Black Nativity and Health Disparities: A Research Paradigm for Understanding the Social Determinants of Health
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Descriptive Benefits
3. Perspectives on Black Ethnicity and Population Health
3.1. Health Behaviors
3.2. Socioeconomic Status
3.3. Environment
3.4. Genetics
4. Methods
5. Results
6. Mental Health
7. Maternal and Child Health
8. Cardiovascular
9. Metabolic Conditions
10. Cancer
11. Substance Use and Alcohol Use
12. Health-Related Quality of Life
13. Discussion
14. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Arul, K.; Mesfin, A. The Top 100 Cited Papers in Health Care Disparities: A Bibliometric Analysis. J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparities 2017, 4, 854–865. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Du Bois, W.E.B. The Philadelphia Negro; University of Pennsylvania Press: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 1899. [Google Scholar]
- Rogers, R.G.; Lawrence, E.M.; Hummer, R.A.; Tilstra, A.M. Racial/Ethnic Differences in Early-Life Mortality in the United States. Biodemography Soc. Biol. 2017, 63, 189–205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Singh, G.K.; Jemal, A. Socioeconomic and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Cancer Mortality, Incidence, and Survival in the United States, 1950–2014: Over Six Decades of Changing Patterns and Widening Inequalities. J. Environ. Public Health 2017, 2017, 2819372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Smith, J.M. On the Fourteenth Query of Thomas Jefferson’s Notes on Virginia. Anglo-Afr. Mag. 1859, 1, 225–238. [Google Scholar]
- Williams, D.R.; Jackson, P.B. Social Sources of Racial Disparities in Health. Health Aff. 2005, 24, 325–334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Hicken, M.T.; Kravitz-Wirtz, N.; Durkee, M.; Jackson, J.S. Racial inequalities in health: Framing future research. Soc. Sci. Med. 2018, 199, 11–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kawachi, I.; Daniels, N.; Robinson, D.E. Health Disparities by Race and Class: Why Both Matter. Health Aff. 2005, 24, 343–352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Williams, D.R.; Collins, C. Us Socioeconomic and Racial Differences in Health: Patterns and Explanations. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 1995, 21, 349–386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kent, M.M. Immigration and America’s Black Population. Popul. Bull. 2007, 62, 5–17. [Google Scholar]
- Tamir, C. The Growing Diversity of Black America; Pew Research Center: Washington, DC, USA, 2021. [Google Scholar]
- Arthur, C.M.; Katkin, E.S. Making a Case for the Examination of Ethnicity of Blacks in United States Health Research. J. Health Care Poor Underserved 2006, 17, 25–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Davis, R.A. Black Ethnicity: A Case for Conceptual and Methodological Clarity. West. J. Black Stud. 1992, 16, 147–151. [Google Scholar]
- Hamilton, T.G.; Hummer, R.A. Immigration and the health of U.S. black adults: Does country of origin matter? Soc. Sci. Med. 2011, 73, 1551–1560. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jackson, J.; Hamilton, T.; Ifatunji, M.A.; Lacey, K.; Lee, H.; Rafferty, J. Using Analytic Domains within the Black Population to Understand Disparities in Population Health; Volume Princeton; Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and Policy Link: Princeton, NJ, USA, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Jackson, S.J.; Torres, M.; Caldwell, C.H.; Neighbors, H.W.; Nesse, R.M.; Taylor, R.J.; Trierweiler, S.J.; Williams, D.R. The National Survey of American Life: A Study of Racial, Ethnic and Cultural Influences on Mental Disorders and Mental Health. Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res. 2004, 13, 196–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Read, J.G.; Emerson, M.O. Racial Context, Black Immigration and the U.S. Black/White Health Disparity. Soc. Forces 2005, 84, 181–1999. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hummer, R.A.; Biegler, M.; de Turk, P.B.; Forbes, D.; Frisbie, W.P.; Hong, Y.; Pullum, S.G. Race/Ethnicity, Nativity, and Infant Mortality in the United States. Soc. Forces 1999, 77, 1083–1117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Singh, G.K.; Siahpush, M.; Liu, L.; Allender, M. Racial/ethnic, nativity, and sociodemographic disparities in maternal hypertension in the United States, 2014-2015. Int. J. Hypertens. 2018, 2018, 7897189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Singh, G.K.; Miller, B.A. Health, Life Expectancy, and Mortality Patterns Among Immigrant Populations in the United States. Can. J. Public Health 2004, 95, 14–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Singh, G.K.; Rodriguez-Lainz, A.; Kogan, M.D. Immigrant Health Inequalities in the United States: Use of Eight Major National Data Systems. Sci. World J. 2013, 2013, 1–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Singh, G.K.; Hiatt, R.A. Trends and Disparities in Socioeconomic and Behavioural Characteristics, Life Expectancy, and Cause-Specific Mortality of Native-Born and Foreign-Born Populations in the United States, 1979–2003. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2006, 35, 903–919. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sowell, T. Three Black Histories. In Essays and Data on American Ethnic Groups; Sowell, T., Collin, L.D., Eds.; Urban Institute: Washington, DC, USA, 1978; pp. 7–64. [Google Scholar]
- Waters, M.C. Black Identities: West Indian Immigrant Dreams and American Realities; Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA, UK, 1999. [Google Scholar]
- Davis, F.J. Who Is Black? One Nation’s Definition; Pennsylvania State University: University Park, PA, USA, 1991. [Google Scholar]
- Reid, I.D.A. Negro Immigration to the United States. Soc. Forces 1938, 16, 411–417. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- TallBear, K. Genomic articulations of indigeneity. Soc. Stud. Sci. 2013, 43, 509–533. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roth, W. Race Migrations: Latinos and the Cultural Transformation of Race; Stanford University Press: Stanford, CA, USA, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Grosfoguel, R. Colonial Subjects: Puerto Ricans in a Global Perspective; University of California Press: Los Angeles, CA, USA, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Aranda, E.M. Emotional Bridges to Puerto Rico: Migration, Return Migration, and the Struggles of Incorporation; Rowman & Littlefield Publishers: Lanham, MD, USA, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Conley, D.; Fletcher, J. The Genome Factor: What the Social Genomics Revolution Reveals About Ourselves, Our History, and the Future; Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ, USA, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Bryce-Laporte, R.S. Black Immigrants: The Experience of Invisibility and Inequality. J. Black Stud. 1972, 3, 29–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bryce-Laporte, R.S. Black Immigrants. In Through Different Eyes: Black and White Perspectives on American Race Relations; Rose, P.I., Rothman, S., Wilson, W.J., Eds.; Oxford University Press: New York, NY, USA, 1973; pp. 44–61. [Google Scholar]
- Ifatunji, M.A. A Test of the Afro Caribbean Model Minority Hypothesis: Exploring the Role of Cultural Attributes in Labor Market Disparities between African Americans and Afro Caribbeans. Du Bois Rev. Soc. Sci. Res. Race 2016, 31, 109–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pierre, J. Black Immigrants in the United States and the “Cultural Narratives” of Ethnicity. Identities 2004, 11, 141–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rogers, R. Afro-Caribbean Immigrants and the Politics of Incorporation: Ethnicity, Exception or Exit; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK; New York, NY, USA, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Taylor, J.Y.; Sun, Y.V.; de Mendoza, V.B.; Ifatunji, M.A.; Rafferty, J.; Fox, E.R.; Musani, S.K.; Sims, M.; Jackson, J.S. The Combined Effects of Genetic Risk and Perceived Discrimination on Blood Pressure among African Americans in the Jackson Heart Study. Medicine 2017, 96, e8369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tsai, H.-J.; Surkan, P.J.; Yu, S.M.; Caruso, D.; Hong, X.; Bartell, T.R.; Wahl, A.D.; Sampankanpanich, C.; Reily, A.; Zuckerman, B.S.; et al. Differential effects of stress and African ancestry on preterm birth and related traits among US born and immigrant Black mothers. Medicine 2017, 96, e5899. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Reyburn. Remarks Concerning Some of the Diseases Prevailing among the Freedpeople in the District of Columbia (Bureau Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands). Am. J. Med. Sci. 1866, 51, 364. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reid, I.D.A. The Negro Immigrant, His Background, Characteristics and Social Adjustment; Arno Press: New York, NY, USA, 1939. [Google Scholar]
- Bennett, P.R.; Lutz, A. How African American Is the Net Black Advantage? Differences in College Attendance among Immigrant Blacks, Native Blacks, and Whites. Sociol. Educ. 2009, 82, 70–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Massey, D.S.; Mooney, M.; Torres, K.C.; Charles, C.Z. Black Immigrants and Black Natives Attending Selective Colleges and Universities in the United States. Am. J. Educ. 2007, 113, 243–271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hamilton, T.G.; Easley, J.A.; Dixon, A.R. Black Immigration, Occupational Niches, and Earnings Disparities between Us-Born and Foreign-Born Blacks in the United States. Russell Sage Found. J. Soc. Sci. 2018, 4, 60–77. [Google Scholar]
- Hamilton, T.G. Selection, Language Heritage, and the Earnings Trajectories of Black Immigrants in the United States. Demography 2014, 51, 975–1002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Model, S. West Indian Immigrants: A Black Success Story? Russell Sage Foundation: New York, NY, USA, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Logan, J.R.; Zhang, W.; Alba, R.D. Immigrant Enclaves and Ethnic Communities in New York and Los Angeles. Am. Sociol. Rev. 2002, 67, 299–322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scopilliti, M.; Iceland, J. Residential Patterns of Black Immigrants and Native-Born Blacks in the United States. Soc. Sci. Q. 2008, 89, 551–572. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bonilla-Silva, E. Rethinking Racism: Toward a Structural Interpretation. Am. Sociol. Rev. 1997, 62, 465–480. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bashi Bobb, V.; Clarke, A. Experiencing Success: Structuring the Perception of Opportunities for West Indians. In Islands in the City: West Indian Migration to New York; Berkeley, N.F., Ed.; University of California Press: Berkeley, CA, USA; Los Angeles, CA, USA, 2001; pp. 216–236. [Google Scholar]
- Domínguez, V.R. From Neighbor to Stranger: The Dilemma of Caribbean Peoples in the U.S.; Antilles Research Program: New Haven, CT, USA, 1975. [Google Scholar]
- Foner, N.; Napoli, R. Jamaican and Black-American Migrant Farm Workers: A Comparative Analysis. Soc. Probl. 1978, 25, 491–503. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Greer, C.M. Black Ethnics: Race, Immigration and the Pursuit of the American Dream; Oxford University Press: New York, NY, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Ifatunji, M.A. White Managers, Ethnoracism and Black Ethnic Labor Market Disparities. Sociol. Perspect. 2021, 65, 437–460. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Patterson, O. The Culture of Caution: The Caribbean Roots of Powell’s Decision. New Repub. 1995, 27, 22–26. [Google Scholar]
- Vickerman, M. Crosscurrents: West Indian Immigrants and Race; Oxford University Press: New York, NY, USA, 1999. [Google Scholar]
- Dressler, W.W.; Oths, K.S.; Gravlee, C.C. Race and ethnicity in public health research: Models to explain health disparities. Annu. Rev. Anthropol 2005, 34, 231–252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Krieger, N. Embodying Inequality: A Review of Concepts, Measures and Methods for Studying Health Consequences of Discrimiation. Int. J. Health Serv. 1999, 29, 295–352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- King, G.; Polednak, A.P.; Bendel, R.; Hovey, D. Cigarette Smoking among Native and Foreign-Born African Americans. Ann. Epidemiol. 1999, 9, 236–244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lucas, J.W.; Barr-Anderson, D.J.; Kington, R.S. Health Status, Health Insurance, and Health Care Utilization Patterns of Immigrant Black Men. Am. J. Public Health 2003, 93, 1740–1747. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Elo, I.T.; Culhane, J.F. Variations in Health and Health Behaviors by Nativity among Pregnant Black Women in Philadelphia. Am. J. Public Health 2010, 100, 2185–2192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lancaster, K.J.; Watts, S.O.; Dixon, L.B. Dietary Intake and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Differ among Ethnic Subgroups of Black Americans. J. Nutr. 2006, 136, 446–451. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Link, B.G.; Phelan, J. Social Conditions as Fundamental Causes of Disease. J. Health Soc. Behav. 1995, 35, 80–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ifatunji, M.A.; Mouw, T. Black Nativity Matters: Relative Earnings Growth Trajectories among African Americans and Black Immigrants; American Sociological Association: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Villarreal, A.; Tamborini, C.R. Immigrants’ Economic Assimilation: Evidence from Longitudinal Earnings Records. Am. Sociol. Rev. 2018, 83, 686–715. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Logan, J.R. Who Are the Other African Americans? Contemporary African and Caribbean Immigrants in the United States. In The Other African Americans: Contemporary African and Caribbean Immigrants in the United States; Shaw-Taylor, Y., Lanham, S.A.T., Eds.; Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.: Boulder, NY, USA; Toronto, ON, Canada; Plymouth, UK, 2007; pp. 49–68. [Google Scholar]
