Effects of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers on Hormonal and Reproductive Health in E-Waste-Exposed Population: A Systematic Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
- ◯
- Population: Nearby residents of e-waste recycling sites or workers;
- ◯
- Exposure: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs);
- ◯
- Reference group: Non-exposed population or population with minimal risk of exposure to e-waste;
- ◯
- Outcome: Hormonal and/or reproductive health effects observed due to exposure to PBDEs through e-waste.
2.1. Search Strategy, Study Selection and Data Extraction
2.2. Quality Assessment
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. PBDE Exposure Levels
4.2. Hormonal Health
4.3. Reproductive Health
4.4. Limitations and Recommendations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study Authors | Measurements and Samples Collected | Study Design | Participant Characteristics and Location | Comorbidities |
---|---|---|---|---|
Eguchi et al. [39] | Thyroid hormones and exposure levels through serum samples | Case–control | 111-E: 77 workers at e-waste recycling site (Bui Dau, Vietnam), and C: 34 residents of unexposed rural area (Duong Quang, Vietnam) | None stated (participants with thyroid disease or taking thyroid-related medications were excluded) |
Gravel et al. [40] | Thyroid and reproductive hormones and exposure levels through plasma samples | Cross-sectional | 100-E1: 85 workers at e-waste recycling facility (Québec, Canada), and E2: 15 workers from recycling facilities other than e-waste (Québec, Canada) | None stated (participants with thyroid disease or taking thyroid-related medications were excluded) |
Guo et al. [41] | Thyroid hormones and exposure levels through serum samples | Case–control | 114-E: 57 sixth grade children in e-waste recycling town with >30 years of history (Q City, South China), and C: 57 individuals living 50 km from exposed town with no e-waste exposure (Q City, South China) | Respiratory illness symptoms |
Guo et al. [42] | Thyroid hormones and exposure levels through blood samples | Case–control | 112-E: 54 residents of e-waste recycling town with > 30 years of history (Q City, South China), and C: 58 individuals living 50 km from exposed town with no e-waste exposure (Q City, South China) | Neurological and respiratory illness symptoms |
Julander et al. [43] | Thyroid hormones and exposure levels through serum samples | Longitudinal cohort study | 14-E: 14 e-waste recycling workers (3 were excluded due to <4 sampling instances) (Örebro, Sweden) | None—one participant with thyroid disease excluded |
Lv et al. [44] | Thyroid hormones and exposure levels through maternal serum, and neonatal health through physical examinations | Case–control | 74-E: 64 pregnant women residing in e-waste exposed area for >5 years (Wenling, Taizhou, China), and C: 10 pregnant women residing for <2 years in non-e-waste exposed area (Wenling, Taizhou, China) | None stated |
Wang et al. [45] | Thyroid hormones and exposure levels through plasma samples | Case–control | 442-E1: 236 individuals occupationally exposed to e-waste (Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China), E2: 89 individuals non-occupationally exposed (Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China), and C: 117 individuals with no exposure to e-waste (Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China) | None stated (participants with thyroid disease or taking thyroid-related medications were excluded) |
Xu et al. [46] | Thyroid, ACTH, cortisol, and growth hormones and exposure levels through serum samples | Case–control | 45-E: 21 residents of e-waste-exposed town with ≈20 years of history (Luqiao, Taizhou, China), and C: 24 individuals living 100 km from exposed site with no e-waste exposure (Tiantai, Taizhou, China) | None stated |
Xu et al. [47] | Thyroid hormones (only FT3, FT4, and TSH) and exposure levels through serum samples | Case–control | 55-E: 40 residents of e-waste-exposed region (Luqiao, Taizhou, China), and C: 15 individuals living 200 km from exposed town with no e-waste exposure (Yunhe, Taizhou, China) | None stated |
Xu et al. [48] | Thyroid (only FT3, FT4, and TSH) and IGF-1 hormones and exposure levels through serum samples | Cross-sectional | 167-E: 162 children in kindergarten in an e-waste-exposed town (Guiyu, Shantou, China) | None stated (participants with thyroid disease or taking thyroid-related medications were excluded) |
Yu et al. [49] | Thyroid and reproductive hormones and exposure levels through serum samples, and semen quality through semen samples | Cross-sectional | 76-E1: 38 men from e-waste area and living near e-waste dismantling plant (Qingyuan city, South China), and E2: 38 men living near an e-waste dismantling plant (Qingyuan city, South China) | None stated |
