Patterns of Alcohol Consumption and Associated Factors in a Population-Based Sample of 70-Year-Olds: Data from the Gothenburg H70 Birth Cohort Study 2014–16
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Alcohol Variables
2.2.2. Independent Variables
Measure | Instrument, Scale or System Used for Classification | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|
Physical health | Self-reported general health | The 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) | [23] |
Physical Component Score | The 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) | [26] | |
Electrocardiography | The Minnesota Code Classification System | [27] | |
Functional independence | Activities of Daily Living (ADL) | The Barthel ADL Index | [28] |
Instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) | The Lawton IADL Scale | [29] | |
Burden of disease | Burden of illness | Cumulative Illness Rating Scale for Geriatrics (CIRS-G) | [30] |
Mental health | Cognitive function | Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) | [31] |
Anxiety | The Brief Scale for Anxiety (BSA) | [32] | |
Depressive symptoms | The Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) | [33] | |
Mental Component Score | The 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) | [26] | |
Minor depression disorder | The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (DSM-IV-TR) | [24] | |
Major depression disorder | The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. (DSM-5) | [25] | |
Personality | Extroversion | The Eysenck Personality Inventory | [34] |
Neuroticism | The Eysenck Personality Inventory | [34] |
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Factors Associated with Different Alcohol Consumption Levels
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Type | Value | Variable | Type | Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic factors | Physical health cont. | ||||
Education a | Categorical | ≤Primary *, Secondary, Higher | Medications a | Continuous | Number of medications |
Income a | Categorical | <Sample median, ≥Sample median * | Stroke a,* | Categorical | No *, Yes |
Employed a | Categorical | No *, Yes | Hypertension a,* | Categorical | No *, Yes |
Born in Sweden a | Categorical | No, Yes * | Angina pectoris a,* | Categorical | No *, Yes |
Special housing b | Categorical | No *, Yes | Myocardial infarction a,* | Categorical | No *, Yes |
Having partner a | Categorical | No *, Yes | Diabetes a,* | Categorical | No *, Yes |
Happy relationship a | Categorical | No *, Yes | Liver disease a,* | Categorical | No *, Yes |
Living alone a | Categorical | No *, Yes | Cancer (any) a,* | Categorical | No *, Yes |
Having children a | Categorical | No *, Yes | Hip or femoral fracture preceding 10 years a | Categorical | No *, Yes |
Having grandchildren a | Categorical | No *, Yes | Have fallen preceding 1 year a | Categorical | No *, Yes |
Loss of partner due to death or divorce a | Categorical | No *, Yes, more than 5 years ago, Yes, 0–5 years ago | Home care ≥1/week a | Categorical | No *, Yes |
Lost relatives or friends due to death a | Categorical | No *, Yes, more than 5 years ago, Yes, 0–5 years ago | Hospitalization preceding 10 years a | Categorical | No *, Yes |
