Blood Concentrations and Dietary Intake of Cd among the General Population in South Korea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Sources for the Study Participants
2.2. Biological Exposure Markers and Dietary Intake in Each Food Group for Cd Intake
2.3. Cd-B Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Cd-B from the 2005 to 2017 Surveys
3.2. Variation of the Intake Amount in Each Food Group from 2005 to 2017
3.3. Correlation between Cd-B and Dairy Dietary Intake in Each Food Group
4. Discussion
Food Group | N | GM [Min–Max] (µg Cd/Kg) | Total GM of Daily Intake (g) | Cd-D [Min–Max] (µg Cd/Day) | References | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seaweed | 31 | 689.9 | [50.0–4730.0] | 5.3 | 3.66 | [0.27–25.07] | [19,21,22,26] |
Grains and cereals | 32 | 12.8 | [3.4–48.0] | 262.4 | 3.36 | [0.89–12.60] | [19,24,32,33] |
Fish and shellfish | 106 | 87.9 | [1.0–1090.0] | 34.1 | 3.00 | [0.03–37.17] | [19,24,25,26,27,28,29] |
Vegetables | 23 | 8.0 | [0.1–30.0] | 264.2 | 2.11 | [0.03–7.93] | [19,24,34] |
Fruits | 10 | 6.3 | [2.1–14.0] | 127.7 | 0.80 | [0.27–1.79] | [19,35] |
Seasonings | 6 | 25.2 | [15.0–49.0] | 24.8 | 0.62 | [0.37–1.22] | [19,24] |
Pulses | 9 | 22.0 | [9.0–33.0] | 24.3 | 0.53 | [0.22–0.80] | [19,24,32] |
Meats and poultry | 3 | 6.0 | [0.7–24.0] | 81.5 | 0.49 | [0.06–1.96] | [24] |
Potatoes and starch | 4 | 15.2 | [9.3–19.0] | 29.7 | 0.45 | [0.28–0.56] | [19,24,32] |
Mushrooms | 14 | 16.6 | [1.9–205.0] | 5.8 | 0.10 | [0.01–1.19] | [36,37] |
Milk and dairy products | 4 | 0.5 | [0.1–1.8] | 122.7 | 0.06 | [0.01–0.22] | [19,38] |
Nuts and seeds | 1 | 26.9 | [26.9] | 1.3 | 0.03 | [0.03] | [19] |
Eggs | 1 | 0.4 | [0.4] | 27.4 | 0.01 | [0.01] | [19] |
Sugar and sweets | 17 | 1.6 | [0.1–4.7] | 5.3 | 0.01 | [0.00–0.02] | [19,39] |
Others (plant origin) | 1 | 0.7 | [0.7] | 5.4 | 0.00 | [0.00] | [38] |
Oils and fats (plant origin) | 11 | 0.3 | [0.1–1.0] | 4.8 | 0.00 | [0.00–0.00] | [19,38] |
Total | 920.3 | [120.8–6277.5] | 1026.7 | 15.25 | [2.48–90.57] |
5. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Food Group | 2005 (1423) † | 2008 (1343) | 2011 (1368) | 2012 (1347) | 2013 (1363) | 2016 (1514) | 2017 (1220) | Total (9578) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plant origin | ||||||||
Grains and cereals * | 295.9 | 267.7 | 275.9 | 265.1 | 257.2 | 239.8 | 244.7 | 262.4 |
Potatoes and starch * | 34.8 | 45.2 | 31.8 | 27.4 | 27.1 | 25.3 | 25.8 | 29.7 |
Sugar and sweets * | 6.3 | 5.2 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 5.6 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 5.3 |
Pulses * | 37.0 | 30.0 | 27.7 | 25.3 | 22.2 | 16.9 | 16.0 | 24.3 |
Nuts and seeds * | 2.4 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.3 |
Vegetables * | 327.0 | 270.4 | 267.7 | 259.8 | 249.6 | 239.8 | 237.5 | 264.2 |
Mushrooms * | 12.8 | 8.9 | 6.0 | 6.4 | 5.1 | 4.4 | 4.1 | 5.8 |
Fruits * | 131.6 | 175.9 | 125.2 | 134.3 | 126.5 | 134.3 | 82.3 | 127.7 |
Seaweed * | 5.6 | 4.8 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 6.0 | 6.9 | 8.8 | 5.3 |
Seasonings * | 30.0 | 22.2 | 25.0 | 23.1 | 25.0 | 25.0 | 23.1 | 24.8 |
Oils and fats (plant origin) * | 5.4 | 4.6 | 5.1 | 4.8 | 5.1 | 4.5 | 4.3 | 4.8 |
Others (plant origin) * | 1.3 | 1.5 | 36.6 | 16.8 | 5.0 | 7.4 | 7.2 | 5.4 |
Animal origin | ||||||||
Meats and poultry * | 83.1 | 66.7 | 82.3 | 82.3 | 83.1 | 83.1 | 87.4 | 81.5 |
Eggs * | 33.8 | 26.8 | 27.9 | 28.5 | 25.5 | 27.7 | 23.3 | 27.4 |
Fish and shellfish * | 41.3 | 29.7 | 29.7 | 25.5 | 32.5 | 38.9 | 46.1 | 34.1 |
Milk and dairy products * | 145.5 | 159.2 | 130.3 | 131.6 | 127.7 | 93.7 | 106.7 | 122.7 |
Oils and fats (animal origin) * | 6.2 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 1.9 |
Others (animal origin) * | 1.7 | 11.4 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 12.6 | 4.5 | 6.0 | 1.0 |
Correlation Coefficient | P | |
---|---|---|
Plant origin | ||
Grains and cereals | 0.505 ** | 0.004 |
Potatoes and starch | 0.519 ** | 0.003 |
Sugar and sweets | 0.113 | 0.545 |
Pulses | 0.366 * | 0.043 |
Nuts and seeds | 0.049 | 0.794 |
Vegetables | 0.563 ** | 0.001 |
Mushrooms | 0.114 | 0.543 |
Fruits | 0.405 * | 0.024 |
Seaweed | 0.333 | 0.067 |
Seasonings | 0.303 | 0.098 |
Oils and fats (plant origin) | 0.084 | 0.651 |
Others (plant origin) | −0.014 | 0.942 |
Animal origin | ||
Meats and poultry | 0.294 | 0.108 |
Eggs | 0.367 * | 0.042 |
Fish and shellfish | 0.376 * | 0.037 |
Milk and dairy products | 0.316 | 0.084 |
Oils and fats (animal origin) | 0.069 | 0.717 |
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Moon, C.-S. Blood Concentrations and Dietary Intake of Cd among the General Population in South Korea. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 152. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010152
Moon C-S. Blood Concentrations and Dietary Intake of Cd among the General Population in South Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(1):152. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010152
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoon, Chan-Seok. 2022. "Blood Concentrations and Dietary Intake of Cd among the General Population in South Korea" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1: 152. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010152