Underestimation of Radiation Doses by Compliance of Wearing Dosimeters among Fluoroscopically-Guided Interventional Medical Workers in Korea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Questionnaire
2.3. Dosimetry Data
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics 1 | Total | Compliance of Badge Wearing | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
100% | 75–99% | 25–74% | <25% | |||||||
N | % 2 | N | % 3 | N | % 3 | N | % 3 | N | % 3 | |
Total | 989 | 100.0 | 521 | 52.7 | 167 | 16.9 | 136 | 13.8 | 165 | 16.7 |
Sex | ||||||||||
Male | 726 | 73.4 | 374 | 51.5 | 129 | 17.8 | 97 | 13.4 | 126 | 17.4 |
Female | 263 | 26.6 | 147 | 55.9 | 38 | 14.4 | 39 | 14.8 | 39 | 14.8 |
Age (years) | ||||||||||
<30 | 73 | 7.4 | 41 | 56.2 | 14 | 19.2 | 7 | 9.6 | 11 | 15.1 |
30–34 | 153 | 15.5 | 83 | 54.2 | 25 | 16.3 | 16 | 10.5 | 29 | 19.0 |
35–39 | 214 | 21.6 | 103 | 48.1 | 41 | 19.2 | 30 | 14.0 | 40 | 18.7 |
40–44 | 238 | 24.1 | 125 | 52.5 | 43 | 18.1 | 36 | 15.1 | 34 | 14.3 |
45–49 | 125 | 12.6 | 73 | 58.4 | 18 | 14.4 | 15 | 12.0 | 19 | 15.2 |
≥50 | 186 | 18.8 | 96 | 51.6 | 26 | 14.0 | 32 | 17.2 | 32 | 17.2 |
Type of medical facility | ||||||||||
General hospitals | 851 | 86.0 | 439 | 51.6 | 140 | 16.5 | 121 | 14.2 | 151 | 17.7 |
Others | 138 | 14.0 | 82 | 59.4 | 27 | 19.6 | 15 | 10.9 | 14 | 10.1 |
Occupation | ||||||||||
Technologists | 469 | 47.4 | 271 | 57.8 | 71 | 15.1 | 52 | 11.1 | 75 | 16.0 |
Doctors | 274 | 27.7 | 122 | 44.5 | 52 | 19.0 | 53 | 19.3 | 47 | 17.2 |
Nurses | 246 | 24.9 | 128 | 52.0 | 44 | 17.9 | 31 | 12.6 | 43 | 17.5 |
Specialty | ||||||||||
Radiology | 558 | 56.4 | 317 | 56.8 | 92 | 16.5 | 59 | 10.6 | 90 | 16.1 |
Cardiology | 207 | 20.9 | 108 | 52.2 | 27 | 13.0 | 37 | 17.9 | 35 | 16.9 |
Others | 224 | 22.6 | 96 | 42.9 | 48 | 21.4 | 40 | 17.9 | 40 | 17.9 |
Calendar year of beginning work | ||||||||||
<2010 | 326 | 33.0 | 179 | 54.9 | 48 | 14.7 | 48 | 14.7 | 51 | 15.6 |
2010–2014 | 233 | 23.6 | 119 | 51.1 | 35 | 15.0 | 39 | 16.7 | 40 | 17.2 |
≥2015 | 430 | 43.5 | 223 | 51.9 | 84 | 19.5 | 49 | 11.4 | 74 | 17.2 |
Duration of employment (years) | ||||||||||
<5 | 369 | 37.3 | 193 | 52.3 | 77 | 20.9 | 38 | 10.3 | 61 | 16.5 |
5–9 | 275 | 27.8 | 152 | 55.3 | 38 | 13.8 | 44 | 16.0 | 41 | 14.9 |
≥10 | 345 | 34.9 | 176 | 51.0 | 52 | 15.1 | 54 | 15.7 | 63 | 18.3 |
Number of days performing interventional fluoroscopy per month | ||||||||||
<10 | 132 | 13.3 | 66 | 50.0 | 24 | 18.2 | 18 | 13.6 | 24 | 18.2 |
10–19 | 178 | 18.0 | 90 | 50.6 | 29 | 16.3 | 31 | 17.4 | 28 | 15.7 |
≥20 | 567 | 57.3 | 307 | 54.1 | 89 | 15.7 | 74 | 13.1 | 97 | 17.1 |
Frequency of performing interventional fluoroscopy per week | ||||||||||
<10 | 245 | 24.8 | 118 | 48.2 | 42 | 17.1 | 41 | 16.7 | 44 | 18.0 |