Having ≥ 1 confidant a | Categorical | No, Yes * | Hospital admitted head injury a | Categorical | No *, Yes |
Feeling alone a | Categorical | No *, Yes | Health care in preceding y a | Categorical | No *, Yes |
Financial standard during childhood a | Categorical | Very good/Good *, Average or Poor/Very poor | Physical performance | ||
Unhappy childhood a | Categorical | No *, Yes | Grip strength c | Continuous | Kilogram |
Parent having alcohol problem a | Categorical | No *, Yes | Gait speed c | Continuous | meter/second |
Being religious a | Categorical | No *, Yes/Undecided | ECG abnormalities c | Categorical | 1 = No, 2 = Yes |
Smoking status a | Categorical | Never-smoker *, Ever-smoker (i.e., past and current) | FEV1/FVC ratio (FEV%) c | Continuous | Volume first second/Liters |
Physically active a | Categorical | Never, ≥1 times/month * | Body Mass Index (unhealthy weight) c | Continuous | No, BMI ≤ 30, Yes, BMI ≥ 31 |
Overall satisfaction with sleep a | Categorical | Dissatisfied, Satisfied * | Mental health | ||
Alcohol-related injuries to others a | Categorical | No *, Yes | Mini Mental State Examination score c | Continuous | 0 to 30 (maximum score) |
Others concern about drinking a | Categorical | No *, Yes | Mental Component Summary score e | Continuous | 0 (Poor) to 100 (Highest) |
Physical health | Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating score e | Continuous | 0 to 60 (greater symptom burden) | ||
Life satisfaction a | Continuous | 1 (Completely satisfied) to 7 (Dissatisfied) | Brief Scale of Anxiety e | Continuous | 0 to 60 (greater symptom burden) |
General self-rated health a | Continuous | 1 (Excellent) to 5 (Poor) | Minor depression f | Categorical | No *, Yes |
Physical Component Summary score e | Continuous | 0 (Poor) to 100 (Highest) | Major depression f | Categorical | No *, Yes |
Activities of Daily Living score d | Continuous | 0 (Lowest) to 8 (Highest) | Personality traits | ||
Instrumental Activities of Daily Living score d | Continuous | 0 (Lowest) to 8 (Highest) | Neuroticism score e | Continuous | 0 to 24 (maximum score) |
CIRS-G score d | Continuous | 0 (Lowest) to 56 (Highest) | Extroversion score e | Continuous | 0 to 24 (maximum score) |
All | Men | Women | Sex Difference | |
---|---|---|---|---|
% (no. of cases/total sample) | 100.0 (1156) | 46.6 (539/1156) | 53.4 (617/1156) | |
p-value a | ||||
Education | 0.012 * | |||
Primary education | 14.3 (165/1154) | 16.7 (90/539) | 12.2 (75/615) | |
Secondary education | 39.4 (455/1154) | 28.8 (155/539) | 48.8 (300/615) | |
Higher education | 46.3 (534/1154) | 54.5 (294/539) | 39.0 (240/615) | |
Monthly income SEK, median (min, max) | 14,000 (1300, 100,000) | 16,915 (3795, 100,000) | 12,000 (1300, 50,000) | <0.001 * |
Employed | 21.6 (248/1147) | 23.4 (125/534) | 20.1 (123/613) | 0.170 |
Born in Sweden | 85.3 (983/1153) | 83.3 (449/539) | 87.0 (534/614) | 0.080 |
Special housing | 1.4 (16/1145) | 1.3 (7/538) | 1.5 (9/607) | 0.794 |
Having partner | 73.3 (846/1154) | 83.7 (451/539) | 64.2 (395/615) | <0.001 * |
Living alone | 36.0 (416/1154) | 27.6 (149/539) | 43.4 (267/615) | <0.001 * |
