Spousal Violence and Contraceptive Use among Married Afghan Women in a Nationally Representative Sample
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Number of Types of Spousal Violence in the Last 12 Months | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
Variables | Total, 18,985 | None, 9819 (51.7%) | 1 Type, 3979 (21.0%) | 2 or 3 Types, 5187 (27.3%) | p-Value |
Contraceptive use | <0.000 | ||||
No | 14,570 (76.9) | 7794 (79.5) | 3099 (78.0) | 3677 (71.0) | |
Yes | 4388 (23.1) | 2012 (20.5) | 876 (22.0) | 1500 (29.0) | |
Method Types | <0.000 | ||||
None | 14570 (76.9) | 7794 (79.5) | 3099 (78.0) | 3677 (71.0) | |
* Male-involved methods | 1068 (5.6) | 535 (5.5) | 223 (5.61) | 310 (6.0) | |
Pills | 1283 (6.8) | 539 (5.5) | 272 (6.84) | 472 (9.1) | |
Injectables | 1178 (6.2) | 546 (5.6) | 210 (5.28) | 422 (8.2) | |
IUD/implants | 288 (1.5) | 155 (1.6) | 62 (1.56) | 71 (1.4) | |
Female sterilization | 327 (1.7) | 165 (1.7) | 64 (1.61) | 98 (1.9) | |
LAM | 244 (1.3) | 72 (0.7) | 45 (1.13) | 127 (2.5) | |
Age | <0.000 | ||||
15–24 | 3730 (19.7) | 2073 (21.1) | 726 (18.3) | 931 (18.0) | |
25–34 | 7713 (40.6) | 3852 (39.2) | 1643 (41.3) | 2218 (42.8) | |
35–49 | 7542 (39.7) | 3894 (39.7) | 1610 (40.5) | 2038 (39.3) | |
Education | <0.000 | ||||
No education | 16309 (85.9) | 8140 (82.9) | 3520 (88.5) | 4649 (89.6) | |
Primary | 1276 (6.7) | 726 (7.4) | 269 (6.8) | 281 (5.4) | |
Secondary | 1091 (5.8) | 721 (7.3) | 159 (4.0) | 211 (4.1) | |
Higher | 309 (1.6) | 232 (2.4) | 31 (0.8) | 46 (0.9) | |
Residency | <0.000 | ||||
Urban | 4741 (25.0) | 2862 (29.2) | 823 (20.7) | 1056 (20.4) | |
Rural | 14244 (75.0) | 6957 (70.9) | 3156 (79.3) | 4131 (79.6) | |
Wealth | <0.000 | ||||
Poorest | 3765 (19.8) | 1918 (19.5) | 743 (18.7) | 1104 (21.1) | |
Poorer | 4265 (22.5) | 2141 (21.8) | 961 (24.2) | 1163 (22.4) | |
Middle | 4054 (21.4) | 1899 (19.3) | 960 (24.1) | 1195 (23.0) | |
Richer | 3990 (21.0) | 2064 (21.0) | 847 (21.3) | 1079 (20.8) | |
Richest | 2911 (15.3) | 1797 (18.3) | 468 (11.8) | 646 (12.5) | |
Parity | <0.000 | ||||
1 | 1954 (10.3) | 1131 (11.5) | 364 (9.2) | 459 (8.9) | |
2–4 | 7173 (37.8) | 3681 (37.5) | 1466 (36.8) | 2026 (39.1) | |
≥5 | 9858 (51.9) | 5007 (51.0) | 2149 (54.0) | 2702 (52.1) | |
Desire for more or any children | <0.000 | ||||
No | 11,981 (63.1) | 6481 (66.0) | 2474 (62.2) | 3026 (58.3) | |
Yes | 7004 (36.9) | 3338 (34.0) | 1505 (37.8) | 2161 (41.7) |
Variables | Unadjusted Odds Ratio UOR [CI] | p-Value | Adjusted Odds Ratio AOR [CI] | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Spousal Physical Violence | ||||
None | Ref. | |||
1 type | 1.15 [0.94–1.39] | <0.074 | 1.13 [0.93–1.73] | <0.210 |
2 or 3 types | 1.84 *** [1.57–2.16] | <0.000 | 1.93 *** [1.64–2.27] | <0.000 |
Age | ||||
15–24 | Ref. | |||
25–34 | 0.83 [0.65–1.06] | <0.135 | ||
35–49 | 0.92 [0.69–1.21] | <0.529 | ||
Education | ||||
No education | Ref. | |||
Primary | 1.45 ** [1.14–1.84] | <0.002 | ||
Secondary | 1.77 ** [1.23–2.56] | <0.002 | ||
Higher | 2.37 * [1.22–4.60] | <0.011 | ||
Residency | ||||
Urban | Ref. | |||
Rural | 0.72 * [0.56–0.93] | <0.012 | ||
Wealth | ||||
Poorest | Ref. | |||
Poorer | 1.18 [0.98–1.41] | <0.074 | ||
Middle | 1.14 [ 0.84–1.56] | <0.405 | ||
Richer | 1.79 *** [1.35–2.38] | <0.000 | ||
Richest | 2.41 *** [1.71–3.59] | <0.000 | ||
Parity | ||||
1 | Ref. | |||
2–4 | 1.66 *** [1.29–2.15] | <0.000 | ||
≥5 | 2.61 *** [1.89–3.59] | <0.000 | ||
Desire for more or any children | ||||
No | Ref. | |||
Yes | 0.84 * [0.71–0.99] | <0.041 |