10–29 | 279 | 28.2 | 138 | 49.5 | 52 | 18.6 | 44 | 15.8 | 45 | 16.1 |
≥30 | 346 | 35.0 | 202 | 58.4 | 49 | 14.2 | 36 | 10.4 | 59 | 17.1 |
Proportion of interventional fluoroscopy procedures performed during their practice | ||||||||||
100% | 296 | 29.9 | 181 | 61.1 | 37 | 12.5 | 28 | 9.5 | 50 | 16.9 |
75–99% | 199 | 20.1 | 101 | 50.8 | 41 | 20.6 | 25 | 12.6 | 32 | 16.1 |
50–74% | 146 | 14.8 | 78 | 53.4 | 20 | 13.7 | 21 | 14.4 | 27 | 18.5 |
25–49% | 125 | 12.6 | 51 | 40.8 | 22 | 17.6 | 35 | 28.0 | 17 | 13.6 |
<25% | 112 | 11.3 | 53 | 47.3 | 22 | 19.6 | 15 | 13.4 | 22 | 19.6 |
Wearing a lead apron | ||||||||||
Always | 926 | 93.6 | 500 | 54.0 | 145 | 15.7 | 128 | 13.8 | 153 | 16.5 |
Not always | 63 | 6.4 | 21 | 33.3 | 22 | 34.9 | 8 | 12.7 | 12 | 19.0 |
Wearing a thyroid shield | ||||||||||
Always | 818 | 82.7 | 447 | 54.6 | 124 | 15.2 | 112 | 13.7 | 135 | 16.5 |
Not always | 171 | 17.3 | 74 | 43.3 | 43 | 25.1 | 24 | 14.0 | 30 | 17.5 |
Wearing a goggle shield | ||||||||||
Always | 215 | 21.7 | 132 | 61.4 | 30 | 14.0 | 25 | 11.6 | 28 | 13.0 |
Not always | 774 | 78.3 | 389 | 50.3 | 137 | 17.7 | 111 | 14.3 | 137 | 17.7 |
Wearing a glove shield | ||||||||||
Ever | 146 | 14.8 | 81 | 55.5 | 33 | 22.6 | 18 | 12.3 | 14 | 9.6 |
Never | 843 | 85.2 | 440 | 52.2 | 134 | 15.9 | 118 | 14.0 | 151 | 17.9 |
Dosimeter Wearing Compliance | Number | NDR (mSv) (Mean ± SD) | Adjusted Dose (mSv) (Mean ± SD) | Difference (mSv) (Mean ± SD) | % Increases |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 989 | 0.95 ± 1.33 | 1.79 ± 3.34 | 0.85 ± 2.83 | 89.4 |
100% | 521 | 1.10 ± 1.45 | 1.10 ± 1.45 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.0 |
75–99% | 167 | 0.99 ± 1.48 | 1.14 ± 1.70 | 0.15 ± 0.22 | 15.0 |
25–74% | 136 | 0.70 ± 1.00 | 1.41 ± 1.99 | 0.70 ± 1.00 | 100.0 |
<25% | 165 | 0.62 ± 0.81 | 4.97 ± 6.50 | 4.35 ± 5.68 | 700.0 |
Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) 1 | |
---|---|---|
Sex | ||
Female | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
Male | 1.16 (0.89–1.52) | 1.15 (0.87–1.51) |
Age (years) | ||
<30 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
30–34 | 1.15 (0.68–1.98) | 1.14 (0.67–1.95) |
35–39 | 1.38 (0.84–2.31) | 1.36 (0.82–2.27) |
40–44 | 1.15 (0.70–1.90) | 1.12 (0.68–1.87) |
45–49 | 0.97 (0.56–1.70) | 0.95 (0.54–1.66) |
≥50 | 1.28 (0.77–2.16) | 1.23 (0.73–2.09) |
Type of medical facility | ||
General hospitals | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
Others | 0.67 (0.47–0.95) | 0.66 (0.46–0.94) |
Occupation | ||
Technologists | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
Doctors | 1.55 (1.17–2.04) | 1.59 (1.20–2.11) |
Nurses | 1.22 (0.91–1.64) | 1.44 (1.01–2.06) |
Specialty | ||
Radiology | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
Cardiology | 1.24 (0.92–1.68) | 1.25 (0.92–1.69) |