Being religious | 24.7 (273/1104) | 20.9 (107/511) | 28.0 (166/593) | <0.001 * |
Smoking | 0.053 | |||
Never-smoker | 38.1 (440/1155) | 37.0 (199/538) | 39.1 (241/617) | |
Current smoker | 8.9 (103/1155) | 7.1 (38/538) | 10.5 (65/617) | |
Past smoker | 53.0 (612/1155) | 55.9 (301/538) | 50.4 (311/617) | |
Alcohol consumption level | <0.001 * | |||
Lifetime abstainer | 2.8 (32/1156) | 1.9 (10/539) | 3.6 (22/617) | |
Former drinker | 2.8 (32/1156) | 2.6 (14/539) | 2.9 (18/617) | |
Moderate drinker (≤98 g/week) | 64.4 (745/1156) | 52.5 (283/539) | 74.9 (462/617) | |
At-risk drinker (>98 g/week) | 30.0 (347/1156) | 43.0 (232/539) | 18.6 (115/617) |
Moderate Consumption a | Lifetime Abstention | Former Drinking | At-Risk Consumption b | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | p | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | p | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | p | |
Secondary education | 1.00 (reference) | 1.14 | 0.40–3.22 | 0.801 | 0.64 | 0.26–1.61 | 0.344 | 1.58 | 1.01–2.46 | 0.045 * |
Higher education | 1.00 (reference) | 0.79 | 0.27–2.33 | 0.670 | 0.49 | 0.19–1.26 | 0.139 | 1.99 | 1.30–3.04 | 0.002 * |
Income < median | 1.00 (reference) | 2.86 | 1.14–7.17 | 0.026 * | 4.33 | 1.33–14.12 | 0.015 * | 0.57 | 0.42–0.78 | 0.001 * |
Born outside Sweden | 1.00 (reference) | 2.16 | 0.97–4.81 | 0.059 | 3.75 | 1.78–7.90 | 0.001 * | 0.42 | 0.27–0.65 | <0.001 * |
Having partner | 1.00 (reference) | 0.99 | 0.46–2.16 | 0.982 | 0.50 | 0.24–1.05 | 0.066 | 1.48 | 1.06–2.05 | 0.021 * |
Lost partner >5 years | 1.00 (reference) | 0.65 | 0.29–1.45 | 0.292 | 2.09 | 1.00–4.40 | 0.051 | 1.46 | 1.11–1.93 | 0.008 * |
Lost relatives or friends preceding 5 years | 1.00 (reference) | 0.35 | 0.14–0.85 | 0.021 * | 1.07 | 0.40–2.88 | 0.892 | 0.97 | 0.70–1.35 | 0.872 |
Alcohol-related injuries to others | 1.00 (reference) | n.a. | 12.66 | 2.30–69.83 | 0.004 * | 2.52 | 0.75–8.39 | 0.133 | ||
Unhappy childhood | 1.00 (reference) | 0.62 | 0.19–2.08 | 0.438 | 3.61 | 1.67–7.84 | 0.001 * | 1.24 | 0.85–1.83 | 0.268 |
Being religious | 1.00 (reference) | 4.19 | 1.99–8.79 | <0.001 * | 2.13 | 0.95–4.79 | 0.066 | 0.47 | 0.33–0.67 | <0.001 * |
Ever-smoker | 1.00 (reference) | 0.10 | 0.04–0.29 | <0.001 * | 3.79 | 1.44–9.94 | 0.007 * | 1.76 | 1.32–2.33 | <0.001 * |
Physically inactive | 1.00 (reference) | 2.50 | 1.19–5.26 | 0.016 * | 2.36 | 1.08–5.19 | 0.032 * | 0.86 | 0.67–1.13 | 0.291 |
Dissatisfied with sleep | 1.00 (reference) | 0.73 | 0.17–3.11 | 0.666 | 4.08 | 1.73–9.59 | 0.001 * | 0.77 | 0.46–1.30 | 0.332 |
Others concern about drinking | 1.00 (reference) | n.a. | 3.39 | 0.73–15.70 | 0.118 | 4.48 | 2.39–8.39 | <0.001 * | ||
Poor financial standard during childhood | 1.00 (reference) | 1.38 | 0.61–3.13 | 0.435 | 1.65 | 0.70–3.86 | 0.251 | 0.65 | 0.50–0.86 | 0.003 * |
Life satisfaction | 1.00 (reference) | 1.08 | 0.82–1.42 | 0.566 | 1.39 | 1.10–1.76 | 0.005 * | 0.89 | 0.79–1.00 | 0.051 |
General self-rated health | 1.00 (reference) | 1.20 | 0.82–1.77 | 0.347 | 1.65 | 1.08–2.51 | 0.020 * | 0.92 | 0.79–1.06 | 0.238 |
Physical Component Summary score | 1.00 (reference) | 0.99 | 0.95–1.02 | 0.408 | 0.94 | 0.91–0.97 | <0.001 * | 1.00 | 0.99–1.02 | 0.850 |
