Seroprevalence Rates against West Nile, Usutu, and Tick-Borne Encephalitis Viruses in Blood-Donors from North-Western Romania
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection
2.2. Ethical Statement
2.3. Serological Analysis
2.3.1. ELISA
2.3.2. Serum-Neutralization Tests
WNV
TBEV
USUV
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Group
3.2. ELISA
3.3. SNT
3.4. WNV
3.5. TBEV
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | % (n; 95% CI) | |
---|---|---|
Gender | Males | 66.2 (794; 63.4–68.8) |
Females | 33.8 (406; 31.2–36.6) | |
Age category | Young adults | 47.4 (569; 44.6–50.3) |
Middle-aged | 48.4 (581; 45.6–51.2) | |
Old adults | 4.2 (50; 3.2–5.5) | |
Education level | Higher | 45.1 (541; 42.3–47.9) |
Secondary | 54.9 (659; 52.1–57.7) | |
Activities | Outdoor | 11.9 (143; 10.2–13.9) |
Indoor | 88.1 (1057; 86.1–89.8) | |
Environment | Urban | 67.4 (809; 64.7–70.0) |
Rural | 32.6 (391; 30.0–35.3) |
ELISA | TBE | ||
---|---|---|---|
WNV | Positive | Equivocal | Negative |
% (n; 95% CI) | |||
Positive | 2.2 (26; 1.5–3.2) | 0.4 (5; 0.2–1.0) | 0.7 (8; 0.3–1.3) |
Equivocal | 0.0 | 0.1 (1; 0.1–0.5) | 0.2 (2; 0.1–0.6) |
Negative | 0.2 (2; 0.1–0.6) | 0.8 (10; 0.5–1.5) | 95.5 (1146; 94.2–96.5) |
Variables | WNV | TBEV | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
% (+/n; 95% CI) | p | % (+/n; 95% CI) | p | |
Gender | ||||
Females | 1.5 (6/406; 0.7–3.2) | 0.0267 | 0 (0/406) | 0.4743 |
Males | 4.0 (32/794; 2.9–5.6) | 0.1 (1/794; 0.1–0.7) | ||
Environment | ||||
Urban | 2.7 (22/809; 1.8–4.1) | 0.2727 | 0 (0/809) | 0.7100 |
Rural | 4.1 (16/391; 2.5–6.5) | 0.3 (1/391; 0.1–1.4) | ||
Education | ||||
Higher | 1.9 (10/541; 1.1–3.4) | 0.0280 | 0 (0/541) | 0.3647 |
Secondary | 4.3 (28/659; 3.0–6.1) | 0.2 (1/659; 0.1–0.9) | ||
Activities | ||||
Outdoor | 4.9 (7/143; 2.0–9.8) | 0.3157 | 0 (0/143) | 0.7128 |
Indoor | 2.9 (31/1057; 212–4.1) | 0.1 (1/1057; 1.5–3.4) | ||
Age group | ||||
Young adults | 2.8 (16/569; 1.7–4.5) | 0.4578 | 0 (0/569) | 0.5868 |
Middle-aged | 3.3 (19/581; 2.1–5.1) | 0.2 (1/581; 1.3–3.8) | ||
Old adults | 6.0 (3/50; 1.3–16.6) | 0 (0/50) | ||
Total | 3.2 (38/1200; 2.3–4.3) | 0.1 (1/1200; 0.0–0.5) |
Age Group | Gender | WNV | TBEV | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
% (+/n; 95% CI) | p | % (+/n; 95% CI) | p | ||
Young adults | Males | 2.9 (11/384; 1.6–5.1) | 1.000 | 0.0 (0/384) | 1.000 |
Females | 2.7 (5/185; 0.9–6. 2) | 0.0 (0/185) | |||
Total | 2.8 (16/569; 1.7–4.5) | 0.0 (0/569) | |||
Middle-aged | Males | 4.8 (18/373; 3.1–7.5) | 0.0098 | 0.3 (1/373; 0.1–1.5) | 1.000 |
Females | 0.5 (1/208; 0.1–2.7) | 0.0 (0/208) | |||
Total | 3.3 (19/581; 2.1–5.1) | 0.2 (1/581; 0.1–1.0) | |||
Old adults | Males | 8.1 (3/37; 1.7–21.9) | 0.7038 | 0.0 (0/37) | 1.000 |
Females | 0 (0/13) | 0.0 (0/13) | |||
Total | 6.0 (3/50; 1.3–16.6) | 0.0 (0/50) | |||
