.9 | 2.01 | 38.79 | 0.11 | |
Elementary | 311.57 ± 408.46 | 326.68 ± 429.32 | (0.341) | (<0.001) | (0.006) | 265.37 ± 306.91 | 272.07 ± 303.55 | (0.157) | (<0.001) | (0.995) | ||
Middle | 323.38 ± 427.27 | 339.79 ± 425.62 | 287.67 ± 281.8 | 291.78 ± 289.81 | ||||||||
High | 315.77 ± 415.3 | 312.75 ± 430.37 | 291.57 ± 318.04 | 300.06 ± 297.51 | ||||||||
Community College | 277.85 ± 373.02 | 263.05 ± 379.02 | 257.93 ± 217.86 | 280.98 ± 258.04 | ||||||||
University | 258.11 ± 322.79 | 246.39 ± 311.46 | 277.64 ± 270.72 | 285.76 ± 226.63 | ||||||||
Graduate school or above | 240.23 ± 265.49 | 238.52 ± 269.16 | 250.7 ± 212.06 | 279.48 ± 190.14 | ||||||||
Economic Activity | Active | 311.67 ± 438.05 | 317.09 ± 452.41 | 5.390 | 732.350 | 21.910 | 288.43 ± 362.53 | 298.71 ± 363.92 | 5.910 | 188.060 | 0.230 | |
Inactive | 260.22 ± 266.96 | 244.13 ± 259.22 | (0.020) | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | 241.76 ± 244.62 | 248.64 ± 248.67 | (0.015) | (<0.001) | (0.630) |
Adults | Seniors | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | 2020 | F(p) | 2019 | 2020 | F(p) | ||
Male | high | 477.75 † | 465.22 | 407.87 | 384.29 | ||
415.45 ± 592.42 | 404.22 ± 580.21 | 5.22(0.022) †† | 320.96 ± 495.74 | 296.32 ± 468.9 | 19.56(<0.001) | ||
mid | 489.30 | 465.90 | 455.76 | 431.19 | |||
481.46 ± 666.63 | 459.99 ± 650.23 | 17.58(<0.001) | 418.16 ± 633.87 | 398.95 ± 618.89 | 21.18(<0.001) | ||
walk | 350.97 | 351.75 | 286.98 | 281.35 | |||
379.36 ± 514.03 | 377.67 ± 513.66 | 0.06(0.814) | 292.15 ± 383.18 | 289.19 ± 391.7 | 6.37(0.012) | ||
Female | high | 510.83 | 480.74 | 452.83 | 415.64 | ||
589.86 ± 733.74 | 550.31 ± 678.09 | 2.71(0.100) | 545.59 ± 724.92 | 506.33 ± 691.34 | 3.12(0.077) | ||
mid | 539.79 | 487.11 | 466.15 | 439.45 | |||
650.16 ± 763.94 | 584.1 ± 687.2 | 15.53(<0.001) | 557.78 ± 677.17 | 537.18 ± 664.92 | 4.93(0.026) | ||
walk | 350.70 | 358.24 | 259.51 | 272.92 | |||
352.52 ± 405.86 | 357.33 ± 386.02 | 2.23(0.135) | 258.91 ± 294.46 | 265.88 ± 294.71 | 15.84(<0.001) |
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Lee, Y.; Baek, S.; Shin, J. Changes in Physical Activity Compared to the Situation before the Outbreak of COVID-19 in Korea. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 126. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010126
Lee Y, Baek S, Shin J. Changes in Physical Activity Compared to the Situation before the Outbreak of COVID-19 in Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(1):126. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010126
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Yoonmi, Seunghui Baek, and Jieun Shin. 2022. "Changes in Physical Activity Compared to the Situation before the Outbreak of COVID-19 in Korea" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1: 126. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010126