Multi-Level System to Assess Toxicity in Water Distribution Plants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Water Sampling and Sites
2.2. Determination of the Main Physicochemical Water Parameters
2.3. Metals Detection
2.4. Viral and Bacterial Pathogens in Water
2.5. Determination of Cyanotoxins
2.6. Determination of Endocrine Interference Activity with CALUX Method
2.7. Solid-Phase Extraction of Water Samples
2.8. Toxicity Assay on EPC Cell Line Monolayers
2.9. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Water Physicochemical Parameters
3.2. Metals in Water
3.3. Viral and Bacterial Pathogens in Water Samples
3.4. Determination of Cyanotoxins in Water Samples
3.5. Determination of Endocrine Interference Activity
3.6. Oxidative Stress Responses in EPC Cell Line
3.7. Integrated Biomarker Responses Version 2 (IBRv2)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Site A | Site B |
---|---|---|
pH (unit) | 8.32 ± 0.12 | 8.02 ± 0.09 |
Conductivity (μS cm−1) | 132 ± 3.14 | 226 ± 2.34 |
NH4+ (mg L−1) | 0.04 ± 0.001 | 0.03 ± 0.002 |
NO3− (mg L−1) | 8.45 ± 1.24 | 9.23 ± 2.15 |
PO43− (mg L−1) | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.01 |
Extraction Information | Bioassay Calculation | Summary Results | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample | Extracted | Unit | DMSO (uL) | Dilution | M | SD (%) | 17ß-Estradiol Eq. |
A | 250 | mL | 40.00 | 1 | <Min | 1.5 | <Min |
A | 250 | mL | 40.00 | 3 | <Min | 1.2 | <Min |
A | 250 | mL | 40.00 | 10 | <Min | 1.5 | <Min |
B | 250 | mL | 40.00 | 1 | <Min | 2.7 | <Min |
B | 250 | mL | 40.00 | 3 | <Min | 2.3 | <Min |
B | 250 | mL | 40.00 | 10 | <Min | 0.0 | <Min |
DMSO | 2.00 | mL | 40.00 | 1 | <Min | 0.5 | <Min |
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Magara, G.; Varello, K.; Pastorino, P.; Francese, D.R.; Arsieni, P.; Pezzolato, M.; Masoero, L.; Messana, E.; Caldaroni, B.; Abete, M.C.; et al. Multi-Level System to Assess Toxicity in Water Distribution Plants. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 8469. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148469
Magara G, Varello K, Pastorino P, Francese DR, Arsieni P, Pezzolato M, Masoero L, Messana E, Caldaroni B, Abete MC, et al. Multi-Level System to Assess Toxicity in Water Distribution Plants. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(14):8469. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148469
Chicago/Turabian StyleMagara, Gabriele, Katia Varello, Paolo Pastorino, Danila Raffaella Francese, Paola Arsieni, Marzia Pezzolato, Loretta Masoero, Erika Messana, Barbara Caldaroni, Maria Cesarina Abete, and et al. 2022. "Multi-Level System to Assess Toxicity in Water Distribution Plants" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 14: 8469. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148469