Effectiveness of App-Based Intervention to Improve Health Status of Sedentary Middle-Aged Males and Females
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Declarations: Ethical Approval, Consent to Participate and Consent to Publish
2.4. Intervention
2.5. Study Variables
2.5.1. Body Composition
2.5.2. Cardiovascular Parameters
2.5.3. Bone Mineral Density
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Socio-Demographic Data
3.2. Body Composition
3.3. Cardiovascular Parameters
3.4. Bone Mineral Density
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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* | Measurements. General indicators. The image shows the variables: systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, resting heart rate and waist/hip ratio. |
** | Once you click on one of the variables, the record of the different measurements appears (bar graph). Within the screen there is a section of recommendations and what is this? |
*** | What is BMI? Body mass index (BMI)—weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters (kg/m2)—is an index frequently used to classify overweight and obesity in adults. WHO defines overweight as a BMI > 25 and obesity as a BMI > 30. |
**** | BMI According to WHO, values between 18.5 and 24.9 are NORMAL WEIGHT. Your weight is appropriate for your size. Exercise recommendation: A good daily habit is to engage in a minimum of 60 min of moderate (brisk walking, cycling) or vigorous (running, jumping rope, sports, etc.) physical activity. Food recommendation: Have healthy snacks on hand, such as fruits or vegetable snacks. Health message: good eating habits and daily physical exercise help to improve the physical and mental health of everyone, reducing the risk of weight-related diseases. |
Variable | Result Message | Exercise Message | Eating Message | Health Message |
---|---|---|---|---|
BMI (kg/m2) ≥ 25.0 | Overweight is caused by an abnormal or excessive accumulation of fat that can be detrimental to health. | Exercise helps regulate metabolism, causing an increase in metabolism by using energy reserves (glycogen and fat) to run the muscles. | A proper diet would improve your results, this is composed of a varied diet, with plenty of fruits and vegetables, avoiding processed products and alcohol. | Maintaining a healthy weight does not mean dieting. It is a lifestyle. There are simple steps you can take every day to keep your weight at healthy levels and reduce your risk of weight-related diseases and health problems. |
Cholesterol ≥ 240 mg/dL | At this cholesterol level, the probability of suffering heart disease is twice as high as with values < 200 mg/dL. | Regular physical activity can help you control your weight and thus lower your cholesterol. | Eating foods rich in Omega 3 helps regulate total blood cholesterol. Among these foods are nuts, avocados, and oily fish. | High cholesterol affects the heart and blood vessels and increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. |
Hight fat mass (%) | Your percentage of fat mass is HIGH. This increases the risk of heart disease and stroke. | Daily physical exercise has a beneficial effect on body composition. It helps to reduce skin folds, as well as the body fat index. | If you take in more calories than you burn, the excess calories are stored in your body in the form of fat cells. When the stored fat is not subsequently converted into energy, excess body fat is produced. | Excess body fat increases the risk of depression. Scientists at the University of Aarhus in Denmark conclude that excess body fat increases the chance of depression by up to 15%. |
SBP 120–130 mmHg | Your systolic blood pressure is at HIGH values. Control these values regularly, having high blood pressure can have serious repercussions on your health. | Daily physical exercise (walking, running, cycling, swimming, etc.) for 30–60 min, 3 to 5 days a week, will help regulate your blood pressure. | Refined carbohydrates, especially sugar, can increase blood pressure. Some studies have shown that low-carbohydrate diets may help lower your levels. | There is conflicting research on smoking and high blood pressure, but what is clear is that both increase the risk of heart disease. |
