The Changing Patterns and Correlates of Adolescent Substance Use in China’s Special Administrative Region of Macau
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Trends in Adolescent Substance Use
2.1.1. Alcohol Use
2.1.2. Cigarette Use
2.1.3. Illicit Drug Use
2.2. Risk Factors for Adolescents’ Substance Use
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Data
3.2. Measures
3.3. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Sample Characteristics
4.2. Trends in the Prevalence of Cigarette, Alcohol, and Illicit Substance Use
4.3. Factors Associated with Past 30-Day Use of Cigarette, Alcohol, and Illicit Substance
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
2014 | 2018 | |
---|---|---|
Target participants | 6904 | 6467 |
Interviewed participants | 6801 | 6464 |
Response rate | 98.5% | 99.9% |
Invalid data # | 19 | 5 |
Cigarette Use | Alcohol Use | Illicit Drug Use | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014 | 2018 | 2014 | 2018 | 2014 | 2018 | |||||||
Male % | Female % | Male % | Female % | Male % | Female % | Male % | Female % | Male % | Female % | Male % | Female % | |
Grade 7 | 2.8 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 18.4 | 17.7 | 13.3 | 12.6 | 2.8 | 3.0 | 1.0 | 2.7 |
Grade 8 | 4.9 | 3.6 | 4.5 | 2.3 | 24.6 | 22.0 | 24.6 | 27.1 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 1.5 |
Grade 9 | 6.2 | 3.6 | 3.8 | 2.7 | 27.9 | 20.0 | 23.1 | 25.4 | 3.1 | 1.4 | 2.8 | 0.4 |
Grade 10 | 6.0 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 1.4 | 30.5 | 23.8 | 29.1 | 28.0 | 2.5 | 1.2 | 2.0 | 0.6 |
Grade 11 | 7.1 | 6.6 | 6.1 | 2.3 | 33.5 | 24.3 | 36.0 | 29.8 | 2.3 | 1.9 | 3.3 | 0.8 |
Grade 12 | 5.5 | 4.9 | 4.5 | 2.6 | 34.1 | 30.2 | 41.9 | 29.3 | 2.9 | 1.3 | 3.8 | 1.2 |
All | 5.5 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 2.1 | 28.5 | 23.3 | 26.7 | 25.3 | 2.6 | 1.7 | 2.4 | 1.2 |
Drunk Experience | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
2014 | 2018 | |||
Male % | Female % | Male % | Female % | |
Grade 7 | 7.0 | 5.4 | 4.1 | 3.3 |
Grade 8 | 7.2 | 7.7 | 10.2 | 8.3 |
Grade 9 | 9.2 | 8.4 | 8.5 | 7.7 |
Grade 10 | 12.2 | 11.5 | 12.4 | 9.7 |
Grade 11 | 15.7 | 12.2 | 14.3 | 9.8 |
Grade 12 | 14.7 | 13.6 | 19.4 | 10.4 |
All | 11.2 | 9.9 | 10.8 | 8.1 |
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2014 (n = 6782) | 2018 (n = 6459) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Cigarette Use | Alcohol Use | Illicit Drug Use | Total | Cigarette Use | Alcohol Use | Illicit Drug Use | |||||||
n (%) | n (%) | p | n (%) | p | n (%) | p | n (%) | n (%) | p | n (%) | p | n (%) | p | |
Total | 6782 (100) | 329 (4.9) | 1765 (26.0) | 148 (2.2) | 6459 (100) | 202 (3.1) | 1682 (26.0) | 123 (1.9) | ||||||
Gender | ||||||||||||||
Male | 3577 (52.7) | 19 (5.5) | 0.008 | 1021 (28.5) | <0.001 | 92 (2.6) | 0.014 | 3467 (53.7) | 139 (4.0) | <0.001 | 926 (26.7) | 0.187 | 83 (2.4) | 0.001 |
Female | 3182 (46.9) | 131 (4.1) | 737 (23.2) | 54 (1.7) | 2973 (46.0) | 63 (2.1) | 751 (25.3) | 37 (1.2) | ||||||
Place of birth | ||||||||||||||
Macau | 5231 (77.1) | 255 (4.9) | 0.007 | 1397 (26.7) | 0.008 | 106 (2.0) | <0.001 | 4943 (76.5) | 148 (3.0) | <0.001 | 1297 (26.2) | 0.199 | 89 (1.8) | <0.001 |
Mainland China | 1063 (15.7) | 37 (3.5) | 235 (22.1) | 18 (1.7) | 1154 (17.9) | 34 (2.9) | 283 (24.5) | 22 (1.9) | ||||||
Hong Kong | 126 (1.9) | 9 (7.1) | 40 (31.7) | 5 (4.0) | 173 (2.7) | 4 (2.3) | 43 (24.9) | 1 (0.6) | ||||||
Others | 331 (4.9) | 26 (7.9) | 88 (26.6) | 18 (5.4) | 176 (2.7) | 16 (9.1) | 56 (31.8) | 11 (6.3) | ||||||
