Effects of Attentional Focus on Muscular Endurance: A Meta-Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Search Strategy
2.2. Inclusion Criteria
- 1.
- Published in English;
- 2.
- Utilized a crossover study design;
- 3.
- Examined the effects of external focus vs. internal focus on muscular endurance (with or without a control condition); and
- 4.
- Used an isotonic test of muscular endurance, where the outcome was the number of repetitions completed.
2.3. Data Extraction
- 1.
- Lead author name and the year of study publication;
- 2.
- Characteristics of the included participants;
- 3.
- Instructions provided to the participants during the experimental trials;
- 4.
- Description of the test used to evaluate muscular endurance; and
- 5.
- Mean ± standard deviation (SD) muscular endurance data from the experimental trials.
2.4. Methodological Quality
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Search Results
3.2. Summary of Studies
3.3. Methodological Quality
3.4. Meta-Analysis Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study | Participants | Participants Characteristics | External Focus Instructions | Internal Focus Instructions | Muscular Endurance Test a | PEDro Score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bredin et al. [8] * | 16 young adults (8F/8M) | Age: 21 to 33 years; 1RM: n/a | Direct the concentration toward the floor as they completed each push-up | Concentrate on the arm muscles | Push-ups | 6 |
Collum et al. [9] * | 25 resistance-trained participants (9F/16M) b | Age: 22 ± 2 years; 1RM: 76 ± 27 kg | “Drive the weight towards the ceiling” | “Drive the weight with your chest” | Bench press at 85% 1RM | 6 |
Marchant et al. [10] – study 1 ** | 23 resistance-trained participants (7F/16M) | Age: 31 ± 12 years; 1RM: n/a | “Focus on moving and exerting force through and against the barbell” | “Focus on moving and exerting force with your arms” | Smith machine bench press with 40 kg (males) or 20 kg (females) | 5 |
Marchant et al. [10] – study 2 ** | 17 resistance-trained participants (17M) | Age: 21 ± 1 years; Bench press 1RM: 95 ± 20 kg Squat 1RM: 184 ± 36 kg | Bench press: “focus on moving and exerting force through and against the barbell”Squat: “focus on moving and exerting force through and against the barbell” | Bench press: “focus on moving and exerting force with your arms” Squat: “focus on moving and exerting force with your legs” | Bench press and squat at 75% 1RM | 5 |
Nadzalan et al. [11] * | 30 resistance-trained participants (30M) | Age: 22 ± 1 years; Bench press 1RM: 75 ± 24 kg Deadlift 1RM: 143 ± 8 kg | Bench press: “focus on exerting force through and against the barbell” Deadlift: “focus your attention on pulling the bar up” | Bench press: “focus on exerting force with the arm” Deadlift: “focus your attention on extending your knees and hips” | Bench press and deadlift at 80% 1RM | 6 |
Nadzalan et al. [12] ** | 30 resistance-trained participants (30M) | Age: 21 ± 1 years; Squat 1RM: 106 ± 13 kg Deadlift 1RM: 122 ± 13 kg | Squat: “focus on moving and exerting force through and against the barbell” Deadlift: “focus your attention on pulling the bar up” | Squat: “focus on moving and exerting force with your legs” Deadlift: “focus your attention on extending your knees and hips” | Squat and deadlift at 80% 1RM | 5 |
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Grgic, J.; Mikulic, P. Effects of Attentional Focus on Muscular Endurance: A Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010089
Grgic J, Mikulic P. Effects of Attentional Focus on Muscular Endurance: A Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(1):89. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010089
Chicago/Turabian StyleGrgic, Jozo, and Pavle Mikulic. 2022. "Effects of Attentional Focus on Muscular Endurance: A Meta-Analysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1: 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010089