Men | Women | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
Age | 35.38 | 7.25 | 45.00 | 8.68 |
Height | 176.05 | 7.62 | 162.77 | 5.42 |
CTRL | app | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial | Final | Initial | Final | Effect Time | Effect Time × Period | |||||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | F | p | η2p | F | p | η2p | |
Weight (kg) | 83.00 | 16.4 | 81.9 | 16.2 | 78.5 | 15.5 | 72.6 | 15.0 | 206.7 | < 0.001 | 0.752 | 93.4 | < 0.001 | 0.579 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.00 | 4.88 | 28.6 | 4.72 | 27.5 | 4.58 | 25.4 | 4.44 | 202.9 | <0 .001 | 0.749 | 92.7 | < 0.001 | 0.577 |
Fat mass (%) | 30.2 | 10.3 | 29.5 | 10.8 | 28.1 | 10.4 | 26.1 | 9.73 | 55.5 | <0 .001 | 0.450 | 11.4 | 0.001 | 0.143 |
Water (%) | 50.6 | 7.05 | 51.4 | 7.57 | 53.7 | 8.07 | 57.6 | 8.84 | 120.6 | <0 .001 | 0.639 | 55.5 | < 0.001 | 0.449 |
Visceral fat | 8.14 | 3.88 | 7.81 | 3.64 | 7.46 | 3.52 | 7.08 | 3.42 | 26.494 | < 0.001 | 0.280 | 0.108 | 0.743 | 0.002 |
Hip (cm) | 90.5 | 11.4 | 90.2 | 10.9 | 86.1 | 11.1 | 79.9 | 10.3 | 50.5 | < 0.001 | 0.426 | 40.3 | < 0.001 | 0.372 |
Waist (cm) | 106.0 | 11.3 | 105.0 | 9.98 | 103.0 | 9.83 | 96.2 | 10.1 | 54.4 | < 0.001 | 0.444 | 37.7 | < 0.001 | 0.357 |
WHI | 0.858 | 0.0974 | 0.858 | 0.0945 | 0.841 | 0.0918 | 0.833 | 0.0923 | 1.73 | 0.193 | 0.025 | 2.14 | 0.148 | 0.031 |
CTRL | app | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial | Final | Initial | Final | Effect Time | Effect Time x Period | |||||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | F | p | η2p | F | p | η2p | |
CHO (mg/dL) | 188.0 | 45.4 | 175.0 | 38.0 | 167.0 | 37.6 | 155.0 | 34.9 | 9.1 | 0.003 | 0.119 | 0.9 | 0.339 | 0.013 |
TG (mg/dL) | 104.0 | 127.0 | 100.0 | 123.0 | 96.8 | 123.0 | 89.7 | 113.0 | 356.4 | <0 .001 | 0.344 | 0.1 | 0.799 | 0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 130.0 | 19.8 | 130.0 | 17.1 | 124.0 | 17.2 | 115.0 | 15.7 | 27.1 | < 0.001 | 0.285 | 28.9 | < 0.001 | 0.298 |
DBP (mmHg) | 83.6 | 13.2 | 83.6 | 12.6 | 79.8 | 12.6 | 74.0 | 11.5 | 17.0 | < 0.001 | 0.200 | 16.4 | <0 .001 | 0.194 |
HR at rest | 69.6 | 14.7 | 68.7 | 12.4 | 66.5 | 12.4 | 60.8 | 11.1 | 17.3 | < 0.001 | 0.203 | 9.2 | 0.003 | 0.120 |
HR max | 159.00 | 16.9 | 161.0 | 15.0 | 156.0 | 14.8 | 142.0 | 13.5 | 26.1 | < 0.001 | 0.278 | 45.4 | < 0.001 | 0.401 |
CTRL | app | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial | Final | Initial | Final | Effect Time | Effect Time x Period | |||||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | F | p | η2p | F | p | η2p | |
BUA (dB/MHz) | 133.0 | 11.4 | 134.0 | 12.1 | 134.0 | 12.1 | 135.0 | 12.2 | 14.291 | <0 .001 | 0.174 | 0.335 | 0.565 | 0.005 |
SOS (m/s) | 1647.0 | 35.9 | 1658.0 | 38.2 | 1665.0 | 38.3 | 1673.0 | 38.7 | 9.033 | 0.004 | 0.117 | 0.230 | 0.633 | 0.003 |
STIFFNESS (A.U) | 432.0 | 15.5 | 436.0 | 16.4 | 439.0 | 16.5 | 441.0 | 16.7 | 0.416 | 0.521 | 0.006 | 2.314 | 0.133 | 0.033 |
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Martínez-Olcina, M.; Cuestas-Calero, B.J.; Miralles-Amorós, L.; Vicente-Martínez, M.; Sánchez-Sánchez, J. Effectiveness of App-Based Intervention to Improve Health Status of Sedentary Middle-Aged Males and Females. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 5857. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105857
Martínez-Olcina M, Cuestas-Calero BJ, Miralles-Amorós L, Vicente-Martínez M, Sánchez-Sánchez J. Effectiveness of App-Based Intervention to Improve Health Status of Sedentary Middle-Aged Males and Females. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(10):5857. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105857
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartínez-Olcina, María, Bernardo José Cuestas-Calero, Laura Miralles-Amorós, Manuel Vicente-Martínez, and Javier Sánchez-Sánchez. 2022. "Effectiveness of App-Based Intervention to Improve Health Status of Sedentary Middle-Aged Males and Females" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 10: 5857. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105857