Others | 1.56 (1.17–2.08) | 1.57 (1.18–2.09) |
Calendar year of beginning work | ||
<2010 | 0.93 (0.71–1.22) | 0.85 (0.59–1.21) |
2010–2014 | 1.08 (0.80–1.46) | 1.02 (0.75–1.40) |
≥2015 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
Duration of employment (years) | ||
<5 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
5–9 | 0.95 (0.71–1.28) | 0.96 (0.71–1.29) |
≥10 | 1.14 (0.86–1.50) | 1.17 (0.84–1.63) |
Number of days performing interventional fluoroscopy per month | ||
<10 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
10–19 | 0.97 (0.64–1.48) | 0.97 (0.64–1.48) |
≥20 | 0.88 (0.62–1.25) | 0.87 (0.60–1.25) |
Frequency of performing interventional fluoroscopy per week | ||
<10 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
10–29 | 0.92 (0.67–1.27) | 0.92 (0.67–1.27) |
≥30 | 0.71 (0.52–0.97) | 0.71 (0.52–0.97) |
Proportion of interventional fluoroscopy performed during their practice | ||
100% | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
75–99% | 1.34 (0.95–1.89) | 1.36 (0.96–1.92) |
50–74% | 1.35 (0.92–1.98) | 1.37 (0.93–2.02) |
25–49% | 1.85 (1.26–2.72) | 1.87 (1.26–2.76) |
<25% | 1.58 (1.05–2.39) | 1.63 (1.06–2.50) |
Wearing a lead apron | ||
Always | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
Not always | 1.62 (1.04–2.51) | 1.63 (1.05–2.54) |
Wearing a thyroid shield | ||
Always | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
Not always | 1.34 (0.99–1.80) | 1.34 (0.99–1.81) |
Wearing a goggle shield | ||
Always | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
Not always | 1.53 (1.14–2.07) | 1.57 (1.17–2.13) |
Wearing a glove shield | ||
Ever | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
Never | 1.31 (0.95–1.84) | 1.35 (0.97–1.90) |
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Lee, W.J.; Jang, E.J.; Kim, K.S.; Bang, Y.J. Underestimation of Radiation Doses by Compliance of Wearing Dosimeters among Fluoroscopically-Guided Interventional Medical Workers in Korea. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 8393. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148393
Lee WJ, Jang EJ, Kim KS, Bang YJ. Underestimation of Radiation Doses by Compliance of Wearing Dosimeters among Fluoroscopically-Guided Interventional Medical Workers in Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(14):8393. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148393
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Won Jin, Eun Jin Jang, Kyeong Seo Kim, and Ye Jin Bang. 2022. "Underestimation of Radiation Doses by Compliance of Wearing Dosimeters among Fluoroscopically-Guided Interventional Medical Workers in Korea" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 14: 8393. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148393