Zheng et al. [50] | Thyroid hormones and exposure levels through serum samples | Cross-sectional | 79-E: 79 e-waste recycling workers (Undescribed town, South China) | None stated (participants with thyroid disease or taking thyroid-related medications were excluded) |
Zheng et al. [51] | Thyroid hormones and exposure levels through maternal serum samples, and neonatal health through physical examinations | Case–control | 72-E: 48 residents of exposed area for >20 years (Wenling, Taizhou, China), and C: 24 residents of exposed area for < 3 years (Wenling, Taizhou, China) | None stated (participants with thyroid disease or taking thyroid-related medications were excluded) |
Guo et al. [52] | Reproductive hormones and exposure levels through serum samples | Case–control | 112-E: 54 residents of e-waste recycling town with >30 years of history (Q City, South China), and C: 58 individuals living 50 km from exposed town with no e-waste exposure (Q City, South China) | Neurological and respiratory illness symptoms |
Yu et al. [53] | Semen quality and exposure levels through semen samples | Case–control | 57-E: 32 residents of e-waste-exposed area with a history of decades (Longtang, Qingyuan, South China), and C: 25 semen samples from non-exposed population through semen bank (Qingyuan city, South China) | None stated |
Li et al. [54] | Neonatal health through physical examinations, and exposure levels through umbilical cord tissue samples | Case–control | 300-E: 150 women residing in e-waste-exposed area (Guiyu, Shantou, China), and C: 150 women residing in non-exposed area (Haojiang, Shantou, China) | None stated |
Wu et al. [55] | Neonatal health through physical examinations, and exposure levels through umbilical cord serum samples | Case–control | 167-E: 108 women residing in e-waste-exposed area (Guiyu, Shantou, China), and C: 59 women residing in non-exposed area (Chaonan, Shantou, China) | Upper respiratory tract infection and other diseases including anaemia, acute nephritis, skin disease, Pancreas Bile Syndrome, placental abruption, severe pregnancy-induced hypertension, preeclampsia, prolonged pregnancy, cord around neck, hepatitis A, and pregnancy-induced hypertension syndrome |
Xu et al. [56] | Neonatal health through physical examinations, and exposure levels through placenta samples | Case–control | 155-E: 69 women residing in e-waste-exposed area (Guiyu, Shantou, China), and C: 86 women residing in non-exposed area (Haojiang, Shantou, China) | None stated |
Xu et al. [57] | IGF-1 hormone and exposure levels through umbilical cord serum samples, and neonatal health through physical examinations | Case–control | 154-E: 101 women residing in e-waste-exposed area (Guiyu, Shantou, China), and C: 53 women residing in non-exposed area (Chaonan, Shantou, China) | None stated |
Study Authors | Confounder Adjustments | Significant Associations (p < 0.5) |
---|---|---|
Eguchi et al. [39] | Gender, age, BMI, perchlorate, iodide, thiocyanate, cholesterol, triglyceride, γ-GTP, living site, consumption of meat and eggs, and consumption of marine fish | None |
Gravel et al. [40] | Age, BMI, blood cadmium and lead, and smoking status | TT4: ↑ BDE 209 (males); and FT3: ↓ BDE 153 and 209 |
Guo et al. [41] | Gender, BMI, and cough | None |
Guo et al. [42] | Gender, BMI, dyspnoea, chest tightness, and smoking | TT3: ↑ BDE 47 and 99; TT4: ↓ BDE 153, 183 and ∑PBDEs; FT3: ↑ BDE 47; FT4: ↓BDE 153 and 183; and TSH: ↓ BDE 47 and 100 |
Julander et al. [43] | BMI | TT3: ↑ BDE 183; FT4: ↑BDE 28 and 100; TSH: ↑ BDE 99 and 154 |
Lv et al. [44] | Maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational weeks, and maternal parity | None |
Wang et al. [45] | Gender, age, plasma total lipids, alcohol consumption, and smoking status | None |
Xu et al. [46] | None stated | ACTH: ↑ BDE 47, 99, 100, 153 and 154 |
Xu et al. [47] | Gender and age | FT4: ↓ BDE 47 |
Xu et al. [48] | Gender, age, and BMI | FT3: ↓ BDE 100 and ∑PBDEs; FT4: ↓ BDE 100, 153, 154 and 183; TSH: ↑ BDE 28, 47, 99, 100, 154, 209 and ∑PBDEs |
Yu et al. [49] | Age, BMI, abstinence time, smoking status, and alcohol consumption | Serum-TT3: ↑ BDE 183; TT4: ↓ BDE 183; FT3: ↑ BDE 47; E2: ↓BDE 47 Semen-FT3: ↓; TSH: ↓ BDE: 154; total T: ↑ BDE 183; E2: ↓ BDE 154; semen volume: ↓ BDE 47 and 153; total sperm count: ↓ BDE 153 |
Zheng et al. [50] | Gender, age, BMI, and occupational exposure duration of e-waste recycling. ∑PBDEs were also adjusted for smoking. | TT3: ↑ BDE 47 |
Zheng et al. [51] | Maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational weeks, and maternal parity | TT4: ↓ BDE 99 and 153 |
Guo et al. [52] | Females—dyspnoea, chest tightness, and palpitation Males—sore throat and loose cough | Males—Total T: ↑BDE 47, 100, 153, 183 and ∑PBDEs; Pr: ↑ BDE 47; LH: ↑ BDE 99, 100; E2: ↑ BDE 47, 209 and ∑PBDEs Females—FSH: ↓ BDE 153, 154, 183 and ∑PBDEs; LH: ↓ BDE 183; E2: ↑ BDE 153 and 183 |
