Implications of Adipose Tissue Content for Changes in Serum Levels of Exercise-Induced Adipokines: A Quasi-Experimental Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Overview
2.2. Participants
2.3. Measurement of Anaerobic and Aerobic Fitness Level
2.3.1. Maximal Anaerobic Effort
2.3.2. Maximal Aerobic Effort
2.4. Blood Sample Collection and Measurements of Selected Markers
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Maximal Anaerobic Effort
3.2. Maximal Aerobic Effort
4. Discussion
4.1. Limitations
4.2. Practical Application
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Unit | LBF (n = 16) | MBF (n = 19) | HBF (n = 13) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||
Height | cm | 181.60 ± 3.85 | 179.23 ± 7.27 | 182.26 ± 7.23 |
Weight | kg | 74.04 ± 8.03 | 76.20 ± 9.11 | 85.37 ± 11.84 *# |
BMI | kg/m2 | 22.47 ± 2.58 | 23.89 ± 2.33 | 25.61 ± 2.28 * |
Skeletal muscle mass | kg | 39.87 ± 4.80 | 39.13 ± 4.66 | 40.12 ± 5.32 |
Body fat mass | kg | 4.56 ± 1.21 | 8.51 ± 1.80 * | 15.06 ± 4.74 *# |
Percent body fat | % | 6.15 ± 1.48 | 11.12 ± 1.89 * | 17.46 ± 3.86 *# |
Variables | Unit | LBF (n = 16) | MBF (n = 19) | HBF (n = 13) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||
Total cholesterol | mg/dL | 137.00 ± 20.71 | 156.04 ± 31.05 * | 156.31 ± 21.50 * |
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol | mg/dL | 49.47 ± 8.49 | 54.79 ± 16.13 | 46.75 ± 7.31 |
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol | mg/dL | 75.17 ± 16.81 | 86.08 ± 23.14 | 93.75 ± 20.27 * |
Cholesterol non-HDL | mg/dL | 88.35 ± 18.65 | 98.20 ± 25.61 | 109.68 ± 24.48 * |
Triglycerides | mg/dL | 60.35 ± 17.94 | 65.70 ± 18.66 | 78.93 ± 35.53 |
Variables | Unit | LBF (n = 16) | MBF (n = 19) | HBF (n = 13) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||
Maximal anaerobic effort | ||||
Relative peak power of the 1st WAnT | W/kg | 10.47 ± 0.99 | 10.57 ± 0.99 | 9.75 ± 0.94 |
Relative mean power of the 1st WAnT | W/kg | 8.24 ± 0.72 | 8.40 ± 0.66 | 7.87 ± 0.48 |
Relative peak power of the 2nd WAnT | W/kg | 7.58 ± 0.83 | 7.79 ± 0.70 | 7.56 ± 0.67 |
Relative mean power of the 2nd WAnT | W/kg | 5.98 ± 0.60 | 5.97 ± 0.54 | 5.53 ± 0.54 |
Maximal aerobic effort | ||||
Maximal ventilation | L/min | 148.80 ± 21.83 | 157.41 ± 18.33 | 146.55 ± 26.54 |
Maximal oxygen uptake | ml/min/kg | 57.72 ± 7.83 | 59.25 ± 5.17 | 55.28 ± 7.97 |
Maximal heart rate | beats/min | 190.40 ± 9.74 | 188.25 ± 15.55 | 191.33 ± 9.71 |
Variable | Effect | F | df | p-Value | Effect Size (η2) | Post Hoc Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adiponectin | Group RM Group × RM | 3. 85 30.64 1.24 | 2, 45 4, 180 8, 180 | 0.02 * <0.01 ** 0.28 | 0.14 0.40 0.05 | LBF < MBF V < I, II, III, IV |
Follistatin-like 1 | Group RM Group × RM | 1.74 39.63 0.41 | 2, 45 4, 180 8, 180 | 0.18 <0.01 ** 0.91 | 0.07 0.46 0.01 | II > I, III, IV, V; V < I, III, IV |
