Psychological and Physical Changes Caused by COVID-19 Pandemic in Elementary and Junior High School Teachers: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Survey Items
2.3. Sample Size
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Features
3.2. Changes in Psychological Conditions before and after School Closure Due to COVID-19
3.3. Changes in Physical Symptoms before and after School Closure Due to COVID-19
3.4. Impact of COVID-19 on Work before and after School Closure
3.5. Stress Causes for Teachers Associated with COVID-19 Infection Control
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | |
---|---|
School Type (n = 427) | |
Elementary school | 305 (71.4 %) |
Junior high school | 122 (28.6 %) |
Sex (n = 418) | |
Male | 157 (37.6 %) |
Female | 261 (62.4 %) |
Age (n = 403) | |
20–29 years | 92 (22.8%) |
30–39 years | 139 (34.5%) |
30–49 years | 79 (19.6%) |
50–59 years | 64 (15.9%) |
>60 years | 29 (7.2%) |
Elementary School | Junior High School | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male Teacher | Female Teacher | Male Teacher | Female Teacher | ||
Feeling high (n = 409) | 0.82 | ||||
Improved | 11 (12.2%) | 20 (9.9%) | 7 (10.8%) | 4 (7.7%) | |
No Change | 63 (70.0%) | 143 (70.8%) | 49 (75.4%) | 35 (67.3%) | |
Deteriorated | 16 (17.8%) | 39 (19.3%) | 9 (13.8%) | 13 (25.0%) | |
Irritation (n = 410) | 0.06 | ||||
Improved | 3 (3.4%) | 24 (11.8%) | 11 (16.9%) | 4 (7.5%) | |
No Change | 66 (74.2%) | 129 (63.5%) | 40 (61.5%) | 31 (58.5%) | |
Deteriorated | 20 (22.5%) | 50 (24.6%) | 14 (21.5%) | 18 (34.0%) | |
Anger (n = 408) | 0.42 | ||||
Improved | 3 (3.4%) | 22 (10.9%) | 7 (10.8%) | 4 (7.7%) | |
No Change | 73 (82.0%) | 146 (72.3%) | 47 (72.3%) | 38 (73.1%) | |
Deteriorated | 13 (14.6%) | 34 (16.8%) | 11 (16.9%) | 10 (19.2%) | |
Indignation (n = 409) | 0.10 | ||||
Improved | 3 (3.4%) | 17 (8.4%) | 5 (7.7%) | 2 (3.8%) | |
No Change | 71 (79.8%) | 155 (76.4%) | 50 (76.9%) | 33 (63.5%) | |
Deteriorated | 15 (16.9%) | 31 (15.3%) | 10 (15.4%) | 17 (32.7%) | |
Anxiety (n = 411) | 0.73 | ||||
Improved | 9 (10.1%) | 26 (12.8%) | 6 (9.2%) | 8 (14.8%) | |
No Change | 55 (61.8%) | 106 (52.2%) | 40 (61.5%) | 29 (53.7%) | |
Deteriorated | 25 (28.1%) | 71 (35.0%) | 19 (29.2%) | 17 (31.5%) | |
Chagrin (n = 411) | 0.24 | ||||
Improved | 7 (7.9%) | 24 (11.8%) | 10 (15.4%) | 8 (14.8%) | |
No Change | 69 (77.5%) | 135 (66.5%) | 44 (67.7%) | 31 (57.4%) | |
Deteriorated | 13 (14.6%) | 44 (21.7%) | 11 (16.9%) | 15 (27.8%) | |
Impotent feeling (n = 409) | 0.33 | ||||
Improved | 6 (6.7%) | 16 (8.0%) | 8 (12.3%) | 4 (7.4%) | |
No Change | 67 (75.3%) | 149 (74.1%) | 50 (76.9%) | 35 (64.8%) | |
Deteriorated | 16 (18.0%) | 36 (17.9%) | 7 (10.8%) | 15 (27.8%) | |
Depression (n = 412) | 0.499 | ||||
Improved | 4 (4.4%) | 19 (9.4%) | 8 (12.3%) | 5 (9.3%) | |
No Change | 63 (70.0%) | 129 (63.5%) | 45 (69.2%) | 34 (63.0%) | |
Deteriorated | 23 (25.6%) | 55 (27.1%) | 12 (18.5%) | 15 (27.8%) | |
NSOR (n = 411) | 0.86 | ||||
Improved | 8 (8.8%) | 26 (12.9%) | 10 (15.4%) | 5 (9.4%) | |
No Change | 72 (79.1%) | 146 (72.3%) | 47 (72.3%) | 41 (77.4%) | |
