Determining Optimal Temperature Combination for Effective Pretreatment and Anaerobic Digestion of Corn Stalk
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Feedstock and Inoculum
2.2. Pretreatment with NaOH
2.3. Experimental Set-Up
2.4. Operating Conditions
2.5. Analytical Methods
2.6. Assessment of Energy Balances
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Daily Biogas Production and Average Methane Content
3.2. Influence of OLR on Reactor Performance
3.3. Comparison of Different Pretreatment and AD Temperatures
3.3.1. Comparison of Different Pretreatment Conditions
3.3.2. Comparison of Different AD Conditions
3.4. Changes of Main Compositions
3.5. Evaluation of System Stability
3.5.1. pH
3.5.2. Ammonia Nitrogen and TVFAs/TAC
3.6. Energy Balance
3.7. Economic Aspect of Pretreatment and Anaerobic Digestion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CS | corn stalk |
AD | anaerobic digestion |
MAD | mesophilic anaerobic digestion |
TAD | thermophilic anaerobic digestion |
CSTR | completely stirred tank reactor |
HRT | hydraulic retention time |
OL | organic loading rate |
MLSS | mixed liquid suspended solid |
TS | total solids |
VS | volatile solids |
TC | total carbon |
TN | total nitrogen |
LCH | lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose |
DBP | daily biogas production |
DMP | daily methane production |
AN | ammonia nitrogen |
VFA | volatile fatty acid |
TAC | total alkalinity concentration |
Ei | energy input |
Ei,h | energy for heating |
Ei,m | energy for mixing |
Ei,p | energy for pumping |
Eo | energy output |
Ro/I | ratio of Eo to Ei |
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Parameter | Value (%) | |
---|---|---|
Corn Stalk | Inoculum | |
TS (%) a | 91.05 ± 0.23 | 8.25 ± 0.03 |
VS (%) a | 87.80 ± 0.15 | 4.18 ± 0.05 |
TC (%) b | 43.42 ± 0.54 | 27.05 ± 0.25 |
TN (%) b | 0.68 ± 0.08 | 2.3 ± 0.53 |
C/N(%) b | 63.85 ± 0.56 | 11.76 ± 0.89 |
MLSS (g L−1) a | ND | 109.00 ± 2.18 |
Cellulose (%) b | 40.36 ± 0.60 | ND |
Hemicellulose (%) b | 20.07 ± 0.03 | ND |
Lignin (%) b | 11.41 ± 0.13 | ND |
LCH (%) b | 71.84 ± 0.76 | ND |
Pretreatment Temperature (°C) | AD Temperature (°C) | OLR (g·L−1·d−1) | OLR (g·L−1·d−1) | OLR (g·L−1·d−1) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.6 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 2.0 | ||
Biogas Yield (mL·gvs−1) | Methane Yield (mL·gvs−1) | Average Methane Content (%) | ||||||||
40 | 35 | 524 ± 30 | 409 ± 20 | 319 ± 16 | 275 ± 20 | 220 ± 20 | 181 ± 16 | 52.49 ± 0.79 | 53.67 ± 0.95 | 56.90 ± 1.31 |
