Association between Leptin (G2548A) and Leptin Receptor (Q223R) Polymorphisms with Plasma Leptin, BMI, Stress, Sleep and Eating Patterns among the Multiethnic Young Malaysian Adult Population from a Healthcare University
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Respondents
2.2. Questionnaire
2.3. Anthropometric Measurements
2.4. Protein Analysis
Serum Leptin, Cortisol and hsCRP
2.5. Genotyping
2.5.1. DNA Extraction
2.5.2. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
3. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
- Relationship between G2548A LEP and Q223A LepR Polymorphisms with Obesity and Plasma Leptin Levels
- Relationship between G2548A Lep and Q223A LepR Polymorphisms with Ethnicity
- Relationship between G2548A LEP and Q223A LEPR Polymorphisms with Obesity and Plasma Leptin Levels
- Relationship between LEP G2548A and LEPR Q223A Polymorphisms with Obesity and Its Associated Risk Factors
- Relationship between G2548A LEP and Q223A LEPR Polymorphisms with Group 1 (Overweight to Morbidly Obese) Cases
- G2548A LEP and Q223A LEPR polymorphism with Group 2 (Underweight to Anorexic) cases:
- G2548A LEP and Q223A LEPR polymorphisms with Group 3 with normal BMI and abnormal sleeping, eating, and stress factors:
5. Discussion
- Stage 1 (Early Stage) is when the subject gains weight but maintains adequate response to the anorectic effect of peripheral leptin:
- Stage 2 (Middle Stage) is when the subjects develop leptin insensitivity due to lack of STAT3, expressed by changes in food intake and body weight but continue to respond to leptin injections:
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gender | Mean | Std. Deviation | F | Sig. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | Cases (25) | 2955.13 | 731.23 | 22.175 | 0.000 |
Controls (29) | 2184.09 | 458.41 | ||||
Female | Cases (64) | 3392.66 | 378.75 | 11.527 | 0.001 | |
Controls (67) | 3009.46 | 823.43 | ||||
Ethnicity | Malay | Cases (23) | 3322.19 | 570.03 | 0.195 | 0.660 |
Controls (38) | 3241.81 | 750.19 | ||||
Chinese | Cases (21) | 3113.42 | 606.56 | 10.016 | 0.003 | |
Controls (24) | 2555.61 | 574.94 | ||||
Indian | Cases (32) | 3294.17 | 512.29 | 18.267 | 0.000 | |
Controls (24) | 2529.84 | 822.21 | ||||
Others | Cases (13) | 3369.45 | 402.55 | 45.295 | 0.000 | |
Controls (10) | 1973.31 | 592.86 | ||||
BMI | Underweight (29) | 2880.96 | 574.43 | 2.71 | 0.01 | |
Normal (100) | 2877.77 | 793.31 | ||||
Overweight (29) | 3174.01 | 726.22 | ||||
Grade 1 Obesity (19) | 3321.97 | 649.65 | ||||
Grade 2 Obesity (3) | 3655.30 | 267.10 | ||||
Grade 3 Obesity (5) | 3705.04 | 221.08 |
Gender [Mean (SD)] | Ethnicity [Mean (SD)] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male (n = 29) |
Female (n = 34) |
Malay (n = 20) |
Chinese (n = 20) |
Indian (n = 18) |
Others (n = 5) | |