- Deaux, K.; Bikmen, N.; Gilkes, A.; Ventuneac, A.; Joseph, Y.; Payne, Y.A.; Steele, C.M. Becoming American: Stereotype Threat Effects in Afro-Caribbean Immigrant Groups. Soc. Psychol. Q. 2007, 70, 384–404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rogers, R. Black Like Who?: Afro-Caribbean Immigrants, African Americans and the Politics of Group Identity. In Islands in the City: West Indian Migration to New York; Berkeley, N.F., Ed.; University of California Press: Los Angeles, CA, USA, 2001; pp. 163–92. [Google Scholar]
- Elo, I.; Mehta, N.; Huang, C. Health of Native-Born and Foreign-Born Black Residents in the United States: Evidence from the 2000 Census of Population and the National Health Interview Survey; PARC Working Paper Series; WPS 08–04; University of Pennsylvania: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Howard, D.L.; Marshall, S.S.; Kaufman, J.S.; Savitz, D.A. Variations in Low Birth Weight and Preterm Delivery Among Blacks in Relation to Ancestry and Nativity: New York City, 1998–2002. Pediatrics 2006, 118, e1399–e1405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cooper, R.; David, R. The Biological Concept of Race and Its Application to Public Health and Epidemiology. J. Health Politics Policy Law 1986, 11, 97–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fujimura, J.H.; Rajagopalan, R. Different Differences: The Use of ‘Genetic Ancestry’ Versus Race in Biomedical Human Genetic Research. Soc. Stud. Sci. 2011, 41, 5–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fujimura, J.H.; Bolnick, D.A.; Rajagopalan, R.; Kaufman, J.S.; Lewontin, R.C.; Duster, T.; Ossorio, P.; Marks, J. Clines without Classes: How to Make Sense of Human Variation. Sociol. Theory 2014, 32, 208–227. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yudell, M.; Roberts, D.; DeSalle, R.; Tishkoff, S. Taking Race out of Human Genetics. Science 2016, 351, 564–565. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Poston, W.C.; Pavlik, V.; Hyman, D.; Ogbonnaya, K.; Hanis, C.; Haddock, C.; Hyder, M.; Foreyt, J. Genetic bottlenecks, perceived racism, and hypertension risk among African Americans and first-generation African immigrants. J. Hum. Hypertens. 2001, 15, 341–351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Du Bois, W.E.B. The Conservation of Races. In The American Negro Academy Occasional Papers 2; Arno Press: New York, NY, USA, 1897. [Google Scholar]
- Allis, C.D.; Caparros, Ma.; Jenuwein, T.; Reinberg, D. Epigenetics, 2nd ed.; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: New York, NY, USA, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Mohatt, N.V.; Thompson, A.B.; Thai, N.D.; Tebes, J.K. Historical trauma as public narrative: A conceptual review of how history impacts present-day health. Soc. Sci. Med. 2014, 106, 128–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Sotero, M. A Conceptual Model of Historical Trauma: Implications for Public Health Practice and Research. J. Health Disparities Res. Pract. 2006, 1, 93–108. [Google Scholar]
- Jackson, J.S.; Neighbors, H.W.; Nesse, R.M.; Trierweiler, S.J.; Torres, M. Methodological Innovations in the National Survey of American Life. Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res. 2004, 13, 289–298. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cohen, C.I.; Berment, F.; Magai, C. A Comparison of Us-Born African-American and African-Caribbean Psychiatric Outpatients. J. Natl. Med. Assoc. 1997, 89, 117. [Google Scholar]
- Miranda, J.; Siddique, J.; Belin, T.R.; Kohn-Wood, L.P. Depression Prevalence in Disadvantaged Young Black Women. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 2005, 40, 253–258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Joe, S.; Baser, R.E.; Breeden, G.; Neighbors, H.W.; Jackson, J.S. Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Lifetime Suicide Attempts among Blacks in the United States. JAMA 2006, 296, 112–123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jackson, J.S.; Govia, I.O.; Forsythe-Brown, I. Age Cohort, Ancestry, and Immigrant Generation Influences in Family Relations and Psychological Well-Being among Black Caribbean Family Members. J. Soc. Issues 2007, 63, 729–743. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Williams, D.R.; Gonzalez, H.M.; Neighbors, H.; Nesse, R.; Abelson, J.M.; Sweetman, J.; Jackson, J.S. Prevalence and Distribution of Major Depressive Disorder in African Americans, Caribbean Blacks, and Non-Hispanic Whites: Results from the National Survey of American Life. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2007, 64, 305–315. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Williams, D.R.; Haile, R.; González, H.M.; Neighbors, H. The Mental Health of Black Caribbean Immigrants: Results from the Survey of American Life. Am. J. Public Health 2007, 97, 52–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Taylor, J.Y.; Caldwell, C.H.; Baser, R.E.; Faison, N.; Jackson, J.S. Prevalence of eating disorders among Blacks in the National Survey of American Life. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 2007, 40, S10–S14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Himle, J.A.; Muroff, J.R.; Taylor, R.J.; Baser, R.E.; Abelson, J.M.; Hanna, G.; Abelson, J.L.; Jackson, J.S. Obsessive-compulsive disorder among African Americans and blacks of Caribbean descent: Results from the national survey of American life. Depress. Anxiety 2008, 25, 993–1005. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Himle, J.A.; Baser, R.E.; Taylor, R.J.; Campbell, R.D.; Jackson, J.S. Anxiety disorders among African Americans, blacks of Caribbean descent, and non-Hispanic whites in the United States. J. Anxiety Disord. 2009, 23, 578–590. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lincoln, K.D.; Taylor, R.J.; Chae, D.H.; Chatters, L.M. Demographic Correlates of Psychological Well-Being and Distress Among Older African Americans and Caribbean Black Adults. Best Pract. Ment. Health 2010, 6, 103–126. [Google Scholar]
- Boyd, R.C.; Joe, S.; Michalopoulos, L.; Davis, E.; Jackson, J.S. Prevalence of Mood Disorders and Service Use among Us Mothers by Race and Ethnicity: Results from the National Survey of American Life. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2011, 72, 15442. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Soto, J.A.; Dawson-Andoh, N.A.; BeLue, R. The Relationship between Perceived Discrimination and Generalized Anxiety Disorder among African Americans, Afro Caribbeans, and Non-Hispanic Whites. J. Anxiety Disord. 2011, 25, 258–265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Taylor, R.J.; Chatters, L.M.; Joe, S. Religious involvement and suicidal behavior among African Americans and Black Caribbeans. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 2011, 199, 478. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Aranda, M.P.; Chae, D.H.; Lincoln, K.D.; Taylor, R.J.; Woodward, A.T.; Chatters, L.M. Demographic correlates of DSM-IV major depressive disorder among older African Americans, Black Caribbeans, and non-Hispanic Whites: Results from the National Survey of American Life. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 2012, 27, 940–947. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Doyle, O.; Joe, S.; Caldwell, C.H. Ethnic Differences in Mental Illness and Mental Health Service Use among Black Fathers. Am. J. Public Health 2012, 102, S222–S231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goosby, B.J.; Caldwell, C.H.; Bellatorre, A.; Jackson, J.S. Ethnic Differences in Family Stress Processes Among African-Americans and Black Caribbeans. J. Afr. Am. Stud. 2012, 16, 406–422. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Ida, A.K.; Christie-Mizell, C.A. Racial group identity, psychosocial resources, and depressive symptoms: Exploring ethnic heterogeneity among black Americans. Sociol. Focus 2012, 45, 41–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lincoln, K.D.; Chae, D.H. Emotional Support, Negative Interaction and Major Depressive Disorder among African Americans and Caribbean Blacks: Findings from the National Survey of American Life. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 2012, 47, 361–372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Woodward, A.T.; Taylor, R.J.; Bullard, K.M.; Aranda, M.P.; Lincoln, K.D.; Chatters, L.M. Prevalence of lifetime DSM-IV affective disorders among older African Americans, Black Caribbeans, Latinos, Asians and Non-Hispanic White people. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 2012, 27, 816–827. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Assari, S.; Lankarani, M.M.; Lankarani, R.M. Ethnicity Modifies the Additive Effects of Anxiety and Drug Use Disorders on Suicidal Ideation among Black Adults in the United States. Int. J. Prev. Med. 2013, 4, 1251. [Google Scholar]
- Gibbs, T.A.; Okuda, M.; Oquendo, M.A.; Lawson, W.B.; Wang, S.; Thomas, Y.F.; Blanco, C. Mental Health of African Americans and Caribbean Blacks in the United States: Results from the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Am. J. Public Health 2013, 103, 330–338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Henning-Smith, C.; Shippee, T.P.; McAlpine, D.; Hardeman, R.; Farah, F. Stigma, Discrimination, or Symptomatology Differences in Self-Reported Mental Health Between US-Born and Somalia-Born Black Americans. Am. J. Public Health 2013, 103, 861–867. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Levine, D.S.; Himle, J.A.; Taylor, R.J.; Abelson, J.M.; Matusko, N.; Muroff, J.; Jackson, J. Panic Disorder among African Americans, Caribbean Blacks and Non-Hispanic Whites. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 2013, 48, 711–723. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Marshall, G.L.; Hooyman, N.R.; Hill, K.G.; Rue, T.C. Association of socio-demographic factors and parental education with depressive symptoms among older African Americans and Caribbean Blacks. Aging Ment. Health 2013, 17, 732–737. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Woodward, A.T.; Taylor, R.J.; Abelson, J.M.; Matusko, N. Major depressive disorder among older african americans, caribbean blacks, and non-hispanic whites: Secondary analysis of the national survey of american life. Depress. Anxiety 2013, 30, 589–597. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Levine, D.S.; Himle, J.A.; Abelson, J.M.; Matusko, N.; Dhawan, N.; Taylor, R.J. Discrimination and Social Anxiety Disorder among African-Americans, Caribbean Blacks, and Non-Hispanic Whites. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 2014, 202, 224–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brewton-Tiayon, S.; Watkins, D.C.; Matusko, N.; Jackson, J.S. Depression Among Blacks During Late Life: Examining Within-Group Variations. In Prevention of Late-Life Depression; Humana Press: Cham, Switzerland, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Lankarani, M.M.; Assari, S. Association between number of comorbid medical conditions and depression among individuals with diabetes; race and ethnic variations. J. Diabetes Metab. Disord. 2015, 14, 56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Taylor, R.J.; Chae, D.H.; Lincoln, K.D.; Chatters, L.M. Extended family and friendship support networks are both protective and risk factors for major depressive disorder, and depressive symptoms among African Americans and Black Caribbeans. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 2015, 203, 132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Assari, S.; Dejman, M.; Neighbors, H.W. Ethnic Differences in Separate and Additive Effects of Anxiety and Depression on Self-Rated Mental Health among Blacks. J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparities 2016, 3, 423–430. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mereish, E.H.; N’Cho, H.S.; Green, C.E.; Jernigan, M.M.; Helms, J.E. Discrimination and Depressive Symptoms Among Black American Men: Moderated-Mediation Effects of Ethnicity and Self-Esteem. Behav. Med. 2016, 42, 190–196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Molina, K.M.; James, D. Discrimination, internalized racism, and depression: A comparative study of African American and Afro-Caribbean adults in the US. Group Processes Intergroup Relat. 2016, 19, 439–461. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Blostein, F.; Assari, S.; Caldwell, C.H. Gender and ethnic differences in the association between body image dissatisfaction and binge eating disorder among Blacks. J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparities 2017, 4, 529–538. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mouzon, D.M.; McLean, J.S. Internalized racism and mental health among African-Americans, US-born Caribbean Blacks, and foreign-born Caribbean Blacks. Ethn. Health 2017, 22, 36–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moon, H.; Badana, A.N.; Hwang, S.Y.; Sears, J.S.; Haley, W.E. Dementia prevalence in older adults: Variation by race/ethnicity and immigrant status. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 2019, 27, 241–250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Erving, C.L.; Hills, O. Neighborhood social integration and psychological well-being among African Americans and Afro-Caribbeans. Race Soc. Probl. 2019, 11, 133–148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ikonte, C.O.; Prigmore, H.L.; Dawson, A.Z.; Egede, L.E. Trends in prevalence of depression and serious psychological distress in United States immigrant and non-immigrant populations, 2010–2016. J. Affect. Disord. 2020, 274, 719–725. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Erving, C.L.; Smith, M.V. Disrupting monolithic thinking about Black women and their mental health: Does stress exposure explain intersectional ethnic, nativity, and socioeconomic differences? Soc. Probl. 2021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cabral, H.; Fried, L.E.; Levenson, S.; Amaro, H.; Zuckerman, B. Foreign-Born and Us-Born Black Women: Differences in Health Behaviors and Birth Outcomes. Am. J. Public Health 1990, 80, 70–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Friedman, D.J.; Cohen, B.B.; Mahan, C.M.; Lederman, R.I.; Vezina, R.J.; Dunn, V.H. Maternal ethnicity and birthweight among blacks. Ethn. Dis. 1993, 3, 255–269. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Wasse, H.; Holt, V.L.; Daling, J.R. Pregnancy risk factors and birth outcomes in Washington State: A comparison of Ethiopian-born and US-born women. Am. J. Public Health 1994, 84, 1505–1507. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- David, R.J.; Collins, J.W. Differing Birth Weight among Infants of Us-Born Blacks, African-Born Blacks, and Us-Born Whites. N. Engl. J. Med. 1997, 337, 1209–1214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fang, J.; Madhavan, S.; Alderman, M.H. Low birth weight: Race and maternal nativity—Impact of community income. Pediatrics 1999, 103, e5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pallotto, E.K.; Collins, J.J.W.; David, R.J. Enigma of Maternal Race and Infant Birth Welght: A Population-based Study of US-born Blac and Caribbean-born Black Women. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2000, 151, 1080–1085. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Collins, J.W.; Wu, S.-Y.; David, R.J. Differing Intergenerational Birth Weights among the Descendants of Us-Born and Foreign-Born Whites and African Americans in Illinois. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2002, 155, 210–216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rosenberg, K.D.; Desai, R.A.; Kan, J. Why do foreign-born blacks have lower infant mortality than native-born blacks? New directions in African-American infant mortality research. J. Natl. Med Assoc. 2002, 94, 770–778. [Google Scholar]