55 | 513 ± 29 | 488 ± 27 | 450 ± 24 | 270 ± 19 | 255 ± 17 | 236 ± 14 | 52.46 ± 0.74 | 52.43 ± 0.62 | 52.55 ± 0.80 | |
60 | 35 | 528 ± 31 | 417 ± 22 | 320 ± 16 | 280 ± 21 | 229 ± 12 | 184 ± 9 | 53.05 ± 0.86 | 55.01 ± 1.08 | 57.52 ± 1.52 |
55 | 495 ± 28 | 478 ± 26 | 449 ± 24 | 258 ± 18 | 247 ± 16 | 236 ± 14 | 52.17 ± 0.59 | 51.66 ± 0.51 | 52.45 ± 0.71 | |
untreated | 35 | 383 ± 19 | 299 ± 17 | 230 ± 14 | 194 ± 11 | 153 ± 5 | 118 ± 16 | 50.60 ± 0.46 | 51.17 ± 0.58 | 51.30 ± 0.52 |
55 | 444 ± 23 | 417 ± 22 | 340 ± 18 | 223 ± 11 | 213 ± 10 | 180 ± 9 | 50.22 ± 0.44 | 51.08 ± 0.41 | 52.94 ± 0.73 |
Pretreatment Temperature (°C) | Ethanol and Acetic Acid (mg·L−1) | Individual Acid Concentration (mg·L−1) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ethanol | Acetic Acid | Propionic Acid | Isobutyric Acid | Butyric Acid | Isovaleric Acid | Valeric Acid | Total Acid | ||
40 | 6326 ± 30 | 2156 ± 13 | 4270 ± 27 | 103 ± 10 | 47 ± 13 | 35 ± 3 | 4 ± 0.2 | 11 ± 0.6 | 6630 ± 32 |
60 | 6944 ± 41 | 1210 ± 9 | 5734 ± 12 | 115 ± 4 | 76 ± 4 | 86 ± 5 | 50 ± 3.6 | 30 ± 1.1 | 8303 ± 45 |
Pretreatment Temperature (°C) | Cellulose | Hemicellulose | Lignin | LCH |
---|---|---|---|---|
40 | 36.5 ± 0.4 | 13.6 ± 0.1 | 10.6 ± 0.1 | 56.4 ± 0.3 |
60 | 35.4 ± 0.3 | 13.1 ± 0.1 | 10.5 ± 0.1 | 55.6 ± 0.2 |
untreated | 40.3 ± 0.6 | 20.0 ± 0.2 | 11.4 ± 0.2 | 71.8 ± 0.7 |
Pretreatment Temperature (°C) | AD Temperature (°C) | OLR (g·L−1·d−1) | Conversion Rate (%) * | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cellulose | Hemicellulose | Lignin | TS | VS | |||
40 | 35 | 1.6 | 64.3 ± 1.2 | 60.1 ± 1.6 | 25.1 ± 0.7 | 50.0 ± 2.2 | 61.2 ± 1.7 |
1.8 | 60.4 ± 1.6 | 56.7 ± 3.2 | 24.7 ± 0.6 | 48.7 ± 2.5 | 56.9 ± 2.6 | ||
2.0 | 53.5 ± 3.3 | 49.2 ± 3.0 | 21.2 ± 0.4 | 46.3 ± 3.1 | 53.5 ± 2.5 | ||
55 | 1.6 | 64.3 ± 3.5 | 60.2 ± 3.4 | 26.2 ± 0.8 | 50.6 ± 1.5 | 60.7 ± 2.8 | |
1.8 | 62.7 ± 2.8 | 58.6 ± 2.1 | 25.6 ± 0.7 | 48.9 ± 2.7 | 58.3 ± 1.5 | ||
2.0 | 59.5 ± 3.7 | 55.4 ± 3.2 | 21.4 ± 0.4 | 47.1 ± 2.4 | 54.4 ± 3.0 | ||
60 | 35 | 1.6 | 64.9 ± 2.1 | 60.4 ± 3.1 | 25.4 ± 0.7 | 50.2 ± 1.8 | 61.9 ± 2.6 |
1.8 | 59.3 ± 2.4 | 55.6 ± 4.2 | 21.6 ± 0.4 | 48.0 ± 2.2 | 55.7 ± 1.9 | ||
2.0 | 53.5 ± 4.1 | 49.8 ± 3.4 | 19.8 ± 0.3 | 46.3 ± 2.4 | 54.2 ± 1.7 | ||
55 | 1.6 | 61.7 ± 3.2 | 57.3 ± 2.2 | 25.3 ± 0.9 | 49.6 ± 2.6 | 57.7 ± 2.4 | |
1.8 | 60.2 ± 3.6 | 56.9 ± 3.0 | 24.9 ± 0.7 | 48.2 ± 1.7 | 56.0 ± 1.6 | ||
2.0 | 59.4 ± 3.8 | 55.4 ± 2.1 | 20.4 ± 0.3 | 47.1 ± 2.3 | 55.1 ± 1.8 | ||
untreated | 35 | 1.6 | 55.6 ± 2.0 | 53.2 ± 2.1 | 18.4 ± 0.2 | 46.1 ± 1.7 | 57.4 ± 2.6 |
1.8 | 52.5 ± 2.2 | 51.6 ± 2.2 | 17.7 ± 0.2 | 45.2 ± 1.5 | 55.7 ± 1.8 | ||