Grade | ||||||||||||||
Grade 7 | 1045 (15.4) | 22 (2.1) | <0.001 | 190 (18.2) | <0.001 | 31 (3.0) | 0.495 | 1198 (18.5) | 18 (1.5) | 0.008 | 155 (12.9) | <0.001 | 21 (1.8) | 0.538 |
Grade 8 | 1034 (15.2) | 44 (4.3) | 241 (23.3) | 18 (1.7) | 1141 (17.7) | 40 (3.5) | 293 (25.7) | 20 (1.8) | ||||||
Grade 9 | 1086 (16.0) | 54 (5.0) | 263 (24.2) | 25 (2.3) | 1086 (16.8) | 36 (3.3) | 262 (24.1) | 21 (1.9) | ||||||
Grade 10 | 1235 (18.2) | 65 (5.3) | 338 (27.4) | 24 (1.9) | 1128 (17.5) | 34 (3.0) | 324 (28.7) | 16 (1.4) | ||||||
Grade 11 | 1181 (17.4) | 81 (6.9) | 347 (29.4) | 25 (2.1) | 993 (15.4) | 42 (4.2) | 328 (33.0) | 22 (2.2) | ||||||
Grade 12 | 1179 (17.4) | 62 (5.3) | 381 (32.3) | 25 (2.1) | 913 (14.1) | 32 (3.5) | 320 (35.0) | 23 (2.5) |
n (%) | |
---|---|
Total | 6459 (100) |
Monthly pocket money | |
0 MOP | 976 (15.1) |
1–500 MOP | 2981 (46.2) |
501–1000 MOP | 924 (14.3) |
More than 1000 MOP | 1578 (24.4) |
Family structure | |
Both parents are alive | 6170 (95.5) |
Only father is alive | 69 (1.1) |
Only mother is alive | 177 (2.7) |
Both parents are deceased | 22 (0.3) |
Parental employment | |
Both parents are employed | 4706 (72.9) |
Only father is employed | 1093 (16.9) |
Only mother is employed | 475 (7.4) |
Both parents are unemployed | 147 (2.3) |
School problems | |
No | 5704 (88.3) |
Yes | 755 (11.7) |
Perception of risk ofcigarettes smoking | |
Unknown/none/slight/moderate risk | 2841 (44.0) |
Great risk | 3618 (56.0) |
Perception of risk of alcohol use | |
Unknown/none/slight/moderate risk | 3111 (48.2) |
Great risk | 3348 (51.8) |
Perception of risk of illicit drug use | |
Unknown/none/slight/moderate risk | 824 (12.8) |
Great risk | 5635 (87.2) |
Approval of cigarettes smoking | |
Unknown/somewhat/strongly disapprove | 5408 (83.7) |
Somewhat/strongly approve | 1051 (16.3) |
Approval of alcohol use | |
Unknown/somewhat/strongly disapprove | 4931 (76.3) |
Somewhat/strongly approve | 1528 (23.7) |
Approval of illicit drug use | |
Unknown/somewhat/strongly disapprove | 6195 (95.9) |
Somewhat/strongly approve | 264 (4.1) |
Perceived access to illicit drugs | |
Unknown/fairly/very difficult or probably impossible | 5071 (78.5) |
Fairly/very easy | 1388 (21.5) |
Peers’ cigarette smoking | |
None | 5416 (83.9) |
At least one | 1043 (16.1) |
Peers’ alcohol use | |
None | 4667 (72.3) |
At least one | 1792 (27.7) |
Peers’ illicit drug use | |
None | 6350 (98.3) |
At least one | 109 (1.7) |
Past 30-day use of cigarette | |
No | 6257 (96.9) |
Yes | 202 (3.1) |
Past 30-day use of alcohol | |
No | 4777 (74) |
Yes | 1682 (26.0) |
Past 30-day use of illicit drugs | |
No | 6336 (98.1) |
Yes | 123 (1.9) |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cigarette Use | Alcohol Use | Illicit Drug Use | ||||
OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | |
Birth of place | ||||||
Macau | ref | ref | ref | |||
Mainland China | 0.85 (0.54–1.33) | 0.484 | 0.78 (0.65–0.92) | 0.004 | 1.32 (0.77–2.25) | 0.315 |
Hong Kong | 0.83 (0.26–2.64) | 0.751 | 1.21 (0.83–1.79) | 0.325 | 0.37 (0.05–2.85) | 0.342 |
Others | 2.92 (1.43–5.96) | 0.003 | 1.08 (0.74–1.58) | 0.694 | 1.84 (0.75–4.54) | 0.184 |
Monthly pocket money | ||||||
0 MOP | ref | ref | ref | |||
1–500 MOP | 0.30 (0.17–0.53) | <0.001 | 1.26 (1.03–1.55) | 0.026 | 0.66 (0.37–1.17) | 0.152 |
500–1000 MOP | 0.46 (0.25–0.85) | 0.013 | 1.42 (1.11–1.81) | 0.005 | 0.56 (0.26–1.17) | 0.122 |
More than 1000 MOP | 0.70 (0.43–1.16) | 0.169 | 1.77 (1.43–2.20) | <0.001 | 0.62 (0.34–1.12) | 0.110 |
Family structure | ||||||
