Vitamin D Levels in Children with Recurrent Acute Tonsillitis in Jordan: A Case-Control Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Subjects
2.2.1. Inclusion Criteria for Group 1
- Having no history of any other diseases or syndromes.
- Having no history of any type of surgery.
- Having no malnutrition or obesity.
- Having no history of vitamin D supplementation.
2.2.2. Inclusion Criteria for Group 2
- 5.
- Having no history of recurrent tonsillitis or any other diseases or syndromes.
- 6.
- Having no history of any type of surgery.
- 7.
- Having no malnutrition or obesity.
- 8.
- Having no history of vitamin D supplementation.
2.3. Measurement of Serum Levels of Vitamin D
2.4. Interpretation of Serum Levels of Vitamin D
2.5. Factors Affecting Serum Vitamin D Levels
2.6. Power Analysis
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Cases (n = 242) | Controls (n = 262) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
X2-Test | t-Test | |||
Age | 5.5 ± 2.2 | 5.8 ± 2.3 | 0.096 | |
Male sex | 130 (53.7%) | 138 (52.7%) | 0.814 | |
BMI | 16.46 ± 1.1 | 16.63 ± 1.1 | 0.074 | |
Serum 25-hydroxy Vitamin D level (ng/mL) mean ± SD | 16.6 ± 7.3 | 26.1 ± 16.4 | <0.0001 | |
Deficiency (level < 20 ng/mL) | 175 (72.3%) | 91 (34.7%) | <0.0001 | |
Insufficiency (level 20–29 ng/mL) | 49 (20.3%) | 109 (41.6%) | <0.0001 | |
Sufficiency (level ≥ 30 ng/mL) | 18 (7%) | 62 (23.7%) | <0.0001 |
Characteristics | X2-Test | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
p-Value | φ | |||||||
Age | ˂7 years 181 (74.8%) | ≥7 years 61 (25.2%) | 0.532 | |||||
Deficient | Insufficient | Sufficient | Deficient | Insufficient | Sufficient | |||
129 (71.3%) | 39 (21.6%) | 13 (7.1%) | 46 (75.4%) | 10 (16.4%) | 5 (8.2%) | |||
Sex | Male 130 (53.7%) | Female 112 (46.3%) | 0.149 | |||||
Deficient | Insufficient | Sufficient | Deficient | Insufficient | Sufficient | |||
89 (68.5%) | 31 (23.8%) | 10 (7.7%) | 86 (76.8%) | 18 (16.1%) | 8 (7.1%) | |||
Rate of tonsillitis | ˂7 117 (48.3%) | ≥7 125 (51.7%) | <0.0001 | 0.362 | ||||
Deficient | Insufficient | Sufficient | Deficient | Insufficient | Sufficient | |||
65 (55.6%) | 35 (29.9%) | 17 (14.5%) | 110 (88%) | 14 (11.2%) | 1 (0.8%) | |||
Mode of delivery | Normal vaginal 170 (70.2%) | Cesarean section 72 (29.8%) | 0.073 | |||||
Deficient | Insufficient | Sufficient | Deficient | Insufficient | Sufficient | |||
115 (67.7%) | 43 (25.3%) | 12 (7%) | 60 (83.4%) | 6 (8.3%) | 6 (8.3%) | |||
Breast feeding in infancy | No 7 (2.9%) | Yes 235 (97.1%) | 0.958 | |||||
Deficient | Insufficient | Sufficient | Deficient | Insufficient | Sufficient | |||
3 (42.8%) | 2 (28.6%) | 2 (28.6%) | 172 (73.2%) | 47 (20%) | 16 (6.8%) | |||
˂1 year 142 (58.7%) | ≥1 year 100 (41.3%) | 0.927 | ||||||
Deficient | Insufficient | Sufficient | Deficient | Insufficient | Sufficient | |||
104 (72.7%) | 31 (21.7%) | 8 (5.6%) | 71 (71.7%) | 18 (18.2%) | 10 (10.1%) | |||
Formula feeding in infancy | No 39 (16.1%) | Yes 203 (83.9%) | 0.638 | |||||
