Farmland Transfers in China: From Theoretic Framework to Practice
Abstract
:1. Backgrounds
2. Developments of Farmland Transfer in China
2.1. The Initial Stage (from the Early 1980s to 2001)
2.2. The Development Stage (from 2002 to 2011)
2.3. The Deepening Stage (from 2012 to the Present)
3. Reviews of Farmland Transfer in China
3.1. Farmland Transfer Public Policies
3.2. Market Mechanism of Farmland Transfer
3.3. Influencing Factors of Farmland Transfer
3.4. Distribution Optimization of Farmland Transfer
3.5. Practices of Farmland Transfer
4. Prospects of Farmland Transfer Studies in China
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Time | Policy Document | Highlights of the Content |
---|---|---|
September 1992 | Notice on the Opinion on Strengthening the Management of Agricultural Contract by the State Council | Implementing the household responsibility system with remuneration linked to output is a basic, stable, long-term policy of the CPC for rural areas. |
November 1993 | Policies and Measures on the Current Development of Agriculture and Economic Growth in the Rural Areas by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council | Further improved the household responsibility system with remuneration linked to output, accelerated rural economic development, and maintained social stability in rural areas. |
December 1994 | Opinions on Stabilization and Improvement the household responsibility system with Remuneration Linked to Output by the Ministry of Agriculture | A series of measures, including strengthening the management of the agricultural contract; achieved real stabilization of land contract relations in rural areas. |
August 1997 | Notice on Further Stabilization and Improvement of Land Contract Relations by CPC Central Committee and State Council | Implemented CPC policy that extended the land contract period to effectively protect and mobilize farmers. |
December 2001 | Notice on Accomplishing the Transfer of Contract Land Use Rights for Farmers by the CPC Central Committee | Farmland transfer served as important support for stabilizing and improving land contract relations in rural areas. |
May 2002 | Notice on Implementing the CPC Central Committee’s Commitment on Accomplishing the Transfer of Rural-Land Contractual Management Rights for Farmers by the Ministry of Agriculture | The transfer of rural-land contractual management rights is a very significant achievement in terms of protecting farmer rights, promoting rural development, and maintaining social stability. |
August 2002 | Rural-Land Contract Law was passed by the National People’s Congress Standing Committee | Ensured the long-term stability and improvement of the household responsibility system and firmly protected the land rights of farmers. |
November 2003 | Regulations on Certificate of Rural-Land Contractual Management Rights of the People’s Republic of China by the Ministry of Agriculture | Protected the contractor’s contractual management rights obtained in accordance with the law and strengthened the management of certificate of contracted farmland use rights. |
October 2004 | Decision on Deepening the Reform and Tightening Land Management by the State Council | In keeping with the prerequisites of the plan, the construction land collectively owned by farmers of villages, towns, and administrative towns could be transferred in accordance with the law. |
January 2005 | Regulation on the Transfer of Rural Land Contractual Management Rights by the Ministry of Agriculture | Provided a concrete legal basis for regulating the transfers of rural land contractual management rights and safeguarding the legitimate rights of the two parties involved in the transfer. |
January 2008 | Notice on Strictly Enforcing Laws and Policies on Collectively Owned Construction Land in Rural Areas by the State Council | Strictly controlled the scope of the transfer of construction land collectively owned by farmers, whose management rights should not be used for sale or assignment. |
December 2008 | Notice on Accomplishing the Work of Management and Services for the Current Transfer of Rural-Land Contractual Management Rights by the Ministry of Agriculture | Strengthened the management and services for the transfer of rural-land contractual management rights, stabilizing and improving the basic land management system of rural areas. |
June 2009 | Law of People’s Republic of China on Mediation and Arbitration of Disputes over Rural-Land Contract and Management by the National People’s Congress | Resolved disputes over rural-land contract and management in a fair and timely manner, protected the legitimate rights of the parties involved, and promoted the economic development and social stability of rural areas. |
November 2013 | Decisions on Important Issues concerning the Deepening of Reform on All Fronts by the CPC central committee | Established a unified market for construction land in rural and urban areas; under the prerequisites of meeting the planning requirements and usage control, collectively owned construction land could be registered under the city. |
November 2014 | Opinions on Guiding the Orderly Transfer of Rural-Land Management Rights and Development of Scale Management of Agriculture in a Proper Manner by the CPC central Committee and the State Council | Guided the orderly transfer of rural land (referring to contracted farmland) management rights and the development of scale management of agriculture in a proper manner. |
January 2015 | Opinions on Pilot Works of Rural-Land Expropriation, Collectively Owned Construction Land Registration under the City and Homestead System by the CPC central Committee and the State Council | Improved the land expropriation system, established the registration of collectively-owned rural land for construction under the city, reformed and improved the rural-land system, and established a value-added revenue distribution mechanism to balance the needs of various parties. |
January 2015 | Opinions on Guiding the Sound Development of the Transaction Market for the Transfer of Rural Property Right by the State Council | Under the prerequisites of upholding and refining the basic management system in rural areas, it focused on regulating transfer activities and improved service functions. |
January 2015 | Comprehensive Implementation Program for Deepening Rural Reform by the CPC central Committee and the State Council | Deepened the reform of the rural-land contractual management system, further regulated land management rights, and enabled the orderly transfer of management rights. |
July 2016 | Operation Regulation for the Transaction Market for the Transfer Rural-Land Management Rights (Trial) by the Ministry of Agriculture | Absorbed the transaction procedures of the current transfer market of land management rights, following the order of “application–transaction–contract–service”. |
Main Influencing Factors | Farmland Transfer-In | Farmland Transfer-Out | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Direction | Magnitude | Direction | Magnitude | ||
Humanistic Elements | Proportion of non-agricultural population in farmers | − | H | + | H |
Highest education level of the family | + | H | + | L | |
Farming income proportion in family income | + | L | + | H | |
Arable land per person | − | L | − | L | |
Distance to roads | + | L | + | H | |
Farmer’s age | - | H | + | L | |
Natural Elements | Output potential of arable land | + | L | + | H |
Multiple crop index of the arable land | − | L | + | H | |
Annual precipitation | + | H | + | L | |
Slope of arable land | − | L | − | L | |
Thickness of the plowing layer | − | H | − | H | |
Organic matter content of the soil | + | H | − | L |
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Ou, M.; Gong, J. Farmland Transfers in China: From Theoretic Framework to Practice. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 217. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010217
Ou M, Gong J. Farmland Transfers in China: From Theoretic Framework to Practice. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(1):217. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010217
Chicago/Turabian StyleOu, Menglin, and Jian Gong. 2022. "Farmland Transfers in China: From Theoretic Framework to Practice" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1: 217. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010217