Both parents are alive | ref | ref | ref | |||
Only father alive | 1.54 (0.42–5.66) | 0.515 | 1.36 (0.76–2.44) | 0.296 | (Empty) # | |
Only mother alive | 1.55 (0.65–3.65) | 0.321 | 0.72 (0.47–1.11) | 0.140 | 0.29 (0.03–2.46) | 0.258 |
Both parents are deceased | 8.27 (2.00–34.15) | 0.004 | 0.31 (0.08–1.24) | 0.098 | 3.15 (0.67–14.69) | 0.144 |
Parents’ employment | ||||||
Both parents are employed | ref | ref | ref | |||
Just father employed | 0.90 (0.55–1.47) | 0.675 | 1.01 (0.85–1.21) | 0.898 | 0.67 (0.36–1.27) | 0.218 |
Just mother employed | 1.13 (0.60–2.12) | 0.710 | 1.21 (0.94–1.56) | 0.142 | 0.73 (0.28–1.88) | 0.511 |
Both parents are unemployed | 2.13 (1.01–4.48) | 0.048 | 0.94 (0.61–1.46) | 0.792 | 0.93 (0.31–2.77) | 0.898 |
Approval of cigarettes smoking | ||||||
Disapprove | ref | |||||
Approve | 10.27 (6.98–15.11) | <0.001 | ||||
Approval of alcohol drinking | ||||||
Disapprove | ref | |||||
Approve | 2.87 (2.48–3.32) | <0.001 | ||||
Approval of illicit drug using | ||||||
Disapprove | ref | |||||
Approve | 3.54 (2.04–6.15) | <0.001 | ||||
Perception of risk for cigarette smoking | ||||||
Not a great risk | ref | |||||
Great risk | 0.35 (0.22–0.54) | <0.001 | ||||
Perception of risk for alcohol drinking | ||||||
Not a great risk | ref | |||||
Great risk | 0.79 (0.69–0.90) | <0.001 | ||||
Perception of risk of illicit drug using | ||||||
Not a great risk | ref | |||||
Great risk | 0.43 (0.26–0.69) | <0.001 | ||||
Perceived access to illicit drugs | ||||||
Difficult | ref | |||||
Easy | 2.16 (1.41–3.31) | <0.001 | ||||
Peer’scigarette smoking | ||||||
None | ref | ref | ref | |||
At least one | 3.35 (1.57–7.17) | 0.002 | 1.12 (0.90–1.39) | 0.320 | 1.27 (0.55–2.92) | 0.573 |
Peer’s alcohol drinking | ||||||
None | ref | ref | ref | |||
At least one | 0.28 (0.13–0.60) | 0.001 | 1.53 (1.28–1.83) | <0.001 | 0.71 (0.34–1.51) | 0.376 |
Peer’s illicit drug use | ||||||
None | ref | ref | ref | |||
At least one | 1.38 (0.64–2.96) | 0.408 | 1.18 (0.71–1.96) | 0.518 | 6.27 (2.92–13.45) | <0.001 |
Past 30-day cigarette use | ||||||
No | ref | ref | ||||
Yes | 2.40 (1.62–3.57) | <0.001 | 5.60 (3.13–10.01) | <0.001 | ||
Past 30-day alcohol use | ||||||
No | ref | ref | ||||
Yes | 2.89 (1.91–4.37) | <0.001 | 1.52 (0.92–2.50) | 0.102 | ||
Past 12-month drunk | ||||||
No | ref | ref | ref | |||
Yes | 5.42 (3.69–7.99) | <0.001 | 8.72 (7.00–10.87) | <0.001 | 1.38 (0.77–2.48) | 0.276 |
School Problems | ||||||
No | ref | ref | ref | |||
Yes | 1.91 (1.20–3.04) | 0.007 | 1.29 (1.05–1.57) | 0.014 | 1.37 (0.77–2.43) | 0.290 |
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Li, S.D.; Xie, L.; Wu, K.; Lu, J.; Kang, M.; Shen, H. The Changing Patterns and Correlates of Adolescent Substance Use in China’s Special Administrative Region of Macau. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 7988. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137988
Li SD, Xie L, Wu K, Lu J, Kang M, Shen H. The Changing Patterns and Correlates of Adolescent Substance Use in China’s Special Administrative Region of Macau. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(13):7988. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137988
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Spencer De, Lu Xie, Kehui Wu, Jiaqi Lu, Mi Kang, and Hui Shen. 2022. "The Changing Patterns and Correlates of Adolescent Substance Use in China’s Special Administrative Region of Macau" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13: 7988. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137988