2.0 | 47.5 ± 2.1 | 45.5 ± 1.4 | 15.6 ± 0.1 | 43.3 ± 1.4 | 53.5 ± 1.5 | ||
55 | 1.6 | 59.3 ± 3.3 | 55.4 ± 2.2 | 19.4 ± 0.2 | 47.5 ± 2.2 | 58.7 ± 2.3 | |
1.8 | 58.1 ± 3.1 | 52.7 ± 2.0 | 18.9 ± 0.2 | 46.8 ± 1.7 | 56.2 ± 1.9 | ||
2.0 | 56.4 ± 3.0 | 49.4 ± 1.5 | 16.3 ± 0.1 | 44.9 ± 1.3 | 53.6 ± 1.6 |
Process | Item | MAD | TAD |
---|---|---|---|
Anaerobic digestion | Eo (kWh/mg VS) | 3855.4 | 4012.6 |
Pretreatment | Ei,h (kWh/mg VS) | 0 (untreated) | 0 (untreated) |
298.67 (40 °C) | 298.67 (40 °C) | ||
597.34 (60 °C) | 597.34 (60 °C) | ||
Mixing | Ei,m (kWh/mg VS) | 108.0 | 276.3 |
Pumping | Ei,p (kWh/mg VS) | 21.6 | 43.9 |
Anaerobic digestion | Ro/i | 29.7 (untreated) | 12.5 (untreated) |
9.0 (40 °C) | 6.48 (40 °C) | ||
5.3 (60 °C) | 4.4 (60 °C) | ||
Anaerobic digestion | ΔE (kWh/mg VS) | 3725.8 (untreated) | 3692.4 (untreated) |
3427.13 (40 °C) | 3393.73 (40 °C) |
Pretreatment Temperature (°C) | AD Temperature (°C) | Amount (Ton) | Reagent Cost (USD) | Water (USD) | Electricity Cost (USD) | Staff Cost (USD) | Sum (USD) | Methane Yield (m3·t−1) | Unit Methane Production Cost (USD·m3·CH4−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
40 | 35 | 0.02 | 3.56 | 0.4266 | 3.5936 | 7.485 | 21.0852 | 181 | 0.0833 |
55 | 0.02 | 3.56 | 0.4266 | 5.6603 | 7.485 | 23.1519 | 236 | 0.0726 | |
60 | 35 | 0.02 | 3.56 | 0.4266 | 4.4762 | 7.485 | 21.9678 | 184 | 0.0867 |
55 | 0.02 | 3.56 | 0.4266 | 6.9981 | 7.485 | 24.4897 | 236 | 0.0783 | |
untreated | 35 | 0 | 0 | 0.2558 | 3.3455 | 7.485 | 11.0863 | 118 | 0.1241 |
55 | 0 | 0 | 0.2558 | 4.6282 | 7.485 | 12.369 | 180 | 0.0884 |
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Li, J.; Li, X.; Wachemo, A.C.; Chen, W.; Zuo, X. Determining Optimal Temperature Combination for Effective Pretreatment and Anaerobic Digestion of Corn Stalk. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 8027. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138027
Li J, Li X, Wachemo AC, Chen W, Zuo X. Determining Optimal Temperature Combination for Effective Pretreatment and Anaerobic Digestion of Corn Stalk. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(13):8027. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138027
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Juan, Xiujin Li, Akiber Chufo Wachemo, Weiwei Chen, and Xiaoyu Zuo. 2022. "Determining Optimal Temperature Combination for Effective Pretreatment and Anaerobic Digestion of Corn Stalk" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13: 8027. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138027