Methods by Effectiveness Level (Base Outcome: Male-Involved Methods) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Pills | Injectables | IUD & Implants | Female Sterilization | LAM |
Spousal Physical Violence | |||||
None | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
1 type | 1.71 [1.17–2.52] | 1.16 [0.70–1.93] | 0.63 [0.30–1.33] | 1.20 [0.69–2.07] | 1.10 [0.57–2.12] |
2 or 3 types | 2.12 [1.63–2.77] | 1.75 [1.26–2.41] | 0.71 [0.40–1.24] | 0.87 [0.59–1.29] | 3.27 [2.05–5.20] |
Age | |||||
15–24 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
25–34 | 0.68 [0.42–1.09] | 1.19 [0.71–2.01] | 0.94 [0.41–2.16] | 49.22 [6.19–391.61] | 0.71 [0.39–1.30] |
35–49 | 0.51 [0.31–0.84] | 1.48 [0.84–2.62] | 1.28 [0.41–3.99] | 238.0 [28.59–1981.8] | 0.24 [0.10–0.57] |
Education | |||||
No education | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Primary | 0.51 [0.34–0.76] | 0.63 [0.39–1.00] | 0.82 [0.40–1.69] | 0.79 [0.40–1.53] | 0.26 [0.09–0.73] |
Secondary | 0.67 [0.39–1.16] | 0.48 [0.27–0.87] | 1.59 [0.79–3.24] | 0.51 [0.22–1.20] | 0.12 [0.03–0.45] |
Higher | 0.19 [0.07–0.53] | 0.97 [0.42–2.24] | 3.23 [1.04–10.00] | 0.10 [0.02–0.56] | 0.40 [0.03–4.62] |
Residency | |||||
Urban | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Rural | 1.64 [1.06–2.53] | 1.57 [0.92–2.68] | 2.52 [0.79–8.05] | 1.14 [0.67–1.94] | 1.01 [0.38–2.66] |
Wealth | |||||
Poorest | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Poorer | 0.54 [0.31–0.95] | 0.49 [0.28–0.84] | 2.32 [0.97–5.51] | 0.51 [0.22–1.19] | 1.88 [0.56–6.37] |
Middle | 0.44 [0.25–0.77] | 0.39 [0.22–0.69] | 1.03 [0.46–2.32] | 0.46 [0.20–1.08] | 1.33 [0.41–4.37] |
Richer | 0.39 [0.23–0.65] | 0.29 [0.16–0.52] | 1.65 [0.71–3.83] | 0.42 [0.20–0.92] | 0.82 [0.26–2.65] |
Richest | 0.53 [0.28–1.00] | 0.21 [0.11–0.41] | 2.12 [0.59–7.55] | 0.59 [0.24–1.46] | 0.54 [0.13 –2.32] |
Parity | |||||
1 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
2–4 | 1.94 [1.11–3.39] | 3.96 [1.63–9.65] | 3.56 [1.01–12.47] | 3.42 [0.43–27.42] | 1.26 [0.63–2.49] |
≥5 | 2.17 [1.18–3.98] | 5.21 [1.83–14.86] | 3.30 [0.77–14.11] | 6.38 [0.76–53.22] | 1.52 [0.63–3.68] |
Desire for more or any children | |||||
No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Yes | 1.00 [0.75–1.33] | 0.63 [0.46–0.86] | 0.93 [0.54–1.60] | - | 2.04 [1.14–3.65] |
Decision-making | - | ||||
Shared decision making | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Mainly respondent | 1.61 [1.05–2.46] | 1.03 [0.65–1.64] | 1.24 [0.67–2.28] | 1.03 [0.54–1.96] | 2.82 [1.47–5.40] |
Mainly husband | 0.52 [0.33–0.80] | 0.60 [0.38–0.94] | 1.20 [0.63–2.28] | 0.67 [0.35–1.26] | 4.08 [1.51–6.63] |
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Ibrahimi, S.; Steinberg, J.R. Spousal Violence and Contraceptive Use among Married Afghan Women in a Nationally Representative Sample. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 9783. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19169783
Ibrahimi S, Steinberg JR. Spousal Violence and Contraceptive Use among Married Afghan Women in a Nationally Representative Sample. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(16):9783. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19169783
Chicago/Turabian StyleIbrahimi, Sahra, and Julia R. Steinberg. 2022. "Spousal Violence and Contraceptive Use among Married Afghan Women in a Nationally Representative Sample" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 16: 9783. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19169783