BMI | 26.43 (9.73) | 23.08 (6.16) | 25.71 (5.66) | 23.78 (5.86) | 26.15 (11.8) | 18.12 (5.6) |
Leptin (pg/mL) | 2568.54 (717.7) | 3296.47 (461.3) | 3048.26 (786.4) | 2814.48 (620.2) | 2988.71 (726.0) | 3103.28 (504.97) |
LEP G2548A % (n) | ||||||
Ala/Ala | 48.3 (14) | 44.1 (15) | 45 (9) | 60 (12) | 33.3 (6) | 40 (2) |
Ala/Gly | 34.5 (10) | 41.2 (14) | 30 (6) | 40 (8) | 44.4 (8) | 40 (2) |
Gly/Gly | 17.2 (5) | 14.7 (5) | 25 (5) | 0 (0) | 22.2 (4) | 20 (1) |
LEPR Q223R % (n) | ||||||
Arg/Arg | 6.9 (2) | 8.8 (3) | 0 (0) | 10 (2) | 11.1 (2) | 20 (1) |
Arg/Gln | 37.9 (11) | 35.3 (12) | 60 (12) | 20 (4) | 33.3 (6) | 20 (1) |
Gln/Gln | 55.9 (16) | 36.5 (19) | 40 (8) | 70 (14) | 55.6 (10) | 60 (3) |
Genotype | Ethnicity | p-Value (χ2) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Malay | Chinese | Indian | Others | ||
LEP G2548A | |||||
Ala/Ala | 9 (31%) | 12 (41.4%) | 6 (20.7%) | 2 (6.9%) | 0.338 (df = 6) |
Ala/Gly | 6 (7.6%) | 8 (33.3%) | 8 (33.3%) | 2 (8.3%) | |
Gly/Gly | 5 (50%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (40%) | 1 (10%) | |
LEPR Q223R | |||||
Arg/Arg | 0 (0%) | 2 (40%) | 2 (40%) | 1 (20%) | 0.151 (df = 6) |
Arg/Gln | 12 (52.2%) | 4 (17.4%) | 6 (26.1%) | 1 (4.3%) | |
Gln/Gln | 8 (22.9%) | 14 (40%) | 10 (28.6%) | 3 (8.6%) |
Genotypes | Number | Leptin Conc. 1 | p-Value | BMI 2 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
LEP G2548A | |||||
Ala/Ala | 29 | 2794.19 ± 649.18 | 0.196 (F = 1.67) | 22.46 ± 4.7 | 0.117 (F = 2.22) |
Ala/Gly | 24 | 3074.30 ± 685.07 | 27.0 ± 10.6 | ||
Gly/Gly | 10 | 3175.28 ± 786.74 | 27.9 ± 7.9 | ||
LEPR Q223R | |||||
Gln/Gln | 35 | 2929.59 ± 692.58 | 0.453 (0.801) | 24.1 ± 6.8 | 0.469 (F = 0.768) |
Arg/Gln | 23 | 3074.55 ± 729.77 | 26.0 ± 10 | ||
Arg/Arg | 5 | 2663.44 ± 816.27 | 21.5 ± 6.9 |
Parameter (n = 63) | Plasma Leptin p-Value (F Score) | LEP G2548A p-Value (F Score) | LEPR Q223R p-Value (F Score) |
---|---|---|---|
PSQI | 0.2170 (1.53) | 0.219 (1.55) | 0.797 (0.22) |
Stress | 0.000 (23.89) | 0.078 (2.22) | 0.959 (0.15) |
Depression | 0.001 (5.19) | 0.492 (0.86) | 0.841 (0.35) |
Anxiety | 0.000 (8.70) | 0.279 (1.30) | 0.457 (0.92) |
TFEQ (Cognitive Restraint) | 0.3250 (1.16) | 0.703 (0.47) | 0.947 (0.12) |
TFEQ (Uncontrolled Eating) | 0.0200 (3.35) | 0.554 (0.59) | 0.512 (0.67) |
TFEQ (Emotional Eating) | 0.0100 (3.73) | 0.590 (0.64) | 0.529 (0.74) |
Genotypes | Controls % (n) | Cases % (n) | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
LEP G2548A | |||||
Ala/Ala | 50 (15) | 28.6 (4) | 1 * | ||
Ala/Gly | 30 (9) | 57.1 (8) | 0.3 | 0.06–1.28 | 0.11 |
Gly/Gly | 20 (6) | 14.3 (2) | 0.8 | 0.11–5.50 | 0.83 |
Alleles | |||||
Ala-Allele | 72.2 (39) | 61.5 (16) | 0.6 | 0.22–1.65 | 0.33 |
Gly-Allele | 27.8 (15) | 38.5 (10) | |||
LEPR Q223R | |||||
Gln/Gln | 53.3 (16) | 57.1 (8) | 1 * | ||
Arg/Gln | 40 (12) | 42.9 (6) | 1 | 0.27–3.6 | 1 |