- Acevedo-Garcia, D.; Soobader, M.-J.; Berkman, L.F. The Differential Effect of Foreign-Born Status on Low Birth Weight by Race/Ethnicity and Education. Pediatrics 2005, 115, e20–e30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Grady, S.C.; McLafferty, S. Segregation, Nativity, and Health: Reproductive Health Inequalities for Immigrant and Native-Born Black Women in New York City1. Urban Geogr. 2007, 28, 377–397. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dominguez, T.P.; Strong, E.F.; Krieger, N.; Gillman, M.W.; Rich-Edwards, J.W. Differences in the Self-Reported Racism Experiences of Us-Born and Foreign-Born Black Pregnant Women. Soc. Sci. Med. 2009, 69, 258–265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mason, S.M.; Kaufman, J.S.; Emch, M.E.; Hogan, V.K.; Savitz, D.A. Ethnic Density and Preterm Birth in African-, Caribbean-, and US-Born Non-Hispanic Black Populations in New York City. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2010, 172, 800–808. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Bloch, J.R. Using Geographical Information Systems to Explore Disparities in Preterm Birth Rates among Foreign-Born and Us-Born Black Mothers. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Neonatal Nurs. 2011, 40, 544–554. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Elo, I.T.; Vang, Z.; Culhane, J.F. Variation in Birth Outcomes by Mother’s Country of Birth among Non-Hispanic Black Women in the United States. Matern. Child Health J. 2014, 18, 2371–2381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hendi, A.S.; Mehta, N.K.; Elo, I.T. Health Among Black Children by Maternal and Child Nativity. Am. J. Public Health 2015, 105, 703–710. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- DeSisto, C.L.; Hirai, A.H.; Collins Jr, J.W.; Rankin, K.M. Deconstructing a disparity: Explaining excess preterm birth among US-born black women. Ann. Epidemiol. 2018, 28, 225–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oliver, E.A.; Klebanoff, M.; Yossef-Salameh, L.; Oza-Frank, R.; Moosavinasab, S.; Reagan, P.; Buhimschi, I.A. Preterm birth and gestational length in four race–nativity groups, including Somali Americans. Obstet. Gynecol. 2018, 131, 281–289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- 135. Kirby, R.S.; Mai, C.T.; Wingate, M.S.; Janevic, T.; Copeland, G.E.; Flood, T.J.; Isenburg, J.; Canfield, M.A. Prevalence of selected birth defects by maternal nativity status, United States, 1999–2007. Birth Defects Res. 2019, 111, 630–639. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elsayed, A.; Amutah-Onukagha, N.N.; Navin, L.; Gittens-Williams, L.; Janevic, T. Impact of immigration and duration of residence in US on length of gestation among black women in Newark, New Jersey. J. Immigr. Minority Health 2019, 21, 1095–1101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Singh, G.K.; DiBari, J.N. Marked disparities in pre-pregnancy obesity and overweight prevalence among US women by race/ethnicity, nativity/immigrant status, and sociodemographic characteristics, 2012–2014. J. Obes. 2019, 2019, 2419263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Scott, K.A.; Chambers, B.D.; Baer, R.J.; Ryckman, K.K.; McLemore, M.R.; Jelliffe-Pawlowski, L.L. Preterm birth and nativity among Black women with gestational diabetes in California, 2013–2017: A population-based retrospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2020, 20, 593. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Araneta, M.R.G.; Baer, R.J.; Muglia, L.J.; Ryckman, K.K.; Ryu, J.; Sidelinger, D.E.; Chambers, C.D. Health advantages and disparities in preterm birth among immigrants despite disparate sociodemographic, behavioral, and maternal risk factors in San Diego, California. Matern. Child Health J. 2020, 24, 153–164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hoyt, A.T.; Ramadhani, T.; Le, M.T.; Shumate, C.J.; Canfield, M.A.; Scheuerle, A.E.; National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Acculturation and selected birth defects among non-Hispanic Blacks in a population-based case–control study. Birth Defects Res. 2020, 112, 535–554. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Boakye, E.; Kwapong, Y.A.; Obisesan, O.; Ogunwole, S.M.; Hays, A.G.; Nasir, K.; Sharma, G. Nativity-related disparities in preeclampsia and cardiovascular disease risk among a racially diverse cohort of US women. JAMA Netw. Open 2021, 4, e2139564. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hong, X.; Rosenberg, A.Z.; Zhang, B.; Binns-Roemer, E.; David, V.; Lv, Y.; Winkler, C.A. Joint associations of maternal-fetal APOL1 genotypes and maternal country of origin with preeclampsia risk. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2021, 77, 879–888. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McKenzie-Sampson, S.; Baer, R.J.; Blebu, B.E.; Karasek, D.; Oltman, S.P.; Pantell, M.S.; Chambers, B.D. Maternal nativity and risk of adverse perinatal outcomes among Black women residing in California, 2011–2017. J. Perinatol. 2021, 41, 2736–2741. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Adegoke, T.M.; Pinder, L.F.; Ndiwane, N.; Parker, S.E.; Vragovic, O.; Yarrington, C.D. Inequities in adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes: The effect of maternal race and nativity. Matern. Child Health J. 2022, 26, 823–833. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Andrasfay, T. Birth Outcomes among Descendants of Foreign-Born and US-Born Women in California: Variation by Race and Ethnicity. J. Immigr. Minority Health 2022, 24, 605–613. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Green, T.L.; Simuzingili, M.; Bodas, M.; Xue, H. Pregnancy-related weight among immigrant and US-born mothers: The role of nativity, maternal duration of residence, and age at arrival. Women’s Health 2021, 17, 17455065211003692. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Park, S.; Ji, Y.; Hong, X.; Zuckerman, B.; Wang, X.; Surkan, P.J. Effects of Stress and Nativity on Maternal Antenatal Substance Use and Postnatal Mental Disorders. J. Women’s Health 2022, 31, 878–886. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Blebu, B.E. Neighborhood Context and the Nativity Advantage in Preterm Birth among Black Women in California, USA. J. Urban Health 2021, 98, 801–811. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kwapong, Y.A.; Boakye, E.; Obisesan, O.H.; Shah, L.M.; Ogunwole, S.M.; Hays, A.G.; Sharma, G. Nativity-Related Disparities in Preterm Birth and Cardiovascular Risk in a Multiracial US Cohort. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2022, 62, 885–894. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Minhas, A.S.; Boakye, E.; Obisesan, O.H.; Kwapong, Y.A.; Zakaria, S.; Creanga, A.A.; Sharma, G. The Association of Preterm Birth with Maternal Nativity and Length of Residence Among Non-Hispanic Black Women. CJC Open 2022, 4, 289–298. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maiyegun, S.O.; Yusuf, K.K.; Dongarwar, D.; Ibrahimi, S.; Ikedionwu, C.; Salihu, H.M. Risk of Stillbirth Among Foreign-Born Mothers in the United States. J. Immigr. Minority Health 2022, 24, 318–326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Egbe, T.I.; Montoya-Williams, D.; Wallis, K.; Passarella, M.; Lorch, S.A. Risk of extreme, moderate, and late preterm birth by maternal race, ethnicity, and nativity. J. Pediatrics 2022, 240, 24–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shah, L.M.; Kwapong, Y.A.; Boakye, E.; Ogunwole, S.M.; Bennett, W.L.; Blumenthal, R.S.; Sharma, G. Racial Disparities in Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes by Maternal Nativity and Length of US Residence in an Urban Low-Income Population in the United States. CJC Open 2022, 4, 540–550. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Belanoff, C.; Alade, M.O.; Almeida, J. Preterm Birth Among US and Foreign-Born Non-Hispanic Black Birthing Parents in Massachusetts: Variation by Nativity, Region, and Country of Origin. Matern. Child Health J. 2022, 26, 834–844. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Noah, A.; Hill, A.V.; Perez-Patron, M.J.; Berenson, A.B.; Comeaux, C.R.; Taylor, B.D. Disparities in Prenatal Sexually Transmitted Infections among a Diverse Population of Foreign-Born and US-Born Women. Reprod. Sci. 2022, 29, 1651–1660. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fumo, M.T.; Teeger, S.; Lang, R.M.; Bednarz, J.; Sareli, P.; Murphy, M.B. Diurnal blood pressure variation and cardiac mass in American blacks and whites and South African blacks. Am. J. Hypertension 1992, 5, 111–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fang, J.; Madhavan, S.; Alderman, M.H. The Association between Birthplace and Mortality from Cardiovascular Causes among Black and White Residents of New York City. N. Engl. J. Med. 1996, 335, 1545–1551. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kaufman, J.S.; Durazo-Arvizu, R.A.; Rotimi, C.N.; McGee, D.L.; Cooper, R.S. Obesity and hypertension prevalence in populations of African origin. Epidemiology 1996, 7, 398–405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Osei, K.; Schuster, D.P. Effects of Race and Ethnicity on Insulin Sensitivity, Blood Pressure, and Heart Rate in Three Ethnic Populations: Comparative Studies in African-Americans, African Immigrants (Ghanaians), and White Americans Using Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring. Am. J. Hypertens. 1996, 9, 1157–1164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hyman, D.J.; Ogbonnaya, K.; Pavlik, V.N.; Poston, W.S.; Ho, K. Lower Hypertension Prevalence in First-Generation African Immigrants Compared to Us-Born African Americans. Ethn. Dis. 2000, 10, 343–349. [Google Scholar]
- Hicks, L.S.; Fairchild, D.G.; Cook, E.F.; Ayanian, J.Z. Association of region of residence and immigrant status with hypertension, renal failure, cardiovascular disease, and stroke, among African-American participants in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Ethn. Dis. 2003, 13, 316–323. [Google Scholar]
- Ryan, A.M.; Gee, G.C.; Laflamme, D.F. The Association between Self-Reported Discrimination, Physical Health and Blood Pressure: Findings from African Americans, Black Immigrants, and Latino Immigrants in New Hampshire. J. Health Care Poor Underserved 2006, 17, 116–132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Davis, E.E.; Huffman, F.G. Differences in Coronary Heart Disease Risk Markers among Apparently Healthy Individuals of African Ancestry. J. Natl. Med. Assoc. 2007, 99, 658. [Google Scholar]
- Borrell, L.N.; Crawford, N.D.; Barrington, D.S.; Maglo, K.N. Black/White Disparity in Self-Reported Hypertension: The Role of Nativity Status. J. Health Care Poor Underserved 2008, 19, 1148–1162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- White, K.; Borrell, L.N.; Wong, D.W.; Galea, S.; Ogedegbe, G.; Glymour, M.M. Racial/Ethnic Residential Segregation and Self-Reported Hypertension Among US- and Foreign-Born Blacks in New York City. Am. J. Hypertens. 2011, 24, 904–910. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bamimore, A.; Olafiranye, O.; Demede, M.; Zizi, F.; Browne, R.; Brown, C.; McFarlane, S.I.; Jean-Louis, G. High Prevalence of Hypertension and Other Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Us-and Caribbean-Born Blacks with Chest Pain Syndromes. Cardiorenal Med. 2012, 2, 163–167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sellers, S.L.; Neighbors, H.W.; Zhang, R.; Jackson, J.S. The impact of goal-striving stress on physical health of white Americans, African Americans, and Caribbean blacks. Ethn. Dis. 2012, 22, 21–28. [Google Scholar]