CIRS-G score | 1.00 (reference) | 1.02 | 0.93–1.11 | 0.715 | 1.16 | 1.07–1.27 | <0.001 * | 1.02 | 0.99–1.06 | 0.205 |
Medications | 1.00 (reference) | 0.97 | 0.88–1.08 | 0.624 | 1.18 | 1.09–1.27 | <0.001 * | 1.01 | 0.97–1.05 | 0.751 |
Hypertension | 1.00 (reference) | 0.90 | 0.44–1.83 | 0.760 | 2.20 | 1.05–4.63 | 0.038 * | 1.29 | 0.99–1.68 | 0.063 |
Diabetes | 1.00 (reference) | 0.84 | 0.25–2.84 | 0.784 | 1.77 | 0.71–4.44 | 0.224 | 0.49 | 0.30–0.80 | 0.004 * |
Hospitalization preceding 10 years | 1.00 (reference) | 0.75 | 0.36–1.55 | 0.431 | 4.41 | 1.78–10.95 | 0.001 * | 1.06 | 0.81–1.38 | 0.686 |
Health care in preceding year | 1.00 (reference) | 0.27 | 0.11–0.65 | 0.004 * | 2.23 | 0.30–16.68 | 0.436 | 0.65 | 0.41–1.04 | 0.070 |
Hospital admitted head injury | 1.00 (reference) | 0.47 | 0.11–2.00 | 0.306 | 3.04 | 1.39–6.65 | 0.005 * | 1.01 | 0.97–1.05 | 0.813 |
Grip strength | 1.00 (reference) | 1.01 | 0.99–1.04 | 0.353 | 0.96 | 0.94–0.98 | <0.001 * | 1.01 | 1.00–1.02 | 0.116 |
Self-selected gait speed (m/s) | 1.00 (reference) | 0.85 | 0.08–9.09 | 0.896 | 3.28 | 1.06–10.19 | 0.040 * | 0.67 | 0.25–1.81 | 0.434 |
Body Mass Index ≥ 31 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.70 | 0.23–2.64 | 0.698 | 2.58 | 1.12–5.95 | 0.026 * | 1.08 | 0.72–1.62 | 0.728 |
Mini Mental State Examination score | 1.00 (reference) | 0.95 | 0.73–1.23 | 0.672 | 1.08 | 0.79–1.47 | 0.639 | 1.15 | 1.03–1.28 | 0.016 * |
Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating score | 1.00 (reference) | 1.04 | 0.98–1.10 | 0.162 | 1.06 | 1.01–1.12 | 0.032 * | 1.02 | 0.99–1.04 | 0.249 |
Minor depression | 1.00 (reference) | 2.82 | 1.03–7.75 | 0.044 * | 3.11 | 1.13–8.56 | 0.028 * | 1.24 | 0.71–2.17 | 0.449 |
Moderate Consumption a | Lower At-Risk Consumption b | Medium At-Risk Consumption c | Higher At-Risk Consumption d | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | p | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | p | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | p | |
Secondary education | 1.00 (reference) | 1.36 | (0.82–2.26) | 0.240 | 3.06 | (1.23–7.60) | 0.016 * | 1.06 | (0.34–3.31) | 0.923 |
Higher education | 1.00 (reference) | 1.85 | (1.14–2.99) | 0.012 * | 3.20 | (1.33–7.75) | 0.010 * | 0.87 | (0.30–2.57) | 0.806 |
Income below median | 1.00 (reference) | 0.65 | (0.45–0.92) | 0.016 * | 0.31 | (0.16–0.59) | <0.001 * | 1.05 | (0.42–2.61) | 0.919 |
Born outside Sweden | 1.00 (reference) | 0.39 | (0.23–0.67) | 0.001 * | 0.25 | (0.10–0.63) | 0.004 * | 1.55 | (0.63–3.82) | 0.346 |
Having partner | 1.00 (reference) | 1.67 | (1.13–2.47) | 0.010 * | 1.02 | (0.60–1.74) | 00.94 | 2.06 | (0.60–7.10) | 0.251 |
Living alone | 1.00 (reference) | 0.66 | (0.47–0.92) | 0.014 * | 1.30 | (0.82–2.07) | 00.26 | 0.52 | (0.19–1.40) | 0.195 |
Lost partner preceding 5 years | 1.00 (reference) | 0.89 | (0.43–1.84) | 0.754 | 1.76 | (0.72–4.30) | 0.217 | 16.40 | (2.11–127.27) | 0.007 * |
Lost partner >5 years | 1.00 (reference) | 1.41 | (1.03–1.94) | 0.032 * | 1.43 | (0.89–2.23) | 0.136 | 1.91 | (0.86–4.26) | 0.113 |
Poor financial standard during childhood | 1.00 (reference) | 0.69 | (0.50–0.94) | 0.019 * | 0.67 | (0.42–1.05) | 0.080 | 0.44 | (0.20–0.98) | 0.046 * |