Deteriorated | 11 (12.1%) | 30 (14.9%) | 8 (12.3%) | 7 (13.2%) | |
NSOT (n = 412) | 0.89 | ||||
Improved | 5 (5.5%) | 19 (9.4%) | 7 (10.8%) | 5 (9.3%) | |
No Change | 77 (84.6%) | 161 (79.7%) | 51 (78.5%) | 42 (77.8%) | |
Deteriorated | 9 (9.9%) | 22 (10.9%) | 7 (10.8%) | 7 (13.0%) | |
EAP (n = 412) | 0.40 | ||||
Improved | 3 (3.3%) | 9 (4.4%) | 6 (9.2%) | 5 (9.4%) | |
No Change | 82 (90.1%) | 173 (85.2%) | 53 (81.5%) | 42 (79.2%) | |
Deteriorated | 6 (6.6%) | 21 (10.3%) | 6 (9.2%) | 6 (11.3%) | |
ICCOW (n = 413) | 0.02 | ||||
Improved | 0 (0%) | 8 (3.9%) | 6 (9.2%) | 6 (11.1%) | |
No Change | 78 (85.7%) | 169 (83.3%) | 49 (75.4%) | 39 (72.2%) | |
Deteriorated | 13 (14.3%) | 26 (12.8%) | 10 (15.4%) | 9 (16.7%) | |
NLWTEWO (n = 412) | 0.50 | ||||
Improved | 3 (3.3%) | 13 (6.4%) | 5 (7.7%) | 4 (7.5%) | |
No Change | 74 (82.2%) | 153 (75.0%) | 54 (83.1%) | 41 (77.4%) | |
Deteriorated | 13 (14.4%) | 38 (18.6%) | 6 (9.2%) | 8 (15.1%) |
Elementary School | Junior High School | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male Teacher | Female Teacher | Male Teacher | Female Teacher | ||
Insomnia/nightmares (n = 413) | 0.009 | ||||
Improved | 1 (1.1%) | 16 (7.8%) | 2 (3.2%) | 5 (9.3%) | |
No Change | 82 (90.1%) | 152 (74.1%) | 56 (88.9%) | 39 (72.2%) | |
Deteriorated | 8 (8.8%) | 37 (18.0%) | 5 (7.9%) | 10 (18.5%) | |
Palpitations (n = 413) | 0.13 | ||||
Improved | 1 (1.1%) | 12 (5.9%) | 1 (1.6%) | 0 (0%) | |
No Change | 86 (94.5%) | 173 (84.4%) | 59 (92.2%) | 48 (90.6%) | |
Deteriorated | 4 (4.4%) | 20 (9.8%) | 4 (6.2%) | 5 (9.4%) | |
Standing dizziness (n = 414) | 0.03 | ||||
Improved | 1 (1.1%) | 16 (7.8%) | 2 (3.1%) | 0 (0%) | |
No Change | 85 (93.4%) | 169 (82.4%) | 57 (89.1%) | 46 (85.2%) | |
Deteriorated | 5 (5.5%) | 20 (9.8%) | 5 (7.8%) | 8 (14.8%) | |
Sweating (n = 414) | 0.83 | ||||
Improved | 1 (1.1%) | 7 (3.4%) | 1 (1.6%) | 1 (1.9%) | |
No Change | 85 (93.4%) | 182 (88.8%) | 56 (87.5%) | 49 (90.7%) | |
Deteriorated | 5 (5.5%) | 16 (7.8%) | 7 (10.9%) | 4 (7.4%) | |
Dyspnea (n = 414) | 0.93 | ||||
Improved | 1 (1.1%) | 5 (2.4%) | 1 (1.6%) | 0 (0%) | |
No Change | 87 (95.6%) | 190 (92.7%) | 59 (92.2%) | 51 (94.4%) | |
Deteriorated | 3 (3.3%) | 10 (4.9%) | 4 (6.2%) | 3 (5.6%) | |
Digestive symptoms (n = 414) | 0.55 | ||||
Improved | 1 (1.1%) | 7 (3.4%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.9%) | |
No Change | 85 (93.4%) | 176 (85.9%) | 58 (90.6%) | 48 (88.9%) | |
Deteriorated | 5 (5.5%) | 22 (10.7%) | 6 (9.4%) | 5 (9.3%) |
Elementary School | Junior High School | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male Teacher | Female Teacher | Male Teacher | Female Teacher | ||
EIITW (n = 406) | 0.37 | ||||
Improved | 6 (6.7%) | 18 (9.0%) | 4 (6.2%) | 6 (11.5%) | |
No Change | 76 (85.4%) | 154 (77.0%) | 54 (83.1%) | 36 (69.2%) | |
Deteriorated | 7 (7.9%) | 28 (14.0%) | 7 (10.8%) | 10 (19.2%) | |
LOTTA (n = 408) | 0.80 | ||||
Improved | 7 (7.9%) | 13 (6.5%) | 5 (7.7%) | 3 (5.6%) | |
No Change | 70 (78.7%) | 154 (77.0%) | 50 (76.9%) | 38 (70.4%) | |
Deteriorated | 12 (13.5%) | 33 (16.5%) | 10 (15.4%) | 13 (24.1%) | |
LOTCA (n = 403) | 0.79 | ||||