- Yu, S.S.K.; Ramsey, N.L.M.; Castillo, D.C.; Ricks, M.; Sumner, A.E. Triglyceride-Based Screening Tests Fail to Recognize Cardiometabolic Disease in African Immigrant and African-American Men. Metab. Syndr. Relat. Disord. 2013, 11, 15–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dagadu, H.E.; Christie-Mizell, C.A. Heart trouble and racial group identity: Exploring ethnic heterogeneity among Black Americans. Race Soc. Probl. 2014, 6, 143–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- O’Connor, M.Y.; Thoreson, C.K.; Ricks, M.; Courville, A.B.; Thomas, F.; Yao, J.; Katzmarzyk, P.; Sumner, A.E. Worse Cardiometabolic Health in African Immigrant Men than African American Men: Reconsideration of the Healthy Immigrant Effect. Metab. Syndr. Relat. Disord. 2014, 12, 347–353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brown, A.G.M.; Houser, R.F.; Mattei, J.; Mozaffarian, D.; Lichtenstein, A.H.; Folta, S.C. Hypertension among Us-Born and Foreign-Born Non-Hispanic Blacks: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2014 Data. J. Hypertens. 2017, 35, 2380–2387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cole, H.; Duncan, D.T.; Ogedegbe, G.; Bennett, S.; Ravenell, J. Neighborhood Socioeconomic Disadvantage; Neighborhood Racial Composition; and Hypertension Stage, Awareness, and Treatment among Hypertensive Black Men in New York City: Does Nativity Matter? J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparities 2017, 4, 866–875. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Commodore-Mensah, Y.; Matthie, N.; Wells, J.; Dunbar, S.B.; Himmelfarb, C.D.; Cooper, L.A.; Chandler, R.D. African Americans, African Immigrants, and Afro-Caribbeans Differ in Social Determinants of Hypertension and Diabetes: Evidence from the National Health Interview Survey. J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparities 2018, 5, 995–1002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cole, H.V.; Reed, H.E.; Tannis, C.; Trinh-Shevrin, C.; Ravenell, J.E. Peer reviewed: Awareness of high blood pressure by nativity among Black men: Implications for interpreting the immigrant health paradox. Prev. Chronic Dis. 2018, 15, E121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fang, J.; Yuan, K.; Gindi, R.M.; Ward, B.W.; Ayala, C.; Loustalot, F. Association of birthplace and coronary heart disease and stroke among US adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2006 to 2014. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2018, 7, e008153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Turkson-Ocran, R.A.N.; Nmezi, N.A.; Botchway, M.O.; Szanton, S.L.; Golden, S.H.; Cooper, L.A.; Commodore-Mensah, Y. Comparison of cardiovascular disease risk factors among African immigrants and African Americans: An analysis of the 2010 to 2016 National Health Interview Surveys. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2020, 9, e013220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Whaley, A.L. Ethnicity, nativity, and the effects of stereotypes on cardiovascular health among people of African ancestry in the United States: Internal versus external sources of racism. Ethn. Health 2020, 27, 1010–1030. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Doamekpor, L.A.; Gleason, J.L.; Opara, I.; Amutah-Onukagha, N.N. Nativity and Cardiovascular Dysregulation: Evidence from the 2001–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparities 2021, 8, 136–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Oza-Frank, R.; Chan, C.; Liu, K.; Burke, G.; Kanaya, A.M. Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes by Place of Birth in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). J. Immigr. Minor. Health 2013, 15, 918–924. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Ford, N.D.; Venkat Narayan, K.M.; Mehta, N.K. Diabetes among US- and foreign-born blacks in the USA. Ethn. Health 2015, 21, 71–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- O’Connor, M.R.; Dobra, A.; Voss, J.; Pihoker, C.; Doorenbos, A. Type 1 Diabetes Among East African Immigrant and Nonimmigrant Black Youth in the U.S. J. Pediatric Nurs. Nurs. Care Child. Fam. 2015, 30, 834–841. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harvey, R.D.; Tennial, R.; Banks, K.H. The Development and Validation of a Colorism Scale. J. Black Psychol. 2017, 43, 740–764. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Horlyck-Romanovsky, M.F.; Wyka, K.; Echeverria, S.E.; Leung, M.M.; Fuster, M.; Huang, T.T.K. Foreign-born blacks experience lower odds of obesity but higher odds of diabetes than US-born blacks in New York City. J. Immigr. Minority Health 2019, 21, 47–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Engelman, M.; Ye, L.Z. The immigrant health differential in the context of racial and ethnic disparities: The case of diabetes. Immigr. Health 2019, 19, 147–171. [Google Scholar]
- Ogunwole, S.M.; Turkson-Ocran, R.A.N.; Boakye, E.; Creanga, A.A.; Wang, X.; Bennett, W.L.; Commodore-Mensah, Y. Disparities in cardiometabolic risk profiles and gestational diabetes mellitus by nativity and acculturation: Findings from 2016–2017 National Health Interview Survey. BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care 2022, 10, e002329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Choi, D.; Narayan, K.V.; Patel, S.A. Disparities in diabetes between US-born and foreign-born population: Using three diabetes indicators. Biodemography Soc. Biol. 2022, 67, 16–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Antecol, H.; Bedard, K. Unhealthy Assimilation: Why Do Immigrants Converge to American Health Status Levels? Demography 2006, 43, 337–360. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Bennett, G.G.; Wolin, K.Y.; Askew, S.; Fletcher, R.; Emmons, K.M. Immigration and Obesity among Lower Income Blacks. Obesity 2007, 15, 1391–1394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sanchez-Vaznaugh, E.V.; Kawachi, I.; Subramanian, S.V.; Sánchez, B.N.; Acevedo-Garcia, D. Differential Effect of Birthplace and Length of Residence on Body Mass Index (Bmi) by Education, Gender and Race/Ethnicity. Soc. Sci. Med. 2008, 67, 1300–1310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barrington, D.S.; Baquero, M.C.; Borrell, L.N.; Crawford, N.D. Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Obesity among Us-Born and Foreign-Born Adults by Sex and Education. Obesity 2010, 18, 422–424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wen, M.; Kowaleski-Jones, L.; Fan, J.X. Ethnic-immigrant Disparities in Total and Abdominal Obesity in the US. Am. J. Health Behav. 2013, 37, 807–818. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Assari, S. Additive effects of anxiety and depression on body mass index among blacks: Role of ethnicity and gender. Int. Cardiovasc. Res. J. 2014, 8, 44. [Google Scholar]
- Sullivan, S.M.; Brashear, M.M.; Broyles, S.T.; Rung, A.L. Neighborhood environments and obesity among Afro-Caribbean, African American, and Non-Hispanic white adults in the United States: Results from the National Survey of American Life. Prev. Med. 2014, 61, 1–5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mehta, N.K.; Elo, I.T.; Ford, N.D.; Siegel, K.R. Obesity among Us-and Foreign-Born Blacks by Region of Birth. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2015, 49, 269–273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cuevas, A.G.; Ortiz, K.; Ransome, Y. The moderating role of race/ethnicity and nativity in the relationship between perceived discrimination and overweight and obesity: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. BMC Public Health 2019, 19, 1458. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fruchter, R.G.; Wright, C.; Habenstreit, B.; Remy, J.C.; Boyce, J.G.; Imperato, P.J. Screening for cervical and breast cancer among Caribbean immigrants. J. Community Health 1985, 10, 121–135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fruchter, R.G.; Remy, J.C.; Burnett, W.S.; Boyce, J.G. Cervical Cancer in Immigrant Caribbean Women. Am. J. Public Health 1986, 76, 797–799. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Magnus, M. Prostate cancer knowledge among multiethnic black men. J. Natl. Med. Assoc. 2004, 96, 650. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Garbers, S.; Chiasson, M.A. Breast Cancer Screening and Health Behaviors among African American and Caribbean Women in New York City. J. Health Care Poor Underserved 2006, 17, 37–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bennett, G.G.; Wolin, K.Y.; Okechukwu, C.A.; Arthur, C.M.; Askew, S.; Sorensen, G.; Emmons, K.M. Nativity and Cigarette Smoking among Lower Income Blacks: Results from the Healthy Directions Study. J. Immigr. Minority Health 2008, 10, 305–311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Taioli, E.; Attong-Rogers, A.; Layne, P.; Roach, V.; Ragin, C. Breast cancer survival in women of African descent living in the US and in the Caribbean: Effect of place of birth. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2010, 122, 515–520. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Odedina, F.T.; Dagne, G.; Larose-Pierre, M.; Scrivens, J.; Emanuel, F.; Adams, A.; Pressey, S.; Odedina, O. Within-Group Differences Between Native-Born and Foreign-Born Black Men on Prostate Cancer Risk Reduction and Early Detection Practices. J. Immigr. Minor. Health 2011, 13, 996–1004. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wade, B.; Lariscy, J.T.; Hummer, R.A. Racial/Ethnic and Nativity Patterns of U.S. Adolescent and Young Adult Smoking. Popul. Res. Policy Rev. 2013, 32, 353–371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Consedine, N.S.; Tuck, N.L.; Ragin, C.R.; Spencer, B.A. Beyond the Black Box: A Systematic Review of Breast, Prostate, Colorectal, and Cervical Screening among Native and Immigrant African-Descent Caribbean Populations. J. Immigr. Minority Health / Cent. Minority Public Health 2015, 17, 905–924. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Forney-Gorman, A.; Kozhimannil, K.B. Differences in Cervical Cancer Screening Between African-American Versus African-Born Black Women in the United States. J. Immigr. Minor. Health 2016, 18, 1371–1377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pinheiro, P.S.; Callahan, K.E.; Ragin, C.; Hage, R.W.; Hylton, T.; Kobetz, E.N. Black heterogeneity in cancer mortality: US-Blacks, Haitians, and Jamaicans. Cancer Control 2016, 23, 347–358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Ashing, K.T.; Carrington, A.; Ragin, C.; Roach, V. Examining Hpv-and Hpv Vaccine-Related Cognitions and Acceptability among Us-Born and Immigrant Hispanics and Us-Born and Immigrant Non-Hispanic Blacks: A Preliminary Catchment Area Study. Cancer Causes Control 2017, 28, 1341–1347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Barreto-Coelho, P.; Cerbon, D.; Schlumbrecht, M.; Parra, C.M.; Hurley, J.; George, S.H. Differences in breast cancer outcomes amongst Black US-born and Caribbean-born immigrants. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2019, 178, 433–440. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hallowell, B.D.; Endeshaw, M.; McKenna, M.T.; Senkomago, V.; Razzaghi, H.; Saraiya, M. Cervical cancer death rates among US-and foreign-born women: US, 2005–2014. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2019, 56, 869–874. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schlumbrecht, M.; Huang, M.; Hurley, J.; George, S. Endometrial cancer outcomes among non-Hispanic US born and Caribbean born black women. Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer 2019, 29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cofie, L.E.; Hirth, J.M.; Berenson, A.B.; Wong, R. Chronic comorbidities and receipt of breast cancer screening in United States and Foreign-Born Women: Data from the national health interview survey. J. Women’s Health 2019, 28, 583–590. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bhattacharya, M.; Reiter, P.L.; McRee, A.L. Nativity status and genital HPV infection among adults in the US. Hum. Vaccines Immunother. 2019, 15, 1897–1903. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Boakye, E.A.; Zeng, W.; Governor, S.; Nagendra, S.; Tobo, B.B.; Simpson, M.C.; Osazuwa-Peters, N. Differences in human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine uptake by nativity status among men aged 18–34 years. Prev. Med. Rep. 2019, 16, 101010. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Endeshaw, M.; Hallowell, B.D.; Razzaghi, H.; Senkomago, V.; McKenna, M.T.; Saraiya, M. Trends in liver cancer mortality in the United States: Dual burden among foreign-and US-born persons. Cancer 2019, 125, 726–734. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hallowell, B.D.; Endeshaw, M.; McKenna, M.T.; Senkomago, V.; Razzaghi, H.; Saraiya, M. Cancer mortality rates among US and foreign-born individuals: United States 2005–2014. Prev. Med. 2019, 126, 105755. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hallowell, B.D.; Endeshaw, M.; Senkomago, V.; Razzaghi, H.; McKenna, M.T.; Saraiya, M. Gastric cancer mortality rates among US and foreign-born persons: United States 2005–2014. Gastric Cancer 2019, 22, 1081–1085. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Pinheiro, P.S.; Medina, H.; Callahan, K.E.; Kwon, D.; Ragin, C.; Sherman, R.; Jemal, A. Cancer mortality among US blacks: Variability between African Americans, Afro-Caribbeans, and Africans. Cancer Epidemiol. 2020, 66, 101709. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Amuta-Jimenez, A.O.; Smith, G.; Brown, K.K. Patterns and correlates of cervical cancer prevention among Black immigrant and African American women in the USA: The role of ethnicity and culture. J. Cancer Educ. 2020, 37, 798–805. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Donley, T.; Tshiswaka, D.I.; Blanc, J.; Seixas, A.; Okafor, A.; Mbizo, J. Differences in breast and cervical cancer screening among US women by nativity and family history. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2020, 59, 578–587. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- McRoy, L.; Epané, J.; Ramamonjiarivelo, Z.; Zengul, F.; Weech-Maldonado, R.; Rust, G. Examining the relationship between self-reported lifetime cancer diagnosis and nativity: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2018. Cancer Causes Control 2022, 33, 321–329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blackman, E.L.; Ragin, C.; Jones, R.M. Colorectal Cancer Screening Prevalence and Adherence for the Cancer Prevention Project of Philadelphia (CAP3) Participants Who Self-Identify as Black. Front. Oncol. 