Total | 3.2 (38/1200; 2.3–4.3) | 0.4578 | 0.1 (1/1200; 0.1–0.5) | 0.5868 |
County | Age Group | WNV | TBEV | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
% (+/n; 95% CI) | p | % (+/n; 95% CI) | p | ||
Alba | Young | 4.5 (4/89; 1.2–11.1) | 0.7294 | 0.0 (0/89) | 1.0000 |
Middle | 2.9 (3/104; 0.6–8.2) | 0.0 (0/104) | |||
Old | 0.0 (0/7) | 0.0 (0/7) | |||
Total | 3.5 (7/200; 1.4–7.1) | 0.0 (0/200) | |||
Bistrița-Năsăud | Young | 1.2 (1/87; 0.1–6.2) | 0.9627 | 0.0 (0/87) | 1.0000 |
Middle | 0.9 (1/108; 0.1–5.1) | 0.0 (1/108) | |||
Old | 0.0 (0/5) | 0.0 (0/5) | |||
Total | 1.0 (2/200; 0.1–3.6) | 0.0 (0/200) | |||
Cluj | Young | 0.7 (1/139; 0.1–3.9) | 0.8021 | 0.0 (0/139) | 1.0000 |
Middle | 0.0 (0/57) | 0.0 (0/57) | |||
Old | 0.0 (0/4) | 0.0 (0/4) | |||
Total | 0.5 (1/200; 0.1–2.8) | 0.0 (0/200) | |||
Maramureș | Young | 2.0 (2/100; 0.2–7.0) | 0.8022 | 0.0 (0/100) | 1.000 |
Middle | 3.2 (3/94; 0.7–9.0) | 0.0 (0/94) | |||
Old | 0.0 (0/6) | 0.0 (0/6) | |||
Total | 2.5 (5/200; 0.8–5.7) | 0.0 (0/200) | |||
Satu-Mare | Young | 11.3 (7/62; 4.7–21. 9) | 0.7743 | 0.0 (0/62) | 0.7001 |
Middle | 9.4 (11/117; 4.8–16.2) | 0.9 (1/117; 0.1–4.7) | |||
Old | 14.3 (3/21; 3.1–36.3) | 0.0 (0/21) | |||
Total | 10.5 (21/200; 6.6–15.6) | 0.5 (1/200; 0.1–2.8) | |||
Sălaj | Young | 1.1 (1/92; 0.1–5.9) | 0.9618 | 0.0 (0/92) | 1.0000 |
Middle | 1.0 (1/101; 0.1–5.4) | 0.0 (0/101) | |||
Old | 0.0 (0/7) | 0.0 (0/7) | |||
Total | 1. 0 (2/200; 0.1–3.6) | 0.0 (0/200) | |||
Total | 3.2 (38/1200; 2.3–4.3) | 0.1 (1/1200; 0.1–0.5) |
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Coroian, M.; Mihalca, A.D.; Dobler, G.; Euringer, K.; Girl, P.; Borșan, S.-D.; Kalmár, Z.; Tincuța Briciu, V.; Flonta, M.; Topan, A.; et al. Seroprevalence Rates against West Nile, Usutu, and Tick-Borne Encephalitis Viruses in Blood-Donors from North-Western Romania. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 8182. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138182
Coroian M, Mihalca AD, Dobler G, Euringer K, Girl P, Borșan S-D, Kalmár Z, Tincuța Briciu V, Flonta M, Topan A, et al. Seroprevalence Rates against West Nile, Usutu, and Tick-Borne Encephalitis Viruses in Blood-Donors from North-Western Romania. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(13):8182. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138182
Chicago/Turabian StyleCoroian, Mircea, Andrei Daniel Mihalca, Gerhard Dobler, Kathrin Euringer, Philipp Girl, Silvia-Diana Borșan, Zsuzsa Kalmár, Violeta Tincuța Briciu, Mirela Flonta, Adriana Topan, and et al. 2022. "Seroprevalence Rates against West Nile, Usutu, and Tick-Borne Encephalitis Viruses in Blood-Donors from North-Western Romania" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13: 8182. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138182