Interleukin 6 | Group RM Group × RM | 1.45 1.91 0.88 | 2, 45 4, 180 8, 180 | 0.25 0.31 0.53 | 0.05 0.02 0.03 | |
Leptin | Group RM Group × RM | 7.22 21.20 2.20 | 2, 45 4, 180 8, 180 | <0.01 ** <0.01 ** 0.02 * | 0.24 0.32 0.10 | LBF < HBF IV < I, II, III, IV; IV > II I-IVLBF > VLBF I-IVMBF > VMBF IIHBF < IVHBF IVLBF < IVHBF VLBF < VHBF |
Oncostatin | Group RM Group × RM | 0.65 34.22 1.32 | 2, 45 4, 180 8, 180 | 0.52 <0.05 * 0.24 | 0.02 0.43 0.05 | V < I, III, IV |
Resistin | Group RM Group × RM | 0.66 24.18 2.56 | 2, 45 4, 180 8, 180 | 0.52 <0.01 ** 0.01 * | 0.02 0.34 0.10 | II > I, IV, V; V < III IHBF, IVHBF, VHBF < IIHBF |
Variable | Effect | F | df | p-Value | Effect Size (η2) | Post Hoc Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adiponectin | Group RM Group × RM | 1.12 0.77 1.82 | 2, 45 4, 180 8, 180 | 0.33 0.54 0.07 | 0.05 0.01 0.08 | |
Follistatin-like 1 | Group RM Group × RM | 0.54 28.17 0.84 | 2, 45 4, 180 8, 180 | 0.58 <0.01 ** 0.57 | 0.03 0.41 0.04 | II > V > I, III, IV |
Interleukin 6 | Group BTT Group × RM | 3.77 1.92 1.66 | 2, 45 4, 180 8, 180 | 0.04 * 0.11 0.53 | 0.05 0.02 0.03 | MBF > HBF |
Leptin | Group RM Group × RM | 6.32 9.18 2.26 | 2, 45 4, 180 8, 180 | <0.01 ** <0.01 ** 0.02 * | 0.24 0.19 0.10 | LBF, MBF < HBF V < III, IV; IV > II IHBF, IIHBF, IVLBF, IVMBF < IVHBF |
Oncostatin | Group RM Group × RM | 3.36 6.62 1.25 | 2, 45 4, 180 8, 180 | 0.05 * <0.01 ** 0.27 | 0.13 0.14 0.05 | MBF > HBF V < I, II, III, IV |
Resistin | Group RM Group × RM | 0.39 12.53 0.58 | 2, 45 4, 180 8, 180 | 0.67 <0.01 ** 0.78 | 0.02 0.23 0.10 | I, IV, V < II, III |
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Humińska-Lisowska, K.; Mieszkowski, J.; Kochanowicz, A.; Bojarczuk, A.; Niespodziński, B.; Brzezińska, P.; Stankiewicz, B.; Michałowska-Sawczyn, M.; Grzywacz, A.; Petr, M.; et al. Implications of Adipose Tissue Content for Changes in Serum Levels of Exercise-Induced Adipokines: A Quasi-Experimental Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 8782. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148782
Humińska-Lisowska K, Mieszkowski J, Kochanowicz A, Bojarczuk A, Niespodziński B, Brzezińska P, Stankiewicz B, Michałowska-Sawczyn M, Grzywacz A, Petr M, et al. Implications of Adipose Tissue Content for Changes in Serum Levels of Exercise-Induced Adipokines: A Quasi-Experimental Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(14):8782. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148782
Chicago/Turabian StyleHumińska-Lisowska, Kinga, Jan Mieszkowski, Andrzej Kochanowicz, Aleksandra Bojarczuk, Bartłomiej Niespodziński, Paulina Brzezińska, Błażej Stankiewicz, Monika Michałowska-Sawczyn, Anna Grzywacz, Miroslav Petr, and et al. 2022. "Implications of Adipose Tissue Content for Changes in Serum Levels of Exercise-Induced Adipokines: A Quasi-Experimental Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 14: 8782. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148782