2021, 11, 690718. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McElfish, P.A.; Narcisse, M.R.; Felix, H.C.; Cascante, D.C.; Nagarsheth, N.; Teeter, B.; Faramawi, M.F. Race, nativity, and sex disparities in human papillomavirus vaccination among young adults in the USA. J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparities 2021, 8, 1260–1266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pinheiro, P.S.; Medina, H.N.; Koru-Sengul, T.; Qiao, B.; Schymura, M.; Kobetz, E.N.; Schlumbrecht, M.P. Endometrial cancer type 2 incidence and survival disparities within subsets of the US Black population. Front. Oncol. 2021, 11, 699577. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Llanos, A.A.; Li, J.; Tsui, J.; Gibbons, J.; Pawlish, K.; Nwodili, F.; Stroup, A.M. Variation in Cancer Incidence Rates Among Non-Hispanic Black Individuals Disaggregated by Nativity and Birthplace, 2005-2017: A Population-Based Cancer Registry Analysis. Front. Oncol. 2022, 12, 857548. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Millender, E.; Dickey, S.L.; Ouma, C.; Bruneau, D.; Wisdom-Chambers, K.; Bagneris, J.R.; Harris, R.M. Addressing Disparities by Evaluating Depression as a Predictor of Prostate Screenings among Black Men in a Community Health Clinic. J. Community Health Nurs. 2022, 39, 25–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Epstein, J.A.; Williams, C.; Botvin, G.J. How Universal Are Social Influences to Drink and Problem Behaviors for Alcohol Use?: A Test Comparing Urban African-American and Caribbean-American Adolescents. Addict. Behav. 2002, 27, 75–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hunte, H.E.R.; Barry, A.E. Perceived Discrimination and Dsm-Iv–Based Alcohol and Illicit Drug Use Disorders. Am. J. Public Health 2012, 102, e111–e117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lo, C.C.; Howell, R.J.; Cheng, T.C. Problem Drinking by Race and Nativity: What Is Learned from Social Structural and Mental Health-Related Data of US-Born and Immigrant Respondents? Am. J. Addict. 2012, 21, S77–S87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Szaflarski, M.; Cubbins, L.A.; Meganathan, K. Anxiety disorders among US immigrants: The role of immigrant background and social-psychological factors. Issues Ment. Health Nurs. 2017, 38, 317–326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Broman, C.L.; Neighbors, H.W.; Delva, J.; Torres, M.; Jackson, J.S. Prevalence of Substance Use Disorders among African Americans and Caribbean Blacks in the National Survey of American Life. Am. J. Public Health 2008, 98, 1107–1114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hoffman, S.; Jarrett, S.T.B.; Kelvin, E.A.; Wallace, S.A.; Augenbraun, M.; Hogben, M.; Liddon, N.; McCormack, W.M.; Rubin, S.; Wilson, T.E. HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infection Risk Behaviors and Beliefs Among Black West Indian Immigrants and US-Born Blacks. Am. J. Public Health 2008, 98, 2042–2050. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bui, H.N. Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Immigrant Paradox in Substance Use. J. Immigr. Minority Health 2013, 15, 866–881. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lacey, K.K.; Mouzon, D.M.; Govia, I.; Matusko, N.; Forsythe-Brown, I.; Abelson, J.M.; Jackson, J.S. Substance Abuse Among Blacks Across the Diaspora. Subst. Use Misuse 2016, 51, 1147–1158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Molina, K.M.; Alegría, M.; Chen, C.N. Neighborhood context and substance use disorders: A comparative analysis of racial and ethnic groups in the United States. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012, 125, S35–S43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mays, V.M.; Jones, A.L.; Cochran, S.D.; Taylor, R.J.; Rafferty, J.; Jackson, J.S. Chronicity and mental health service utilization for anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders among black men in the United States; ethnicity and nativity differences. In Healthcare 2018, 6, 53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Nguyen, A.B.; Zhao, X.; Hoffman, L.; Morse, A.L.; Delahanty, J. Nicotine and addiction beliefs and perceptions among the US-born and foreign-born populations. Prev. Med. 2018, 114, 107–114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saint-Fort, L.; Choi, K. Heterogeneity in Tobacco-Use Behaviors Among US Blacks per Global Region of Origin. J. Immigr. Minority Health 2019, 21, 1185–1189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jones, A.L.; Cochran, S.D.; Rafferty, J.; Taylor, R.J.; Mays, V.M. Lifetime and twelve-month prevalence, persistence, and unmet treatment needs of mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders in African American and US versus foreign-born Caribbean women. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7007. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jegede, O.; Na, P.J.; Rhee, T.G.; Stefanovics, E.A.; Rosenheck, R.A. Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders and Related Service Use in the Diverse Black Sub-Populations in the United States. J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparities 2021, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Okpala, P.C.; Rosario, C.; Dupont-Reyes, M.J.; Martin Romero, M.Y.; Alam, M.T.; Paivanas, H.; Echeverria, S.E. Nativity Status and Poly Tobacco Use among Young Adults in the United States. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 1230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cano, M.; Sparks, C.S. Drug overdose mortality by race/ethnicity across US-born and immigrant populations. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2022, 232, 109309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Keane, F.; Tappen, R.M.; Williams, C.L.; Rosselli, M. Comparison of African American and Afro-Caribbean Older Adults’ Self-Reported Health Status, Function, and Substance Use. J. Black Psychol. 2009, 35, 44–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Acevedo-Garcia, D.; Bates, L.M.; Osypuk, T.; McArdle, N. The Effect of Immigrant Generation and Duration on Self-Rated Health among Us Adults 2003–2007. Soc. Sci. Med. 2010, 71, 1161–1172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Griffith, D.M.; Johnson, J.L.; Zhang, R.; Neighbors, H.W.; Jackson, J.S. Ethnicity, nativity, and the health of American Blacks. J. Health Care Poor Underserved 2011, 22, 142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Erving, C.L. Ethnic and nativity differences in the social support-physical health association among black Americans. J. Immigr. Minority Health 2016, 20, 124–139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Christie-Mizell, C.A.; Leslie, E.T.A.; Hearne, B.N. Self-Rated Health, Discrimination, and Racial Group Identity: The Consequences of Ethnicity and Nativity among Black Americans. J. Afr. Am. Stud. 2017, 21, 643–664. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maskileyson, D.; Seddig, D.; Davidov, E. The comparability of perceived physical and mental health measures across immigrants and natives in the United States. Demography 2021, 58, 1423–1443. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Erving, C.L. Stress exposure and physical health among older African American and Caribbean Black women. J. Aging Health 2022, 34, 320–333. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Singh, G.K.; Siahpush, M. Ethnic-Immigrant Differentials in Health Behaviors, Morbidity, and Cause-Specific Mortality in the United States: An Analysis of Two National Data Bases. Hum. Biol. 2002, 74, 83–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Doamekpor, L.A.; Dinwiddie, G.Y. Allostatic Load in Foreign-Born and Us-Born Blacks: Evidence from the 2001–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am. J. Public Health 2015, 105, 591–597. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goel, M.S.; McCarthy, E.P.; Phillips, R.S.; Wee, C.C. Obesity among Us Immigrant Subgroups by Duration of Residence. JAMA 2004, 292, 2860–2867. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2017 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. SMA 18-5068, NSDUH Series H-53); Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration: Rockville, MD, USA, 2018; Available online: https://www.samhsa.gov/data/ (accessed on 5 July 2022).
- Krieger, N.; Kosheleva, A.; Waterman, P.D.; Chen, J.T.; Koenen, K. Racial Discrimination, Psychological Distress, and Self-Rated Health among Us-Born and Foreign-Born Black Americans. Am. J. Public Health 2011, 101, 1704–1713. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Harkness, J.A.; Braun, M.; Edwards, B.; Johnson, T.P.; Lyberg, L.; Mohler, P.P.; Pennell, Be.; Smith, T.W. Survey Methods in Multinational, Multiregional, and Multicultural Contexts; Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Johnson, T.P.; Bowman, P.J. Cross-cultural sources of measurement error in substance use surveys. Subst. Use Misuse 2003, 38, 1447–1490. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Author, Year | Study Population (N) | Sample | Measured Outcome | Bivariate | Multivariate | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mental health | Cohen, 1997 [80] | African American adults (135) Caribbean-born Black adults (91) | New York City, NY | Mental health disorder: Medical chart review | Negative | Negative |
Mental health | Miranda, 2005 [81] | African American women (7965) African-born Black women (913) Caribbean-born Black women (273) | Washington, DC | Depressive symptoms: Prime-MD assessed | Positive | Positive |
Mental health | Joe, 2006 [82] | African American adults (3570) Black Caribbean adults (1621) | National (NSAL) | Lifetime suicide ideation: self-reported | Negative | Mixed |
Mental health | Jackson, 2007 [83] | African American adults (3570) Black Caribbean adults (1621) | National (NSAL) | Mental disorders (DSM-IV): WMH-CIDI assessed | Negative | Negative |
Mental health | Williams, 2007 [84] | African American adults (3570) Black Caribbean adults (1621) | National (NSAL) | Major depressive disorder (DSM-IV): WMH-CIDI assessed | Positive | Negative |
Mental health | Williams, 2007 [85] | African American adults (3570) Black Caribbean adults (1621) | National (NSAL) | Psychiatric disorders (DSM-IV): WHM-CIDI assessed | Mixed | Positive |
Mental health | Taylor, 2007 [86] | African American adults (3570) Black Caribbean adults (1621) African American adolescents (810) Black Caribbean adolescents (360) | National (NSAL) | Psychiatric disorders (DSM-IV): WMH-CIDI | Not applicable | Positive |
Mental health | Himle, 2008 [87] | African American adults (3570) Black Caribbean adults (1621) | National (NSAL) | Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (DSM-IV): WMH-CIDI assessed | Negative | Negative |
Mental health | Himle, 2009 [88] | African American adults (3431) Black Caribbean adults (1585) Non-Hispanic white adults (6696) | National (NSAL; NCSR) | Psychiatric disorders (12-month; DSM-IV): WMH-CIDI assessed Psychiatric disorders (lifetime; DSM-IV): WHM-CIDI assessed | Negative | Negative |
Mental health | Lincoln, 2010 [89] | African American adults (837) Black Caribbean adults (304) | National (NSAL) | Self-rated mental health: One-item, self-reported Depressive symptoms: CESD-12 scale | Not applicable | Positive |
Mental health | Boyd, 2011 [90] | African American women (2019) Black Caribbean women (799) Non-Hispanic white women (400) | National (NSAL) | Lifetime mood disorder (DSM-IV): WHM-CIDI assessed | Mixed | Positive |
Mental health | Soto, 2011 [91] | African American adults (3570) Black Caribbean adults (1438) | National (NSAL) | Generalized anxiety disorder (DSM-IV): WHM-CIDI assessed | Positive | Positive |
Mental health | Taylor, 2011 [92] | African American adults (3570) Caribbean Black adults (1621) | National (NSAL) | Suicidal behavior (DSM-IV): WMH-CIDI assessed | Positive | Positive |
Mental health | Aranda, 2012 [93] | African American adults (786) Caribbean Black adults (295) Non-Hispanic white adults (287) | National (NSAL) | Major depressive disorder (lifetime; DSM-IV): WMH-CIDI assessed Major depressive disorder (12-month; DSM-IV): WMH-CIDI assessed | Negative | Negative |
Mental health | Doyle, 2012 [94] | African American men (1254) US-born Caribbean Black men (175) Caribbean-born Black men (458) | National (NSAL) | Mental illness (DSM-IV): WMH-CIDI assessed Mental health severity: Sheehan disability scale | Positive | Positive |
Mental health | Goosby, 2012 [95] | African American adolescent-parent dyads (612) Black Caribbean adolescent-parent dyad (258) | National (NSAL) | Depressive symptoms: CESD-12 scale Adolescent stress appraisal: Cohen’s perceived scale Parent stress appraisal: one-time, self-report | Mixed | Mixed |
Mental health | Ida, 2012 [96] | African American adults (2953) Caribbean Black adults (1140) | National (NSAL) | Depressive symptoms: CESD-12 scale | Positive | Positive |
Mental health | Lincoln, 2010 [89] | African American adults (3570) Caribbean-born Black adults (1621) | National (NSAL) | Major depressive disorder (DSM-IV): WMH-CIDI assessed | Negative | Negative |
Mental health | Lincoln, 2012 [97] | African American adults (3570) Caribbean-born Black adults (1621) | National (NSAL) | Suicide ideation: self-reported Suicide attempts: self-reported | Negative | Negative |
Mental health | Woodward, 2012 [98] | African American adults (780) Caribbean Black adults (262) Latino American adults (498) Asian American adults (376) Non-Hispanic white adults (1130) | National (NSAL; NCSR, NLAAS) | Lifetime affective disorders (DSM-IV): WMH-CIDI assessed SAnxiety disorder (DSM-IV): WMH-CIDI assessed | Mixed | Negative |