Improved | 6 (6.8%) | 11 (5.6%) | 3 (4.6%) | 4 (7.4%) | |
No Change | 66 (75.0%) | 151 (77.0%) | 53 (81.5%) | 37 (68.5%) | |
Deteriorated | 16 (18.2%) | 34 (17.3%) | 9 (13.8%) | 13 (24.1%) | |
LOTWE (n = 406) | 0.31 | ||||
Improved | 1 (1.1%) | 11 (5.5%) | 3 (4.6%) | 3 (5.7%) | |
No Change | 73 (83.0%) | 150 (75.0%) | 46 (70.8%) | 36 (67.9%) | |
Deteriorated | 14 (15.9%) | 39 (19.5%) | 16 (24.6%) | 14 (26.4%) |
Elementary School | Junior High School | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male Teacher | Female Teacher | Male Teacher | Female Teacher | ||
AWM (n = 413) | 0.04 | ||||
No | 29 (31.9%) | 50 (24.6%) | 27 (41.5%) | 12 (22.2%) | |
Yes | 62 (68.1%) | 153 (75.4%) | 38 (58.5%) | 42 (77.8%) | |
BTAHSG (n = 413) | 0.54 | ||||
No | 67 (73.6%) | 144 (70.9%) | 52 (80.0%) | 41 (75.9%) | |
Yes | 24 (26.4%) | 59 (29.1%) | 13 (20.0%) | 13 (24.1%) | |
DWBT (n = 412) | 0.03 | ||||
No | 42 (46.2%) | 91 (45.0%) | 25 (38.5%) | 13 (24.1%) | |
Yes | 49 (53.8%) | 111 (55.0%) | 40 (61.5%) | 41 (75.9%) | |
Social distance (n = 413) | 0.71 | ||||
No | 59 (64.8%) | 138 (68.0%) | 43 (66.2%) | 40 (74.1%) | |
Yes | 32 (35.2%) | 65 (32.0%) | 22 (33.8%) | 14 (25.9%) | |
ARDC (n = 413) | 0.05 | ||||
No | 23 (25.3%) | 74 (36.5%) | 28 (43.1%) | 24 (44.4%) | |
Yes | 68 (74.7%) | 129 (63.5%) | 37 (56.9%) | 30 (55.6%) | |
UFS (n = 413) | 0.08 | ||||
No | 68 (74.7%) | 143 (70.4%) | 56 (86.2%) | 40 (74.1%) | |
Yes | 23 (25.3%) | 60 (29.6%) | 9 (13.8%) | 14 (25.9%) | |
POROPAC (n = 413) | 0.04 | ||||
No | 35 (38.5%) | 99 (48.8%) | 36 (55.4%) | 33 (61.1%) | |
Yes | 56 (61.5%) | 104 (51.2%) | 29 (44.6%) | 21 (38.9%) | |
EWTNR (n = 413) | 0.42 | ||||
No | 42 (46.2%) | 113 (55.7%) | 32 (49.2%) | 26 (48.1%) | |
Yes | 49 (53.8%) | 90 (44.3%) | 33 (50.8%) | 28 (51.9%) | |
DNLCR (n = 413) | 0.62 | ||||
No | 70 (76.9%) | 153 (75.4%) | 48 (73.8%) | 45 (83.3%) | |
Yes | 21 (23.1%) | 50 (24.6%) | 17 (26.2%) | 9 (16.7%) |
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Share and Cite
Wakui, N.; Noguchi, N.; Ichikawa, K.; Togawa, C.; Matsuoka, R.; Yoshizawa, Y.; Shirozu, S.; Suzuki, K.; Ozawa, M.; Yanagiya, T.; et al. Psychological and Physical Changes Caused by COVID-19 Pandemic in Elementary and Junior High School Teachers: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 7568. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137568
Wakui N, Noguchi N, Ichikawa K, Togawa C, Matsuoka R, Yoshizawa Y, Shirozu S, Suzuki K, Ozawa M, Yanagiya T, et al. Psychological and Physical Changes Caused by COVID-19 Pandemic in Elementary and Junior High School Teachers: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(13):7568. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137568
Chicago/Turabian StyleWakui, Nobuyuki, Nanae Noguchi, Kotoha Ichikawa, Chikako Togawa, Raini Matsuoka, Yukiko Yoshizawa, Shunsuke Shirozu, Kenichi Suzuki, Mizue Ozawa, Takahiro Yanagiya, and et al. 2022. "Psychological and Physical Changes Caused by COVID-19 Pandemic in Elementary and Junior High School Teachers: A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13: 7568. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137568