Yu et al. [53] | Age, BMI, abstinence time, smoking status, and alcohol consumption | Sperm concentration: ↓ BDE 47; total sperm count: ↓ BDE 47 |
Li et al. [54] | None stated for Spearman’s correlation analysis (used for neonatal health outcome and PBDE concentration relationship analysis) | Head circumference: ↓ ∑PBDEs; birth length: ↑ ∑PBDEs; BMI: ↓ ∑PBDEs; Apgar score: ↓ ∑PBDEs |
Wu et al. [55] | None stated | Gestational age: ↑ BDE 28; adverse birth outcomes: ↑ BDE 28, 47, 99, 153, 183, ∑PBDEs |
Xu et al. [56] | Education, parity, smoking status, and alcohol consumption | Head circumference: ↓ BDE 47 and ∑PBDEs; birth length: ↑ BDE 47; BMI: ↓ BDE 47, 99, 100, 183, 209 and ∑PBDEs; Apgar score: ↓ BDE 28, 47, 153, 183 and ∑PBDEs |
Xu et al. [57] | None stated | IGF-1: ↑ BDE 154 and 209; gestational age: ↑ BDE 100 and 154 |
Domain | Eguchi et al. [39] | Gravel et al. [40] | Guo et al. [41] | Guo et al. [42] | Julander et al. [43] | Lv et al. [44] | Wang et al. [45] | Xu et al. [46] | Xu et al. [47] | Xu et al. [48] | Yu et al. [49] | Zheng et al. [50] | Zheng et al. [51] | Guo et al. [52] | Yu et al. [53] | Li et al. [54] | Wu et al. [55] | Xu et al. [56] | Xu et al. [57] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Study group representation | |||||||||||||||||||
Knowledge of group assignments | |||||||||||||||||||
Exposure assessment methods | |||||||||||||||||||
Outcome assessment methods | |||||||||||||||||||
Confounding | |||||||||||||||||||
Incomplete outcome data | |||||||||||||||||||
Selective outcome reporting | |||||||||||||||||||
Financial conflict of interest | |||||||||||||||||||
Other |
Criteria | Summary of Criteria | Thyroid Hormones | Reproductive Hormones | Other Hormones | Neonatal Health | Semen Quality |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Downgrade Criteria | ||||||
Risk of bias | Study limitations—a substantial risk of bias across the body of evidence | 0 | 0 | −2 | −1 | −1 |
Indirectness | Evidence was not directly comparable to the question of interest (i.e., population, exposure, comparator, or outcome) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Inconsistency | Widely different estimates of effect in similar populations (heterogeneity or variability in results) | −1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Imprecision | Studies had few participants and few events (wide Cis as judged by reviewers) | −1 | −1 | 0 | 0 | −1 |
Publication bias | Studies missing from the body of evidence, resulting in an over or underestimation of the true effects from exposure | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Upgrade Criteria | ||||||
Large magnitude of effect | Upgraded if modelling suggested confounding alone unlikely to explain associations with large effect estimate as judged by reviewers | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Dose–response | Upgraded if consistent relationship between dose and response in one or multiple studies and/or dose–response across studies | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Confounding minimizes effect | Upgraded if consideration of all plausible residual confounders or biases would underestimate the effect or suggest a spurious effect when results show no effect | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Overall quality of evidence | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | |
Overall strength of evidence | Limited evidence of toxicity | Limited evidence of toxicity | Inadequate evidence of toxicity | Limited evidence of toxicity | Limited evidence of toxicity |
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Singh, V.; Cortes-Ramirez, J.; Toms, L.-M.; Sooriyagoda, T.; Karatela, S. Effects of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers on Hormonal and Reproductive Health in E-Waste-Exposed Population: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 7820. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137820
Singh V, Cortes-Ramirez J, Toms L-M, Sooriyagoda T, Karatela S. Effects of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers on Hormonal and Reproductive Health in E-Waste-Exposed Population: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(13):7820. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137820
Chicago/Turabian StyleSingh, Vishal, Javier Cortes-Ramirez, Leisa-Maree Toms, Thilakshika Sooriyagoda, and Shamshad Karatela. 2022. "Effects of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers on Hormonal and Reproductive Health in E-Waste-Exposed Population: A Systematic Review" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13: 7820. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137820