Mental health | Assari, 2013 [99] | African American adults (3570) Caribbean Black adults (1621) Guyanese Black adults (1142) Jamaican Black adults (1176) | National (NSAL) | Psychiatric disorders (DSM-IV): WMH-CIDI assessed SLifetime serious suicide ideation: Self-reported | Positive | Positive |
Mental health | Gibbs, 2013 [100] | African American adults (7529) Caribbean Black adults (469) | National (NESARC) | Psychiatric disorders (DSM-IV): AUDADIS-IV assessed Lifetime major depressive disorder: Self-reported | Positive | Positive |
Mental health | Henning-Smith, 2013 [101] | African American adults (242) Somali-born adults (288) White American adults (408) | Minnesota | Mental health: Self-reported emotional health | Positive | Positive |
Mental health | Levine, 2013 [102] | African American adults (3570) Caribbean-born Black adults (1621) | National (NSAL; NCSR) | Panic disorder (lifetime; DSM-IV): WMH-CIDI assessed Panic disorder 12-month; DSM-IV): WMH-CIDI assessed | Negative | Mixed |
Mental health | Marshall, 2013 [103] | African American adults (837) Caribbean Black adults (271) | National (NSAL) | Depressive symptoms: CESD-12 scale | Not applicable | Mixed |
Mental health | Woodward, 2013 [104] | African American adults (1135) Caribbean black adults (426) Non-Hispanic white adults (389) | National (NSAL) | Major depressive disorder (lifetime; DSM-IV): WMH-CIDI assessed Major depressive disorder (12-month; DSM-IV): WMH-CIDI assessed | Not applicable | Mixed |
Mental health | Levine, 2014 [105] | African American adults (3570) Caribbean-born Black adults (1621) | National (NSAL) | Social anxiety disorder (DSM-IV): WMH-CIDI assessed | Positive | Mixed |
Mental health | Brewton-Tiayon, 2015 [106] | African American adults (3434) US-born Caribbean adults (432) Caribbean-born Black adults (1141) | National (NSAL) | Major depressive disorder (lifetime; DSM-IV): WMH-CIDI assessed Major depressive episode (lifetime; DSM-IV): WMH-CIDI assessed Depressive symptoms: CESD-12 scale | Mixed | Not applicable |
Mental health | Lankarani, 2015 [107] | African American adults (396) Caribbean Black adults (131) non-Hispanic white adults (75) | National (NSAL) | Major depressive disorder (lifetime; DSM-IV): WMH-CIDI assessed Major depressive disorder (12-month; DSM-IV): WMH-CIDI assessed Chronic medical conditions: Self-reported | Positive | Positive |
Mental health | Taylor, 2015 [108] | African American adults (3570) Caribbean-born Black adults (1621) | National (NSAL) | Major depressive disorder (lifetime; DSM-IV): WMH-CIDI assessed Major depressive disorder (12-month; DSM-IV): WMH-CIDI assessed Psychological distress: Kessler-6 scale | Mixed | Mixed |
Mental health | Assari, 2016 [109] | African American adults (3570) Caribbean-born Black adults (1621) | National (NSAL) | Mental health: Self-rated | Mixed | Mixed |
Mental health | Assari, 2013 [99] | African American adults (3570) Caribbean-born Black adults (1621) | National (NSAL) | Suicide ideation: Single-item self-report | Not applicable | Mixed |
Mental health | Mereish, 2016 [110] | African American men (1201) Caribbean-descendent Black men (545) | National (NSAL) | Depressive symptoms: CESD-12 scale | Positive | Positive |
Mental health | Molina, 2016 [111] | African American adults (3570) Caribbean-born Black adults (1418) | National (NSAL) | Major depressive disorder (12-month; DSM-IV): WMH-CIDI assessed | Mixed | Positive |
Mental health | Blostein, 2017 [112] | African American adults (3570) Caribbean-born Black adults (1621) | National (NSAL) | Lifetime binge eating (DSM-IV): WMH-CIDI assessed | Not applicable | Negative |
Mental health | Mouzon, 2017 [113] | African American adults (3570) Caribbean-born Black adults (1438) | National (NSAL) | Depressive symptoms: CESD-12 scale Psychological distress: Kessler-6 scale | Not applicable | Positive |
Mental health | Moon, 2019 [114] | US born Black adults (1535) Foreign born Black adults (125) US and foreign-born White; Latino populations | National (NHATS) | Dementia: proxy report, AD8 score, and cognitive testing | Positive | Positive |
Mental health | Erving, 2019 [115] | African Americans (1616) Caribbean Blacks (601) | National (NSAL) | Depressive symptoms: CESD-12 scale | Not applicable | Not applicable |
Mental health | Ikonte, 2020 [116] | US born Black adults (10,959) Foreign born Black adults (6605) US and foreign-born White; Latino populations | National (NHIS) | Psychological distress: Kessler-6 scale | Positive | Positive |
Mental health | Erving, 2021 [117] | African-American women (2084) U.S. born Afro-Caribbean women (250) Foreign-born Afro-Caribbean women (631) | National (NSAL) | Depressive symptoms: CESD-12 scale | Positive | Positive |
Maternal | Cabral, 1990 [118] | African-American women (616) Foreign-born Black women (201) | Massachusetts | Intrauterine growth: Clinically derived Duration of gestation: Clinically derived Birthweight: Clinically derived | Positive | Positive |
Maternal | Friedman, 1993 [119] | African-American women (n/r) Foreign-born Black women (n/r) | Massachusetts | Birthweight: Birth certificate tapes | Positive | Positive |
Maternal | Wasse, 1994 [120] | African American women (526) Ethiopian-born Black women (264) | Washington State | Birthweight: Birth certificate tapes | Positive | Positive |
Maternal | David, 1997 [121] | African-American women (43,322) African-born Black women (3135) | Illinois | Birthweight: Birth certificate tapes | Positive | Positive |
Maternal | Hummer, 1999 [18] | African-American women (n/r) Foreign-born Black women (n/r) | National (NCHS) | Infant mortality: infant born alive survived to first birthday | Positive | Positive |
Maternal | Fang, 1999 [122] | U.S. born (Southern) Black women (17,968) U.S.-born (Northeastern) Black women (155,101) African-born Black women (9362) Caribbean-born Black women (76,426) South America born Black women (11,006) | New York City, NY | Preterm Birth Risk: Birth records | Positive | Positive |
Maternal | Pallotto, 2000 [123] | African-American women (67,357) Caribbean-born Black women (2265) | Illinois | Low birth weight: Clinically derived | Positive | Positive |
Maternal | Collins, 2002 [124] | African-American Grandmothers (31,699) African/Caribbean-born Black Grandmothers (104) | Illinois | Low birth weight: Clinically derived | Positive | Positive |
Maternal | Rosenberg, 2002 [125] | African-American women (130,681) Foreign-born Black women (72,293) | New York City, NY | Low birth weight: Clinically derived Infant mortality: State records | Positive | Positive |
Maternal | Acevedo-Garcia, 2005 [126] | African-American women (322,510) Foreign-born Black women (40,213) | National (Detail Natality) | Low birth weight: Clinically derived | Positive | Positive |
Maternal | Howard, 2006 [69] | African-American women (88,966) West-Indian/Brazilian Black women (47,050) South/Central American Black women (15,234) African-born Black women (10,875) Puerto Rican Black women (3948) European Black women (1028) Asian Black women (747) Cuban Black women (191) | New York City, NY | Low birth weight: Clinically derived Preterm delivery: Clinically derived | Positive | Positive |
Maternal | Grady, 2007 [127] | African-American women (17,938) Foreign-born Black women (18,459) | New York City, NY | Birthweight risk: Geocoded | Positive | Positive |
Maternal | Dominguez, 2009 [128] | African-American women (185) Foreign-born Black women (114) | Boston, MA | Preterm delivery: Clinically derived Low birthweight: Clinically derived Infant mortality: Clinically derived | Positive | Positive |
Maternal | Elo, 2010 [60] | African-American Pregnant women (2816) African-Born Pregnant women (106) Caribbean-Born Pregnant women (179) | Philadelphia, PA | Smoking: Self-report, 12 months prior to pregnancy Alcohol use: Self-report, 12 months prior to pregnancy Marijuana use: Seld-report, 12 months prior to pregnancy | Positive | Positive |
Maternal | Mason, 2010 [129] | African-American women (141,969) Caribbean-born Black women (87,026) African-born Black women (21,088) | New York City, NY | Preterm Birth Risk: Birth records | Positive | Positive |
Maternal | Bloch, 2011 [130] | African-American women (24,165) Foreign-born Black women (6136) | Philadelphia, PA | Preterm delivery rate: Geospatial | Negative | Negative |
Maternal | Elo, 2014 [131] | African-American women (296,787) Foreign-born Black women (47,334) | 27 States | Rates of Prematurity: Clinically estimated gestational age (20–37 weeks) Small for Gestational Age: weight <10th percentile given gestational week | Positive | Positive |
Maternal | Hendi, 2015 [132] | African American women (34,371) African-born women (1416) Caribbean-born women (3151) | National (NHIS) | Childhood health: self-report | Positive | Positive |
Maternal | DeSisto, 2018 [133] | US born Black women (337,141) Foreign born Black women (63,493) | National (Detail Natality) | Preterm Birth Risk: Birth records | Positive | Positive |
Maternal | Singh, 2018 [19] | US born Black women (1,004,997) Foreign born Black women (177,299) US and foreign-born White; Asian populations | National (Detail Natality) | Maternal Hypertension Risk: Birth records | Positive | Positive |
Maternal | Oliver, 2018 [134] | US born Black women (303,028) African born Black women (10,966) Somalia-born women (8480) | Ohio | Preterm delivery rate: Clinically derived | Mixed | Mixed |
Maternal | Kirby, 2019 [135] | US born Black women (1,561,600) Foreign born Black women (254,052) US and foreign-born White; Latino populations | National (Detail Natality) | Birth Defect Risk: Birth records | Positive | Positive |
Maternal | Elsayed, 2019 [136] | US born Black women (340) Foreign born Black women (107) | Newark, NJ | Preterm Birth Risk: Clinically derived | Positive | Positive |
Maternal | Singh, 2019 [137] | US born Black women (n/r) Foreign born Black women (n/r) US and foreign-born White; Asian; Latino populations | National (Detail Natality) | Pre-pregnancy Obesity: Self-reported | Positive | Positive |
Maternal | Scott, 2020 [138] | US born Black women (7222) Foreign born Black women (1387) | California | Gestational Diabetes Risk: Clinically derived Preterm Birth Risk: Clinically derived | Positive | Positive |
Maternal | Araneta, 2020 [139] | US born Black women (6673) Foreign born Black women (2083) US and foreign-born White; Asian; Latino populations | San Diego, CA | Preterm delivery: Clinically derived | Positive | Positive |
Maternal | Hoyt, 2020 [140] | US born Black women (1101) Foreign born Black women (151) | National (NBDPS) | Birth Defect Risk: Birth records | Positive | Positive |
Maternal | Boakye, 2021 [141] | US born Black women (1607) Foreign born Black women (1092) US and foreign-born White; Latino populations | Boston, MA | Preeclampsia Risk: Clinically derived | Positive | Positive |
Maternal | Hong, 2021 [142] | African-American (275) Foreign born Haitian women (151) | Boston, MA | Preeclampsia Risk: Clinically derived | Negative | Positive |
Maternal | McKenzie-Sampson, 2021 [143] | US born Black women (129,775) Foreign born Black women (16,896) | California | Preterm Birth Risk: Clinically derived | Positive | Positive |
Maternal | Adegoke, 2021 [144] | US born Black women (1722) Foreign born Black women (2994) US and foreign-born White; Latino populations | Boston, MA | Preterm Birth Risk: Clinically derived Hypertensive disorders: Clinically derived Low birthweight: Clinically derived Intrauterine fetal demise: Clinically derived | Positive | Positive |
Maternal | Boakye, 2021 [141] | U.S. born Black women (1605) Foreign born Black women (1093) US and foreign-born White; Latino populations | Boston, MA | Preeclampsia Risk: Clinically derived | Positive | Positive |
Maternal | Andrasfay, 2021 [145] | US born Black women (47,324) Foreign born Black women (1157) US and foreign-born White; Asian; Latino populations | California | Low birthweight (less than 2500 g): Clinically derived Preterm Birth Risk: Clinically derived | Positive | Positive |
Maternal | Green, 2021 [146] | US born Black women (n/r) Foreign born Black women (n/r) US and foreign-born White; Asian; Latino populations | National (ECLS-B) | Pregnancy-related obesity: Self-reported | Positive | Mixed |
Maternal | Park, 2021 [147] | US born Black women (1849) Foreign born Black women (1849) US and foreign-born White; Latino populations | Boston, MA | Tobacco use: Self-reported Alcohol use: Self-reported Postnatal CMDs: Self-reported | Positive | Positive |
Maternal | Blebu, 2021 [148] | US born Black women (83,169) African born Black women (7151) Caribbean-born Black women (943) | California | Preterm delivery: Clinically derived | Positive | Mixed |
Maternal | Kwapong, 2022 [149] | US born Black women (1607) Foreign born Black women (1092) US and foreign-born White; Latino populations | Boston, MA | Preterm delivery: Clinically derived | Positive | Positive |
Maternal | Minhas, 2022 [150] | US born Black women (1607) Foreign born Black women (1092) | Boston, MA | Preterm delivery: Clinically derived | Positive | Positive |
Maternal | Maiyegun, 2022 [151] | US born Black women (1,746,740) Foreign born Black women (332,422) US and foreign-born White; Latino populations | National (Detail Natality) | Stillbirth Risk: Birth records | Positive | Positive |
Maternal | Egbe, 2022 [152] | US born Black women (61,589) Foreign born Black women (7348) US and foreign-born White; Asian; Latino populations | Philadelphia, PA | Preterm delivery: Clinically derived | Positive | Positive |
Maternal | Shah, 2022 [153] | US born Black women (1605) Foreign born Black women (1092) US and foreign-born White; Latino populations | Boston, MA | Gestational Diabetes Risk: Clinically derived | Negative | Mixed |
Maternal | Belanoff, 2022 [154] | US born Black women (12,292) Foreign born Black women (14,356) | Central Massachusetts | Preterm delivery: Clinically derived | Positive | Mixed |
Maternal | Noah, 2022 [155] | US born Black women (4134) Foreign born Black women (1402) US and foreign-born White; Latino populations | Houston, TX | Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, and Syphilis Risk: Clinically derived | Positive | Mixed |