Arg/Arg | 6.7 (2) | 0 (0) | 2.5 | 0.11–59.9 | 0.5 |
Alleles | |||||
Gln-Allele | 75.9 (44) | 78.6 (22) | 1.6 | 0.39–3.45 | 0.78 |
Arg-Allele | 22.2 (14) | 21.4 (6) |
Genotypes | Controls % (n) | Cases % (n) | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
LEP G2548A | |||||
Ala/Ala | 50 (15) | 63.6 (7) | 1 * | ||
Ala/Gly | 30 (9) | 27.2 (3) | 0.3 | 0.06–1.28 | 0.11 |
Gly/Gly | 20 (6) | 9.1 (1) | 0.8 | 0.11–5.50 | 0.83 |
Alleles | |||||
Ala-Allele | 72.2 (39) | 77.3 (17) | 0.6 | 0.22–1.65 | 0.33 |
Gly-Allele | 27.8 (15) | 22.7 (5) | |||
LEPR Q223R | |||||
Gln/Gln | 53.3 (16) | 54.5 (6) | 1 * | ||
Arg/Gln | 40 (12) | 45.5 (5) | 1 | 0.27–3.6 | 1 |
Arg/Arg | 6.7 (2) | 0 (0) | 2.5 | 0.11–59.9 | 0.5 |
Alleles | |||||
Gln-Allele | 75.9 (44) | 68.2 (15) | 1.6 | 0.39–3.45 | 0.78 |
Arg-Allele | 22.2 (14) | 31.8 (14) |
Genotypes | Controls % (n) | Cases % (n) | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
LEP G2548A | |||||
Ala/Ala | 50 (15) | 37.5 (3) | 1 * | ||
Ala/Gly | 30 (9) | 50 (4) | 0.3 | 0.06–1.28 | 0.11 |
Gly/Gly | 20 (6) | 12.5 (1) | 0.8 | 0.11–5.50 | 0.83 |
Alleles | |||||
Ala-Allele | 72.2 (39) | 62.5 (10) | 0.6 | 0.22–1.65 | 0.33 |
Gly-Allele | 27.8 (15) | 37.5 (6) | |||
LEPR Q223R | |||||
Gln/Gln | 53.3 (16) | 62.5 (5) | 1 * | ||
Arg/Gln | 40 (12) | 25 (2) | 1 | 0.27–3.6 | 1 |
Arg/Arg | 6.7 (2) | 12.5 (1) | 2.5 | 0.11–59.9 | 0.5 |
Alleles | |||||
Gln-Allele | 75.9 (44) | 75 (12) | 1.6 | 0.39–3.45 | 0.78 |
Arg-Allele | 22.2 (14) | 25 (4) |
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Mohanraj, J.; D’Souza, U.J.A.; Fong, S.Y.; Karkada, I.R.; Jaiprakash, H. Association between Leptin (G2548A) and Leptin Receptor (Q223R) Polymorphisms with Plasma Leptin, BMI, Stress, Sleep and Eating Patterns among the Multiethnic Young Malaysian Adult Population from a Healthcare University. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 8862. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148862
Mohanraj J, D’Souza UJA, Fong SY, Karkada IR, Jaiprakash H. Association between Leptin (G2548A) and Leptin Receptor (Q223R) Polymorphisms with Plasma Leptin, BMI, Stress, Sleep and Eating Patterns among the Multiethnic Young Malaysian Adult Population from a Healthcare University. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(14):8862. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148862
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohanraj, Jaiprakash, Urban J. A. D’Souza, Siat Yee Fong, Ivan Rolland Karkada, and Heethal Jaiprakash. 2022. "Association between Leptin (G2548A) and Leptin Receptor (Q223R) Polymorphisms with Plasma Leptin, BMI, Stress, Sleep and Eating Patterns among the Multiethnic Young Malaysian Adult Population from a Healthcare University" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 14: 8862. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148862