Being religious | 1.00 (reference) | 0.50 | (0.33–0.74) | 0.001 * | 0.44 | (0.23–0.83) | 0.012 * | 0.38 | (0.11–1.28) | 0.117 |
Ever-smoker | 1.00 (reference) | 1.55 | (1.13–2.14) | 0.007 * | 2.29 | (1.36–3.84) | 0.002 * | 2.34 | (0.92–5.97) | 0.074 |
Others concern about drinking | 1.00 (reference) | 3.33 | (1.63–6.80) | 0.001 * | 5.54 | (2.43–12.63) | <0.001 * | 9.68 | (3.23–29.01) | <0.001 * |
Life satisfaction | 1.00 (reference) | 0.82 | (0.71–0.95) | 0.009 * | 1.05 | (0.88–1.25) | 0.577 | 0.85 | (0.59–1.24) | 0.398 |
CIRS-G score | 1.00 (reference) | 0.99 | (0.85–1.03) | 0.721 | 1.07 | (1.01–1.13) | 0.018 * | 1.10 | (1.00–1.21) | 0.043 * |
Myocardial infarction | 1.00 (reference) | 0.28 | (0.10–0.79) | 0.016 * | 1.45 | (0.66–3.19) | 0.351 | 1.04 | (0.23–4.67) | 0.957 |
Diabetes | 1.00 (reference) | 0.48 | (0.27–0.86) | 0.013 * | 0.45 | (0.19–1.08) | 0.075 | 0.80 | (0.23–2.76) | 0.722 |
Liver disease | 1.00 (reference) | 0.17 | (0.02–1.31) | 0.089 | 1.346 | (0.38–4.79) | 0.646 | 11.41 | (3.48–37.37) | <0.001 * |
Healthcare in preceding year | 1.00 (reference) | 0.69 | (0.40–1.17) | 0.167 | 0.68 | (0.31–1.46) | 0.318 | 0.32 | (0.11–0.92) | 0.035 * |
Grip strength | 1.00 (reference) | 1.01 | (1.00–1.02) | 0.011 * | 0.99 | (0.98–1.01) | 0.290 | 1.01 | (0.98–1.03) | 0.738 |
Mini Mental State Examination score | 1.00 (reference) | 1.18 | (1.03–1.34) | 0.015 * | 1.17 | (0.96–1.42) | 0.119 | 0.89 | (0.69–1.15) | 0.365 |
Minor depression | 1.00 (reference) | 0.84 | (0.41–1.73) | 0.638 | 1.77 | (0.75–4.21) | 0.196 | 4.57 | (1.40–14.95) | 0.012 * |
Lifetime Abstention | Former Drinking | At-Risk Consumption a | Former Drinking | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | p | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | p | ||
Secondary education | 1.00 (reference) | 0.52 | (0.14–2.01) | 0.344 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.40 | (0.15–1.08) | 0.070 |
Higher education | 1.00 (reference) | 0.53 | (0.12–2.24) | 0.384 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.24 | (0.09–0.64) | 0.005 * |
Income below median | 1.00 (reference) | 1.43 | (0.33–6.29) | 0.633 | 1.00 (reference) | 7.25 | (2.22–23.65) | 0.001 * |
Born outside Sweden | 1.00 (reference) | 2.00 | (0.68–5.86) | 0.205 | 1.00 (reference) | 8.78 | (3.79–20.35) | 0.000 * |
Having partner | 1.00 (reference) | 0.50 | (0.17–1.46) | 0.205 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.34 | (0.16–0.72) | 0.005 * |
Living alone | 1.00 (reference) | 2.35 | (0.84–6.58) | 0.105 | 1.00 (reference) | 2.45 | (1.16–5.15) | 0.018 * |
Lost partner >5 years | 1.00 (reference) | 3.22 | (1.09–9.51) | 0.034 * | 1.00 (reference) | 1.41 | (0.66–3.04) | 0.377 |
Poor financial standard during childhood | 1.00 (reference) | 1.35 | (0.41–4.46) | 0.621 | 1.00 (reference) | 2.51 | (1.05–6.01) | 0.038 * |
Unhappy childhood | 1.00 (reference) | 6.20 | (1.47–26.13) | 0.013 * | 1.00 (reference) | 2.83 | (1.26–6.39) | 0.012 * |
Being religious | 1.00 (reference) | 0.55 | (0.18–1.64) | 0.282 | 1.00 (reference) | 4.42 | (1.89–10.37) | 0.001 * |
Ever-smoker | 1.00 (reference) | 43.43 | (9.62–196.12) | <0.001 * | 1.00 (reference) | 2.11 | (0.78–5.66) | 0.139 |