CVD | Fumo, 1992 [156] | African American adults (22) African-born adults (22) | Independent | Hypertension: Diurnal blood pressure | Positive | Positive |
CVD | Fang, 1996 [157] | African American adults (Northern) (1,008,677) African American adults (Southern) (366,853) Black Caribbean adults (309,380) | New York City, NY | Hypertension: Mortality records | Positive | Positive |
CVD | Kaufman, 1996 [158] | African American adults (1518) Caribbean Black adults (2722) African Black adults (4862) | National (ICSHB) | Hypertension: Clinical assessment Obesity: Clinical assessment | Positive | Negative |
CVD | Osei, 1996 [159] | African American adults (31) African-born adults (27) | Ohio | Hypertension: Measured systolic/diastolic blood pressure | Negative | Negative |
CVD | Hyman, 2000 [160] | African American adults (95) African-born adults (87) | Independent | Hypertension | Positive | Positive |
CVD | Poston, 2001 [74] | African American adults (99) African-born adults (86) | Houston, TX | Hypertension: Mercury sphygmomanometer | Negative | Positive |
CVD | Hicks, 2003 [161] | African American adults (Northern) (1403) African American adults (Southern) (1751) Foreign-born adults (215) | National (NHANES) | Hypertension: self-reported uncontrolled or target-organ damage | Positive | Positive |
CVD | Read, 2005 [17] | African American adults (16,891) Foreign-born Black adults (2015) | National (NHIS) | Activation limitation attributed to hypertension: self-reported | Positive | Positive |
CVD | Lancaster, 2006 [61] | African American adults (2062) Foreign-born Black adults (241) Foreign-born, Hispanic Black adults (4) US-born, Hispanic Black adults (21) | National (NHANES) | Coronary heart disease risk profile | Positive | Positive |
CVD | Ryan, 2006 [162] | African American adults (78) Foreign-born Black adults (112) | New Hampshire | Hypertension: Measured blood pressure Physical health: Self-reported health, SF-12 | Negative | Negative |
CVD | Davis, 2007 [163] | African American adults (61) US-born, Black Caribbeans (62) Foreign-born Black Caribbeans (66) | South Florida | Hypertension: measured blood pressure Diabetes: fasting blood glucose Cholestrol: measured LDL | Positive | Positive |
CVD | Borrell, 2008 [164] | African American adults (36,358) Foreign-born Black adults (3376) | National (NHIS) | Hypertension: self-reported doctor diagnosed | Positive | Positive |
CVD | White, 2011 [165] | African American adults (2985) Foreign-born Black adults (1514) | New York City, NY | Hypertension: self-reported doctor diagnosed | Positive | Positive |
CVD | Bamimore, 2012 [166] | African American adults (125) Caribbean-born Black adults (150) | New York | Myocardial infarction: self-reported Hypertension: self-reported | Negative | Not applicable |
CVD | Sellers, 2012 [167] | African American adults (3570) Caribbean Black adults (445) Non-Hispanic white adults (891) | National (NSAL) | Hypertension: self-reported Obesity: BMI derived from height/weight Count of physical health problems: self-reported Self-rated health: self-reported | Negative | Negative |
CVD | Yu, 2013 [168] | African American men (75) African-born men (80) | Washington, DC | Cardiometabolic diseases: self-reported (prediabetes, diabetes, insulin resistance, metabolic triad) | Mixed | Not applicable |
CVD | Dagadu, 2014 [169] | African American adults (1588) Caribbean Black adults (549) | National (NSAL) | Heart trouble: Self-reported | Mixed | Mixed |
CVD | O’Connor, 2014 [170] | African American adults (76) Foreign-born Black adults (138) | Washington, DC | Hypertension: measured blood pressure Type 2 diabetes: fasting glucose; 2-h glucose Visceral Adipose Tissue: Computerized tomographic scans | Negative | Negative |
CVD | Brown, 2017 [171] | African American adults (4249) Foreign-born Black adults (515) | National (NHANES) | Hypertension: self-reported doctor diagnosed or measured blood pressure | Positive | Positive |
CVD | Cole, 2017 [172] | African American men (817) Foreign-born Black men (310) | New York City, NY | Hypertension: measured blood pressure Hypertension awareness: self-reported hypertension | Positive | Positive |
CVD | Commodore-Mensah, 2017 [173] | African American adults (40,838) African-Born Black adults (36,881) Caribbean-Born Black adults (1660) | National (NHIS) | Hypertension: self-reported doctor diagnosed | Positive | Positive |
CVD | Cole, 2018 [174] | US born Black men (829) Foreign born Black men (311) | New York City, NY | Hypertension awareness: self-reported hypertension | Negative | Negative |
CVD | Fang, 2018 [175] | US born Black adults (n/r) Foreign born Black adults (n/r) US and foreign-born White; Asian; Latino populations | National (NHIS) | Coronary heart disease risk profile | Not applicable | Negative |
CVD | Turkson-Ocran, 2020 [176] | African-Americans (27,749) African immigrants (1345) | National (NHIS) | Coronary heart disease risk profile | Negative | Negative |
CVD | Whaley, 2020 [177] | African-Americans (3570) African immigrants (1419) | National (NSAL) | Coronary heart disease risk profile | Negative | Negative |
CVD | Doamekpor, 2021 [178] | US born Black adults (4693) Foreign born Black adults (2968) | National (NHANES) | Coronary heart disease risk profile | Mixed | Negative |
Metabolic Conditions | Hicks, 2003 [161] | African American adults (Northern) (1403) African American adults (Southern) (1751) Foreign-born adults (215) | National (NHANES) | Type 2 Diabetes: Self-reported | Positive | Positive |
Metabolic Conditions | Singh, 2006 [22] | African American adults (n/r) Foreign-born Black adults (n/r) US and foreign-born White; Asian; Latino populations | National (NHIS) | Type 2 Diabetes: Prevalence | Positive | Not applicable |
Metabolic Conditions | Oza-Frank, 2013 [179] | African American adults (1179) Foreign-born Black adults (93) | Multi-site (MESA) | Type 2 Diabetes | Mixed | Not applicable |
Metabolic Conditions | Ford, 2015 [180] | African American adults (42,379) African-born Black adults (1533) Latin American/Caribbean-born Black adults (3839) | National (NHIS) | Type 2 Diabetes: Self-reported, doctor diagnosed | Positive | Positive |
Metabolic Conditions | O’Connor, 2015 [181] | African American Youth (53) East African Immigrant Youth (60) | Washington | Type 1 Diabetes: Medically diagnosed | Negative | Not applicable |
Metabolic Conditions | Commodore-Mensah, 2017 [173] | African American adults (40,838) African-Born Black adults (36,881) Caribbean-Born Black adults (1660) | National (NHIS) | Hypertension: self-reported doctor diagnosed | Positive | Positive |
Metabolic Conditions | Harvey, 2017 [182] | African American women (10) Caribbean-born women in US (8) Caribbean-born women in US Virgin Islands (24) | Connecticut & US Virgin Islands | Diabetes self-management behaviors: self-reported diet, physical activity, medication adherence, foot care | Positive | Not applicable |
Metabolic Conditions | Horlyck-Romanovsky, 2019 [183] | US born Black adults (6297) Foreign born Black adults (3701) | New York | Type 2 Diabetes: Prevalence | Mixed | Mixed |
Metabolic Conditions | Engelman, 2019 [184] | US born Black adults (62381) Foreign born Black adults (6444) US and foreign-born White; Asian; Latino populations | National (NHIS) | Type 2 Diabetes: Prevalence | Positive | Mixed |
Metabolic Conditions | Ogunwole, 2022 [185] | U.S. born NH Black adults Foreign born NH Black adults US and foreign-born White; Asian; Latino populations | National (NHIS) | Gestational diabetes mellitus | Negative | Mixed |
Metabolic Conditions | Choi, 2022 [186] | US born Black adults (n/r) Foreign born Black adults (n/r) US and foreign-born White; Asian; Latino populations | National (NHANES) | Type 2 Diabetes: Prevalence | Negative | Negative |
Metabolic Conditions | Antecol, 2006 [187] | African American adults (35,642) Foreign-born Black adults (2446) US and foreign-born White; Latino populations | National (NHIS) | Obesity: BMI derived from height/weight | Positive | Positive |
Metabolic Conditions | Bennett, 2007 [188] | African American adults (394) Foreign-born Black adults (157) | Massachusetts | Obesity: BMI derived from height/weight | Positive | Positive |
Metabolic Conditions | Sanchez-Vaznaugh, 2008 [189] | African American adults (1835) Foreign-born Black adults (106) US and foreign-born White; Asian; Latino populations | California | Obesity: BMI derived from height/weight | Positive | Positive |
Metabolic Conditions | Barrington, 2010 [190] | African American adults (n/r) Foreign-born Black adults (n/r) US and foreign-born White; Latino populations | National (NHIS) | Obesity: BMI derived from height/weight | Positive | Positive |
Metabolic Conditions | Wen, 2013 [191] | African American adults (952) Foreign-born Black adults (102) | National (NHANES) | BMI: Clinically measured Abdominal obesity: Calculated waist circumference (≥102 cm) | Positive | Positive |
Metabolic Conditions | Assari, 2014 [192] | African American adults (3570) Caribbean Black adults (1621) | National (NSAL) | Obesity: BMI derived from height/weight | Not applicable | Mixed |
Metabolic Conditions | O’Connor, 2014 [170] | African American adults (76) African-born Black adults (138) | Washington, DC | BMI: Calculated Waist Circumference: measured Subcutaneous adipose tissue: Computerized tomographic scans | Positive | Positive |
Metabolic Conditions | Sullivan, 2014 [193] | African American adults (3570) Caribbean Black adults (1621) Non-Hispanic white (891) | National (NSAL) | Obesity: BMI derived from height/weight | Not applicable | Positive |
Metabolic Conditions | Mehta, 2015 [194] | African American adults (33,771) African-born Black adults (1435) Latin American/Caribbean-born Black adults (2520) | National (NHIS) | Obesity: BMI derived from height/weight | Positive | Positive |
Metabolic Conditions | Cuevas, 2019 [195] | US born Black adults (n/r) Foreign born Black adults (n/r) US and foreign-born White; Asian; Latino populations | National (NESARC-III) | Obesity: BMI derived from height/weight | Positive | Positive |
Cancer | Fruchter, 1985 [196] | African-American women (237) English, Caribbean-born women (227) Spanish, Caribbean-born women (70) Haitian-Born women (361) | New York City, NY | Cancer screening: Breast, Cervical | Negative | Not applicable |
Cancer | Fruchter, 1986 [197] | African-American women (1477) English, Caribbean-born women (256) Haitian-Born women (121) | New York City, NY | Cancer screening: Cervical | Positive | Not applicable |
Cancer | Fang, 1997 [157] | U.S. born Black adults (Southern) (366,853) U.S. born Black adults (Northeastern) (1,008,677) Caribbean-born Black adults (309,380) | New York City, NY | Cancer survival: All sites | Not applicable | Mixed |
Cancer | Magnus, 2004 [198] | African-American men (56) Caribbean-American men (29) Haitian-American men (11) African-born Black men (4) | Southern Florida | Cancer screening: Prostate | Not applicable | Not applicable |
Cancer | Garbers, 2006 [199] | African-American women (148) Caribbean-Born women (146) | New York City, NY | Cancer screening: Breast | Negative | Negative |
Cancer | Bennett, 2008 [200] | African American men (447) Foreign-born Black men (218) | Boston, MA | Tobacco use: Self-reported smoking status | Not applicable | Positive |
Cancer | Taioli, 2010 [201] | African American women (593) Trinidad and Tobago women (2618) Guyana (499) | New York, NY, Trinidad and Tobago; Guyana | Cancer survival: Breast | Negative | Negative |
Cancer | Odedina, 2011 [202] | African-American men (2405) African-Born Black men (315) Caribbean-Born Black men (320) | National (NHANES) | Cancer screening: Prostate | Positive | Positive |
Cancer | Wade, 2013 [203] | African American adults (4253) Foreign-born Black adults (460) | National (US Census) | Tobacco use: Self-reported smoking status | Not applicable | Positive |
Cancer | Consedine, 2014 [204] | Black Caribbean Descendent adults (n/a) Caribbean-Born Black adults (n/a) | Not available | Cancer screening: Breast, Prostate, Colorectal, Cervical | Negative | Not applicable |
Cancer | Forney-Gorman, 2016 [205] | African-American women (620) African-Born Black women (36) | National (NHIS) | Cancer screening: Pap smear test | Negative | Negative |
Cancer | Pinheiro, 2016 [206] | U.S. born Black adults (16,119) Foreign-born Black adults (4113) | Southern Florida | Cancer survival: All sites | Not applicable | Positive |
Cancer | Ashing, 2017 [207] | African American Black women (129) Foreign-born Black women (53) US-born Latina women (57) Foreign-born Latina women (144) | Southern California | HPV vaccine safety: self-reported HPV vaccine efficacy: self-reported | Negative | Not applicable |
Cancer | Barreto-Coelho, 2019 [208] | African American adults (507) US-born Caribbean Black adults (624) | Southern Florida | Cancer survival: Breast | Positive | Positive |
Cancer | Hallowell, 2019 [209] | US born Black adults (7172) Foreign born Black adults (591) US and foreign-born White; Asian; Latino populations | National (US Census) | Cancer survival: Cervical | Positive | Positive |
Cancer | Schlumbrecht, 2019 [210] | African American adults (105) Caribbean Black adults (90) | Southern Florida | Cancer survival: Endometrial | Positive | Positive |
Cancer | Cofie, 2019 [211] | US born Black women (140,670) Foreign born Black women (14,837) US and foreign-born White; Asian; Latino populations | National (NHIS) | Cancer screening: Breast | Positive | Positive |
Cancer | Bhattacharya, 2019 [212] | US born Black adults (621) Foreign born Black adults (81) US and foreign-born White; Latino populations | National (NHANES) | HPV infection | Positive | Positive |
Cancer | Boakye, 2019 [213] | US born Black men (1319) Foreign born Black men (204) US and foreign-born White; Latino populations | National (NHIS) | HPV vaccine safety: self-reported HPV vaccine efficacy: self-reported | Negative | Negative |