Deficient | Insufficient | Sufficient | Deficient | Insufficient | Sufficient | |||
29 (74.4%) | 3 (7.7%) | 7 (17.9%) | 146 (71.9%) | 46 (22.7%) | 11 (5.4%) | |||
Mixed feeding in infancy | No 46 (19%) | Yes 196 (81%) | 0.643 | |||||
Deficient | Insufficient | Sufficient | Deficient | Insufficient | Sufficient | |||
32 (69.6%) | 5 (10.9%) | 9 (19.6%) | 143 (73%) | 44 (22.4%) | 9 (4.6%) | |||
Pathologic neonatal jaundice | No 216 (89.3%) | Yes 26 (10.7%) | 0.578 | |||||
Deficient | Insufficient | Sufficient | Deficient | Insufficient | Sufficient | |||
155 (71.8%) | 48 (22.2%) | 13 (6%) | 20 (76.9%) | 1 (3.9%) | 5 (19.2%) | |||
Snoring and mouth breathing | No 30 (12.4%) | Yes 212 (87.6%) | 0.762 | |||||
Deficient | Insufficient | Sufficient | Deficient | Insufficient | Sufficient | |||
21 (70%) | 9 (30%) | 0 (0%) | 154 (72.6%) | 40 (18.9%) | 18 (8.5%) | |||
Middle ear effusion | No 168 (69.4%) | Yes 74 (30.6%) | 0.643 | |||||
Deficient | Insufficient | Sufficient | Deficient | Insufficient | Sufficient | |||
120 (71.4%) | 35 (20.8%) | 13 (7.8%) | 55 (74.3%) | 14 (18.9%) | 5 (6.8%) |
Parameter | B | Std. Error | 95% Wald Confidence Interval | Hypothesis Test | OR | 95% Wald Confidence Interval for OR | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | Wald Chi-Square | df | p-Value | Lower | Upper | ||||
(Intercept) | 2.798 | 0.4574 | 1.901 | 3.694 | 37.407 | 1 | <0.0001 | 16.406 | 6.694 | 40.214 |
Age | 0.002 | 0.0153 | −0.028 | 0.032 | 0.025 | 1 | 0.873 | 1.002 | 0.973 | 1.033 |
Sex | 0.047 | 0.049 | −0.049 | 0.143 | 0.906 | 1 | 0.341 | 1.048 | 0.952 | 1.153 |
BMI | −0.024 | 0.0307 | −0.084 | 0.036 | 0.597 | 1 | 0.440 | 0.977 | 0.920 | 1.037 |
Vitamin D level | −0.032 | 0.0036 | −0.039 | −0.025 | 78.105 | 1 | <0.0001 | 0.969 | 0.962 | 0.975 |
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Al-Rawashdeh, B.M.; Altawil, M.; Khdair Ahmad, F.; Alharazneh, A.; Hamdan, L.; Muamar, A.S.H.; Alkhaldi, S.; Tamimi, Z.; Husami, R.; Husami, R.; et al. Vitamin D Levels in Children with Recurrent Acute Tonsillitis in Jordan: A Case-Control Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 8744. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148744
Al-Rawashdeh BM, Altawil M, Khdair Ahmad F, Alharazneh A, Hamdan L, Muamar ASH, Alkhaldi S, Tamimi Z, Husami R, Husami R, et al. Vitamin D Levels in Children with Recurrent Acute Tonsillitis in Jordan: A Case-Control Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(14):8744. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148744
Chicago/Turabian StyleAl-Rawashdeh, Baeth Moh’d, Mohammad Altawil, Fareed Khdair Ahmad, Abdelrahman Alharazneh, Lubna Hamdan, Ahmed S. H. Muamar, Sireen Alkhaldi, Zahraa Tamimi, Rawand Husami, Raihan Husami, and et al. 2022. "Vitamin D Levels in Children with Recurrent Acute Tonsillitis in Jordan: A Case-Control Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 14: 8744. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148744