Physically inactive | 1.00 (reference) | 1.15 | (0.37–3.56) | 0.805 | 1.00 (reference) | 2.66 | (1.19–5.97) | 0.017 * |
Dissatisfied with sleep | 1.00 (reference) | 5.42 | (1.02–28.82) | 0.048 * | 1.00 (reference) | 4.87 | (1.90–12.48) | 0.001 * |
Life satisfaction | 1.00 (reference) | 1.31 | (0.91–1.90) | 0.152 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.56 | (1.21–2.01) | 0.001 * |
General self-rated health | 1.00 (reference) | 1.38 | (0.78–2.42) | 0.267 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.79 | (1.17–2.75) | 0.008 * |
Physical Component Summary score | 1.00 (reference) | 0.95 | (0.90–1.00) | 0.031 * | 1.00 (reference) | 0.93 | (0.90–0.97) | <0.001 * |
Activities of Daily Living score | 1.00 (reference) | 0.96 | (0.88–1.04) | 0.323 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.91 | (0.85–0.97) | 0.004 * |
CIRS-G score | 1.00 (reference) | 1.13 | (1.00–1.27) | 0.044 * | 1.00 (reference) | 1.15 | (1.05–1.26) | 0.004 * |
Medications | 1.00 (reference) | 1.23 | (1.06–1.42) | 0.005 * | 1.00 (reference) | 1.22 | (1.11–1.34) | 0.000 * |
Angina pectoris | 1.00 (reference) | 3.05 | (0.30–31.45) | 0.350 | 1.00 (reference) | 6.50 | (1.43–29.61) | 0.015 * |
Diabetes | 1.00 (reference) | 2.33 | (0.52–10.40) | 0.270 | 1.00 (reference) | 3.56 | (1.30–9.76) | 0.013 * |
Hospitalization preceding 10 y | 1.00 (reference) | 6.00 | (1.92–18.78) | 0.002 * | 1.00 (reference) | 3.80 | (1.51–9.60) | 0.005 * |
Hospital admitted head injury | 1.00 (reference) | 6.41 | (1.22–33.55) | 0.028 * | 1.00 (reference) | 3.08 | (1.35–7.05) | 0.008 * |
Grip strength | 1.00 (reference) | 0.96 | (0.92–0.99) | 0.025 * | 1.00 (reference) | 0.94 | (0.91–0.97) | <0.001 * |
Self-selected gait speed | 1.00 (reference) | 2241.05 | (5.84–860659.48) | 0.011 * | 1.00 (reference) | 48.14 | (4.85–477.34) | 0.001 * |
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Ahlner, F.; Falk Erhag, H.; Johansson, L.; Mellqvist Fässberg, M.; Rydberg Sterner, T.; Samuelsson, J.; Zettergren, A.; Waern, M.; Skoog, I. Patterns of Alcohol Consumption and Associated Factors in a Population-Based Sample of 70-Year-Olds: Data from the Gothenburg H70 Birth Cohort Study 2014–16. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 8248. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148248
Ahlner F, Falk Erhag H, Johansson L, Mellqvist Fässberg M, Rydberg Sterner T, Samuelsson J, Zettergren A, Waern M, Skoog I. Patterns of Alcohol Consumption and Associated Factors in a Population-Based Sample of 70-Year-Olds: Data from the Gothenburg H70 Birth Cohort Study 2014–16. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(14):8248. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148248
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhlner, Felicia, Hanna Falk Erhag, Lena Johansson, Madeleine Mellqvist Fässberg, Therese Rydberg Sterner, Jessica Samuelsson, Anna Zettergren, Margda Waern, and Ingmar Skoog. 2022. "Patterns of Alcohol Consumption and Associated Factors in a Population-Based Sample of 70-Year-Olds: Data from the Gothenburg H70 Birth Cohort Study 2014–16" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 14: 8248. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148248