Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms and Associated Factors in Community-Dwelling Persons at the First Time of Dementia Diagnosis
Abstract
:1. Background
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Data Collection and Ethical Considerations
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Category | n (%) | M ± SD | Range |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | ≤60 61–70 71–80 ≥81 | 47 (13.2) 97 (27.3) 153 (43.2) 58 (16.3) | 71.88 ± 9.05 | 38–90 |
Sex | Male Female | 143 (40.3) 212 (59.7) | ||
Education (years) | ≤6 7–9 10–12 ≥13 | 144 (40.6) 39 (11.0) 82 (23.0) 90 (25.4) | 9.42 ± 5.30 | 0–23 |
Dementia type | Alzheimer’s Vascular Lewy body Frontotemporal | 245 (69.0) 66 (18.6) 26 (7.3) 18 (5.1) | ||
Family history of dementia | Yes No | 69 (19.4) 286 (80.6) | ||
Number of comorbidities | 0 1 2 ≥3 | 111 (31.3) 128 (36.0) 73 (20.6) 43 (12.1) | 1.17 ± 1.07 | 0–5 |
Number of medications | 0 1 2 ≥3 | 105 (29.6) 137 (38.6) 81 (22.8) 32 (9.0) | 1.15 ± 1.02 | 0–4 |
Visual disturbances | Yes No | 40 (11.3) 315 (88.7) | ||
Hearing disturbances | Yes No | 20 (5.6) 335 (94.4) | ||
MMSE | ≤9 10–19 20–23 ≥24 | 39 (10.9) 198 (55.7) 90 (25.3) 28 (7.9) | 16.42 ± 5.67 | 0–30 |
ADL dependency | ≤3 3.5–6 ≥6.5 | 124 (34.9) 158 (44.5) 73 (20.6) | 4.57 ± 2.38 | 0–12.5 |
CDR | 0.5 1 2 | 90 (25.4) 205 (57.7) 60 (16.9) | ||
Relationship | Spouse Daughter Son Daughter-in-law Relatives | 175 (49.3) 93 (26.2) 61 (17.2) 15 (4.2) 11 (3.1) | ||
Frequency of contact (days/week) | ≤2 3–4 ≥5 | 51 (14.4) 24 (6.7) 280 (78.9) | ||
BPSD | 14.61 ± 14.06 | 1–76 |
Variable | Category | n (%) | M ± SD | t or F (p) | Scheffѐ’s Test |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | ≤60 61–70 71–80 ≥81 | 47 (13.2) 97 (27.3) 153 (43.2) 58 (16.3) | 15.19 ± 14.90 13.92 ± 13.53 14.12 ± 12.28 13.52 ± 13.74 | 0.15 (0.929) | |
Sex | Male Female | 143 (40.3) 212 (59.7) | 14.59 ± 13.42 13.78 ± 13.04 | 0.57 (0.570) | |
Education (years) | ≤6 7–9 10–12 ≥13 | 144 (40.6) 39 (11.0) 82 (23.0) 90 (25.4) | 14.72 ± 13.94 15.28 ± 15.99 12.04 ± 10.48 14.52 ± 12.83 | 0.91 (0.437) | |
Dementia type | Alzheimer’s a Vascular b Lewy body c Frontotemporal d | 245 (69.0) 66 (18.6) 26 (7.3) 18 (4.5) | 12.78 ± 13.14 13.76 ± 9.98 22.31 ± 17.33 31.56 ± 19.22 | 18.17 (<0.001) | a, b < c, d |
Family history of dementia | Yes No | 69 (19.4 )286 (80.6) | 15.68 ± 15.47 13.73 ± 12.57 | 1.10 (0.271) | |
Number of comorbidities | 0 1 2 ≥3 | 111 (31.3) 128 (36.0) 73 (20.6) 43 (12.1) | 14.59 ± 14.36 12.88 ± 10.98 14.66 ± 13.07 17.02 ± 16.69 | 0.65 (0.582) | |
Number of medications | 0 a 1 b 2 c ≥3 d | 105 (29.6) 137 (38.6) 81 (22.8) 32 (9.0) | 13.09 ± 12.36 11.88 ± 11.88 17.62 ± 14.33 18.16 ± 15.77 | 4.57 (0.004) | b < c, d |
Visual disturbances | Yes No | 40 (11.3) 315 (88.7) | 14.55 ± 13.31 14.55 ± 13.19 | 0.22 (0.823) | |
Hearing disturbances | Yes No | 20 (5.6) 335 (94.4) | 16.10 ± 19.91 13.99 ± 12.70 | 0.47 (0.645) | |
MMSE | ≤9 10–19 20–23 ≥24 | 39 (10.9) 198 (55.7) 90 (25.3) 28 (7.9) | 17.51 ± 12.24 14.45 ± 13.85 12.37 ± 11.38 14.11 ± 13.18 | 1.58 (0.195) | |
ADL dependency | ≤5 a 6–11 b ≥12 c | 254 (71.6) 91 (25.6) 10 (2.8) | 12.02 ± 12.14 19.94 ± 15.60 14.67 ± 5.68 | 11.55 (<0.001) | a < b |
CDR | 0.5 a 1 b 2 c | 90 (25.4) 205 (57.7) 60 (16.9) | 9.10 ± 9.11 15.12 ± 14.45 18.52 ± 11.61 | 10.92 (<0.001) | a < b, c |
Relationship | Spouse Daughter Son Daughter-in-lawRelative | 175 (49.3) 93 (26.2) 61 (17.2) 15 (4.2) 11 (3.1) | 13.98 ± 13.96 14.02 ± 12.14 14.72 ± 13.59 12.93 ± 12.01 15.18 ± 9.59 | 0.85 (0.987) | |
Frequency of contact (days/week) | ≤2 3–4 ≥5 | 51 (14.4) 24 (6.7) 280 (78.9) | 12.94 ± 12.02 11.46 ± 8.46 14.55 ± 13.70 | 0.84 (0.432) |
Variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | β (p) | B | β (p) | B | β (p) | B | β (p) | |
Dementia type † | −6.19 | −0.22 (<0.001) | −6.00 | −0.21 (<0.001) | −5.29 | −0.19 (<0.001) | −5.05 | −0.18 (0.001) |
Number of medications | 1.67 | 0.13 (0.013) | 1.67 | 0.13 (0.013) | 1.44 | 0.11 (0.029) | 1.32 | 0.10 (0.048) |
MMSE | −0.25 | −0.11 (0.037) | −0.02 | −0.01 (0.902) | 0.07 | 0.03 (0.662) | ||
ADL dependency | 1.09 | 0.20 (0.001) | 0.82 | 0.15 (0.033) | ||||
CDR | 2.13 | 0.10(0.162) | ||||||
R² (△R²) | 0.07 | 0.08 (0.01) | 0.11 (0.03) | 0.12 (0.01) | ||||
Adj R² | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.10 | ||||
F (p) | 13.43 (<0.001) | 10.50 (<0.001) | 10.81 (<0.001) | 9.06 (<0.001) |
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Jung, G.; Lee, J. Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms and Associated Factors in Community-Dwelling Persons at the First Time of Dementia Diagnosis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 7765. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137765
Jung G, Lee J. Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms and Associated Factors in Community-Dwelling Persons at the First Time of Dementia Diagnosis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(13):7765. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137765
Chicago/Turabian StyleJung, Gijung, and Jia Lee. 2022. "Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms and Associated Factors in Community-Dwelling Persons at the First Time of Dementia Diagnosis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13: 7765. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137765