Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms and Their Relationships with Ego-Resiliency and Life Satisfaction among Well-Educated, Young Polish Citizens during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Participants
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Ego-Resiliency Scale (ER89-R12)
2.2.2. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)
2.2.3. Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS)
2.3. Socio-Demographic Variables
2.4. The Subjective Assessment of Changes in Mental Condition Due to the Pandemic
2.5. Data Analysis
2.6. Ethics
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Frequency (n = 604) | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
Age | ||
16–19 | 60 | 10.00 |
20–29 | 360 | 60.00 |
30–39 | 51 | 8.00 |
40–49 | 87 | 14.50 |
50+ | 46 | 7.50 |
Gender | ||
Female | 468 | 77.50 |
Male | 136 | 22.50 |
Education | ||
Primary and vocational | 14 | 2.00 |
Secondary | 373 | 62.00 |
Higher | 217 | 36.00 |
Place of residence | ||
Village | 193 | 32.00 |
City with ≤100,000 inhabitants | 190 | 31.00 |
City with >100,000 inhabitants | 221 | 37.00 |
Psychometric | Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) |
Ego-resiliency | 34.64 (5.96) | 35.00 (31.00–39.00) |
OR | 22.56 (4.21) | 23.00 (20.00–25.00) |
OL | 12.08 (2.63) | 12.00 (10.00–14.00) |
Anxiety | 8.94 (3.70) | 9.00 (6.00–11.00) |
Depression | 5.51 (3.39) | 5.00 (3.00–8.00) |
Satisfaction with life | 21.06 (6.46) | 21.00 (17.00–26.00) |
ER | OR | OL | Anxiety | Depression | Satisfaction with Life | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ER | 1.000 | 0.909 * | 0.781 * | −0.246 * | −0.267 * | 0.358 * |
OR | 1.000 | 0.472 * | −0.304 * | −0.284 * | 0.405 * | |
OL | 1.000 | −0.073 | −0.150 * | 0.158 * | ||
Anxiety | 1.000 | 0.444 * | −0.326 * | |||
Depression | 1.000 | −0.371 * | ||||
Satisfaction with life | 1.000 |
Variables | Positive Change | Negative Change | No Change | Kruskal–Wallis Test |
---|---|---|---|---|
Me (IQR) | Me (IQR) | Me (IQR) | p | |
ER | 36.00 (32.00–38.00) | 34.00 (29.00–38.00) | 36.00 (33.00–40.00) | 0.000 * |
OR | 23.00 (20.00–25.00) | 22.00 (19.00–25.00) | 24.00 (21.00–26.00) | 0.000 * |
OL | 13.00 (10.00–14.00) | 12.00 (10.00–14.00) | 12.50 (11.00–14.00) | 0.343 |
Anxiety | 9.50 (7.00–11.00) | 10.00 (7.00–12.00) | 7.00 (5.00–9.00) | 0.000 * |
Depression | 4.00 (2.00–6.00) | 6.00 (4.00–9.00) | 4.00 (2.00–5.00) | 0.000 * |
Satisfaction with life | 23.00 (19.00–26.00) | 20.00 (16.00–25.00) | 23.00 (19.00–28.00) | 0.000 * |
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Goryczka, A.; Dębski, P.; Gogola, A.M.; Gorczyca, P.; Piegza, M. Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms and Their Relationships with Ego-Resiliency and Life Satisfaction among Well-Educated, Young Polish Citizens during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 10364. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610364
Goryczka A, Dębski P, Gogola AM, Gorczyca P, Piegza M. Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms and Their Relationships with Ego-Resiliency and Life Satisfaction among Well-Educated, Young Polish Citizens during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(16):10364. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610364
Chicago/Turabian StyleGoryczka, Agnieszka, Paweł Dębski, Anna M. Gogola, Piotr Gorczyca, and Magdalena Piegza. 2022. "Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms and Their Relationships with Ego-Resiliency and Life Satisfaction among Well-Educated, Young Polish Citizens during the COVID-19 Pandemic" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 16: 10364. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610364