Cancer | Endeshaw, 2019 [214] | US born Black men (17,712) Foreign born Black men (1104) US and foreign-born White; Asian; Latino populations | National (NCHS) | Cancer survival: Liver | Positive | Positive |
Cancer | Hallowell, 2019 [215] | US born Black adults (310,684) Foreign born Black adults (15,788) US and foreign-born White; Asian; Latino populations | National (NCHS) | Cancer survival: All sites | Positive | Positive |
Cancer | Hallowell, 2019 [216] | US born Black men (10,431) Foreign born Black men (878) US born Black women (7188) Foreign born Black women (684) US and foreign-born White; Asian; Latino populations | National (NCHS) | Cancer survival: Gastric | Positive | Positive |
Cancer | Pinheiro, 2020 [217] | African-American adults (7,350,702) Afro-Caribbean adults (1,227,555) African adults (372,082) | California, Florida, Minnesota and New York | Cancer survival: All sites | Positive | Positive |
Cancer | Amuta-Jimenez, 2020 [218] | African American women (335) Black immigrant women (115) | National (NHIS) | Cancer screening: Cervical | Positive | Positive |
Cancer | Donley, 2020 [219] | U.S.-born and foreign-born women aged 21–74 years; Black/African-American, European, Asian/Pacific Islander, and other Hispanic/Latino. | Independent | Cancer screening: Cervical and Breast | Positive | Positive |
Cancer | McRoy, 2021 [220] | US born Black adults (4544) Foreign born Black adults (572) | National (NHANES) | Cancer survival: All sites | Negative | Negative |
Cancer | Blackman, 2021 [221] | US born Black adults (208) Caribbean born Black adults (103) African-born Black adults (46) | Philadelphia, PA | Cancer screening: Colorectal | Positive | Positive |
Cancer | McElfish, 2021 [222] | US born Black adults (n/a) Foreign born Black adults (n/a) US and foreign-born White; Asian; Latino populations | National (NHIS) | HPV vaccine safety: self-reported | Negative | Negative |
Cancer | Pinheiro, 2021 [223] | US born Black adults (3568) Caribbean Black adults (1381) US and foreign-born White; Latino populations | Florida, New York | Cancer survival: Endometrial | Positive | Positive |
Cancer | Llanos, 2022 [224] | US born Black adults (38,834) Foreign born Black adults (5433) | New Jersey | Cancer survival: All sites | Positive | Positive |
Cancer | Millender, 2022 [225] | US born Black adults (n/a) Foreign born Black adults (n/a) US and foreign-born White; Latino populations | Independent | Cancer screening: Prostate | Positive | Positive |
Alcohol | Cabral, 1990 [118] | African American women (616) Foreign-born Black women (201) | Boston, MA | Alcohol use during pregnancy: Self-reported | Positive | Positive |
Alcohol | Cohen, 1997 [80] | African American adults (135) Caribbean-born Black adults (91) | New York City, NY | Alcohol dependence: Medical chart review | Positive | Positive |
Alcohol | Epstein, 2002 [226] | African American adolescents (2281) Caribbean-born Black adolescents (931) | New York City, NY | Alcohol use: Self-reported frequency | Positive | Mixed |
Alcohol | Lucas, 2003 [59] | African American men (13,921) Foreign-born Black men (1486) | National (NHIS) | Alcohol use: Self-reported quantity/frequency past 12 months | Positive | Positive |
Alcohol | Hunte, 2012 [227] | African American adults (3917) Foreign-born Black adults (1091) | National (NSAL) | Alcohol use disorder (DSM-IV): WMH-CIDI assessed | Positive | Positive |
Alcohol | Lo, 2012 [228] | African American adults (2110) Foreign-born Black adults (193) | National (NHIS) | Binge drinking: Days in past year consumed 5 drinks/day Quantity of alcohol consumed: Average # drinks consumed/day | Mixed | Mixed |
Alcohol | Gibbs, 2013 [100] | African American adults (7529) Caribbean Black adults (469) | National (NESARC) | Alcohol use (DSM-IV): AUDADIS-IV assessed | Positive | Positive |
Alcohol | Szaflarki, 2017 [229] | African American adults (3969) Foreign-born adults (319) | National (NESARC) | Alcohol use disorder: DSM-IV assessed | Positive | Negative |
Substance Use | Cabral, 1990 [118] | African American women (616) Foreign-born Black women (201) | Boston, MA | Cigarette use: Self-reported Marijuana use: Self-reported Cocaine use: Self-reported Opiate use: Self-reported | Positive | Positive |
Substance Use | King, 1999 [58] | African American adults (15,660) Foreign-born Black adults (1078) | National (NHIS) | Smoking status: Self-reported | Positive | Positive |
Substance Use | Lucas, 2003 [59] | African American adults (13,921) Foreign-Born Black adults (1486) | National (NHIS) | Smoking: Self-reported status | Positive | Positive |
Substance Use | Broman, 2008 [230] | African American adults (3570) Black Caribbean adults (1621) | National (NSAL) | Substance abuse (DSM-IV): WMH-CIDI assessed Substance dependence (DSM-IV): WMH-CIDI assessed | Positive | Positive |
Substance Use | Hoffman, 2008 [231] | African American adults (300) West Indian-born Black adults (287) | New York City, NY | Substance use: AUDIT scale | Positive | Positive |
Substance Use | Bui, 2012 [232] | African American adolescents (3828) Foreign-born Black adolescents (75) | National (Add Health) | Tobacco use: use 30 days prior; yes/no Marijuana use: use 30 days prior; yes/no | Mixed | Mixed |
Substance Use | Gibbs, 2013 [100] | African American adults (7529) Caribbean Black adults (469) | National (NESARC) | Substance use (DSM-IV): AUDADIS-IV assessed | Positive | Positive |
Substance Use | Lacey, 2016 [233] | African American adults (3570) Caribbean Black adults (1621) Guyanese Black adults (1142) Jamaican Black adults (1176) | National (NSAL); Guyana; Jamaica | Substance use (DSM-IV): WMH-CIDI assessed | Positive | Positive |
Substance Use | Molina, 2012 [234] | African American adults (3570) Asian American adults (2095) Caribbean Black adults (1621) Latino adults (2554) Non-Hispanic white adults (4180) | National (NSAL; CPES) | Substance use disorder (DSM-IV): WMH-CIDI assessed | Not applicable | Positive |
Substance Use | Mays, 2018 [235] | African American men (1222) U.S.-born Caribbean Black men (176) Caribbean Black men (461) | National (NSAL) | Substance use disorder (DSM-IV): WMH-CIDI assessed | Mixed | Mixed |
Substance Use | Nguyen, 2018 [236] | US-born Black adults (626) Foreign-born Black adults (41) US and foreign-born Asian; Latino populations | Nationals (HINTS) | Smoking: Self-reported status | Positive | Positive |
Substance Use | Saint-Fort, 2019 [237] | US-born Black adults (43,560) Africa-born Black adults (1911) West-Indies-born Black adults (2194) Europe-born Black adults (192) | National (US Census) | Smoking: Self-reported status | Mixed | Mixed |
Substance Use | Jones, 2020 [238] | US-born Black women (2242) U.S. born Caribbean women (264) Foreign-born Caribbean Black women (705) | National (NSAL) | Substance use disorder (DSM-IV): WMH-CIDI assessed | Positive | Positive |
Substance Use | Jegede, 2021 [239] | US-born Black adults w/one immigrant parent (441) U.S.-born Black adults (6683) Caribbean-born Black adults (327) African-born Black adults (218) | National (NESARC-III) | Substance use disorder (DSM-V): WMH-CIDI assessed | Positive | Positive |
Substance Use | Okpala, 2022 [240] | US-born Black adults (n/a) Foreign-born Black adults (n/a) US and foreign-born Asian; Latino populations | National (NHIS) | Cigarette use: Self-reported | Positive | Positive |
Substance Use | Cano, 2022 [241] | US born Black adults (56,233) Foreign born Black adults (2218) US and foreign-born White; Asian; Latino populations | National (NCHS) | Drug overdose mortality | Positive | Positive |
HRQoL: Self-report | Lucas, 2003 [59] | African American adults (13,921) Foreign-Born Black adults (1486) | National (NHIS) | Self-rated health status: Self-reported item | Positive | Positive |
HRQoL: Self-report | Read, 2005 [17] | African American adults (24,540) Foreign-born Black adults (2931) | National (NHIS) | Self-rated health: Self-reported physical health Activity limitation: Self-reported | Positive | Positive |
HRQoL: Self-report | Antecol, 2006 [187] | African American adults (35,642) Foreign-born Black adults (2446) US and foreign-born White; Latino populations | National (NHIS) | Self-rated health: Self-reported physical health Activity limitation: Self-reported | Positive | Positive |
HRQoL: Self-report | Singh, 2006 [22] | African American adults (n/r) Foreign-born Black adults (n/r) US and foreign-born White; Asian; Latino populations | National (US Census; NHIS) | Self-rated health: Self-reported | Positive | Not applicable |
HRQoL: Self-report | Elo, 2008 [68] | African American adults (22,545) Hispanic-born Black adults (283) Caribbean/South American-born Black adults (1485) African-born Black adults (574) European-born Black adults (93) | National (US Census; NHIS) | Self-rated health: Self-reported chronic conditions | Positive | Positive |
HRQoL: Self-report | Keane, 2009 [242] | African American adults (50) Black Caribbean adults (50) | Florida | Self-rated health: 8-item SF Health Survey | Positive | Positive |
HRQoL: Self-report | Acevedo-Garcia, 2010 [243] | First-Gen Black adults (6244) Second-Gen Black adults (1306) Third-Gen Black adults (61,391) | National (US Census) | Self-rated: Reported physical health | Positive | Positive |
HRQoL: Self-report | Griffith, 2011 [244] | African American adults (3570) US-born Caribbean Black adults (440) Caribbean-born Black adults (1166) | National (NSAL) | Self-rated: Reported physical health | Positive | Negative |
HRQoL: Self-report | Hamilton, 2011 [14] | African-born adults (2128) South American-born Black adults (609) Caribbean-born Black adults (4333) European-born Black adults (164) Central American-born Black adults (945) | National (US Census) | Self-rated health: Self-reported measures | Positive | Positive |
HRQoL: Self-report | Krieger, 2011 [57] | African American adults (193) Foreign-born Black adults (275) | Boston, MA | Self-rated health: 12-item SF Health Survey | Positive | Positive |
HRQoL: Self-report | Erving, 2016 [245] | African American adults (3138) US-born Caribbean Black adults (417) Caribbean-born Black adults (1033) | National (NSAL) | Self-rated health: Self-reported, chronic, acute | Positive | Not applicable |
HRQoL: Self-report | Hamilton, 2014 [44] | African American adults (4292) Foreign-born Black adults (264) | National (US Census) | Health advantage: Self-reported measure | Positive | Positive |
HRQoL: Self-report | Christie-Mizell, 2017 [246] | African American adults (2960) US-born Caribbean Black adults (311) Caribbean-born Black adults (820) | National (NSAL) | Self-rated health: Self-reported | Positive | Mixed |
HRQoL: Self-report | Maskileyson, 2021 [247] | US born Black adults (21,185) Foreign born Black adults (2967) US and foreign-born White; Asian; Latino populations | National (NHIS) | Self-rated: Reported physical health | Positive | Mixed |
HRQoL: Self-report | Erving, 2022 [248] | African-American women (644) Afro-Caribbean women (223) | National (NSAL) | Self-rated: Reported physical health | Positive | Positive |
HRQoL: General | Singh, 2002 [249] | African American adults (25,655) Foreign-born Black adults (777) | National (NLMS) | All-cause mortality: Combined risk of mortality from all major causes | Positive | Positive |
HRQoL: General | Singh, 2004 [20] | African American adults (n/r) Foreign-born Black adults (n/r) US and foreign-born Asian and Hispanic groups | National (NVSS; NHIS; US Census) | Mortality risk: Risk of mortality from all major causes | Positive | Positive |
HRQoL: General | Singh, 2006 [22] | African American adults (n/r) Foreign-born Black adults (n/r) US and foreign-born White; Asian; Latino populations | National (US Census; NHIS) | Life expectancy: Death records Childhood obesity: Prevalence rate | Positive | Positive |
HRQoL: General | Singh, 2013 [21] | African American adults (n/r) Foreign-born Black adults (n/r) | National (NVSS; NHIS) | Life expectancy: Death records Childhood obesity: Prevalence rate | Positive | Not applicable |
HRQoL: Aging | Singh, 2002 [249] | African American adults (3318) Foreign-born Black adults (40) | National (NLMS) | All-cause mortality: Combined risk of mortality from all major causes | Positive | Positive |
HRQoL: Aging | Jackson, 2005 [16] | African American adults (3430) Foreign-born Black adults (1167) | National (NSAL) | Self-reported health: self-reported Mental disorders: DSM-IV assessed | Positive | Not applicable |
HRQoL: Aging | Doamekpor, 2015 [250] | African American adults (2745) Foreign-born Black adults (152) | National (NHANES) | Allostatic load score: comprised systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, c-reactive protein, high-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, creatinine clearance, serum albumin) | Positive | Positive |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Ifatunji, M.A.; Faustin, Y.; Lee, W.; Wallace, D. Black Nativity and Health Disparities: A Research Paradigm for Understanding the Social Determinants of Health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 9166. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159166
Ifatunji MA, Faustin Y, Lee W, Wallace D. Black Nativity and Health Disparities: A Research Paradigm for Understanding the Social Determinants of Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(15):9166. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159166
Chicago/Turabian StyleIfatunji, Mosi Adesina, Yanica Faustin, Wendy Lee, and Deshira Wallace. 2022. "Black Nativity and Health Disparities: A Research Paradigm for Understanding the Social Determinants of Health" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15: 9166. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159166
APA StyleIfatunji, M. A., Faustin, Y., Lee, W., & Wallace, D. (2022). Black Nativity and Health Disparities: A Research Paradigm for Understanding the Social Determinants of Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(15), 9166. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159166