Domains of Physical and Mental Workload in Health Work and Unpaid Domestic Work by Gender Division: A Study with Primary Health Care Workers in Brazil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Variables | Total Sample (n = 342) | Men (n = 45) | Women (n = 297) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
Age (years) * | 41.5 ± 10.0 | 38.6 ± 11.8 | 42.0 ± 9.7 | 0.033 a |
Skin color | 0.137 b | |||
Caucasian | 262 (77.5) | 31 (70.5) | 231 (78.6) | |
African descendant | 37 (10.9) | 4 (9.1) | 33 (11.2) | |
Mixed race | 39 (11.5) | 9 (20.5) | 30 (10.2) | |
Marital status | 0.093 b | |||
Single | 99 (28.9) | 20 (44.4) | 79 (26.6) | |
Married/stable union | 200 (58.5) | 21 (46.7) | 179 (60.3) | |
Separated/divorced | 37 (10.8) | 3 (6.7) | 34 (11.4) | |
Widowed | 6 (1.8) | 1 (2.2) | 5 (1.7) | |
Level of education | 0.002 b | |||
Incomplete high school/complete high school | 83 (24.3) | 4 (8.9) | 79 (26.6) # | |
Technical course | 47 (13.7) | 3 (6.7) | 44 (14.8) | |
Incomplete higher education | 39 (11.4) | 5 (11.1) | 34 (11.4) | |
Complete higher education/technology course | 98 (28.7) | 24 (53.3) # | 74 (24.9) | |
Specialization | 59 (17.3) | 6 (13.3) | 53 (17.8) | |
Master’s/doctorate | 16 (4.7) | 3 (6.7) | 13 (4.4) | |
Number of children ** | 1 (0–2) | 0 (0–2) | 1 (1–2) | 0.002 c |
Monthly income (m.w.) | <0.001 b | |||
Up to 2 | 130 (38.7) | 11 (25.0) | 119 (40.8) # | |
From 2 to 4 | 116 (34.5) | 10 (22.7) | 106 (36.3) | |
From 4 to 8 | 41 (12.2) | 6 (13.6) | 35 (12.0) | |
More than 8 | 49 (14.6) | 17 (38.6) # | 32 (11.0) | |
Location | 0.998 b | |||
Municipality 1 | 286 (83.6) | 38 (84.4) | 248 (83.5) | |
Municipality 2 | 56 (16.4) | 7 (15.6) | 49 (16.5) | |
Other work parallel to that of PHC | <0.001 b | |||
Yes | 63 (18.5) | 19 (43.2) | 44 (14.9) | |
No | 277 (81.5) | 25 (56.8) | 252 (85.1) | |
Sector-PHU | 0.918 b | |||
PHU—traditional | 26 (7.6) | 4 (8.9) | 22 (7.4) | |
FHU | 282 (82.5) | 37 (82.2) | 245 (82.5) | |
PHU—24 h | 34 (9.9) | 4 (8.9) | 30 (10.1) | |
Profession | <0.001 b | |||
Nurse | 53 (15.5) | 2 (4.4) | 51 (17.2) # | |
Doctor | 43 (12.6) | 18 (40.0) # | 25 (8.4) | |
Nursing technician/assistant | 73 (21.3) | 9 (20.0) | 64 (21.5) | |
Community health agent | 139 (40.6) | 12 (26.7) | 127 (42.8) # | |
Dentist | 13 (3.8) | 4 (8.9) | 9 (3.0) | |
Oral health technician/assistant | 15 (4.4) | 0 (0.0) | 15 (5.1) | |
Other | 6 (1.8) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (2.0) | |
Length of time in the profession (years) ** | 11 (4–16) | 5 (0–16) | 11.5 (7–16) | 0.011 c |
Time working in PHC (years) ** | 8 (1–13) | 2 (0–9) | 9 (2–14) | <0.001 c |
Weekly workload | 44.4 ± 13.2 | 48.3 ± 13.8 | 43.8 ± 13.0 | 0.033 a |
Work period in PHC | 0.916 b | |||
Day shift | 304 (89.4) | 41 (91.1) | 263 (89.2) | |
Night shift | 8 (2.4) | 1 (2.2) | 7 (2.4) | |
Night/day | 28 (8.2) | 3 (6.7) | 25 (8.5) |
Workload Domains | Men (n = 45) | Women (n = 297) | p * | Cohen’s SES | b (95%CI) ** | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |||||
Workload in PHC work | ||||||
Mental demand | 13.5 ± 5.9 | 15.8 ± 5.1 | 0.006 | 0.44 | 2.26 (0.47 to 4.04) | 0.013 |
Physical demand | 10.5 ± 5.1 | 12.9 ± 5.6 | 0.009 | 0.42 | 2.22 (0.23 to 4.20) | 0.029 |
Temporal demand | 12.9 ± 5.4 | 14.4 ± 5.4 | 0.089 | 0.28 | 1.81 (−0.08 to 3.71) | 0.061 |
Performance | 13.7 ± 5.1 | 14.6 ± 5.4 | 0.303 | 0.17 | 0.88 (−1.00 to 2.77) | 0.359 |
Total effort | 13.9 ± 4.7 | 15.5 ± 4.6 | 0.024 | 0.36 | 1.54 (−0.11 to 3.20) | 0.067 |
Frustration | 8.8 ± 5.5 | 12.8 ± 6.0 | <0.001 | 0.68 | 4.18 (2.17 to 6.19) | <0.001 |
Total | 13.6 ± 4.1 | 15.1 ± 3.7 | 0.014 | 0.41 | 1.62 (0.25 to 2.98) | 0.020 |
Workload in unpaid domestic work | ||||||
Mental demand | 12.1 ± 5.8 | 13.2 ± 6.0 | 0.241 | 0.19 | 1.28 (−0.88 to 3.43) | 0.244 |
Physical demand | 9.2 ± 4.9 | 11.5 ± 5.8 | 0.007 | 0.39 | 1.95 (−0.08 to 3.98) | 0.059 |
Temporal demand | 12.3 ± 4.7 | 13.5 ± 5.5 | 0.148 | 0.24 | 1.34 (−0.65 to 3.33) | 0.187 |
Performance | 13.0 ± 5.4 | 13.0 ± 5.4 | 0.958 | 0.01 | 0.15 (−1.79 to 2.09) | 0.878 |
Total effort | 12.6 ± 5.5 | 14.2 ± 4.9 | 0.050 | 0.32 | 1.03 (−0.76 to 2.82) | 0.259 |
Frustration | 7.3 ± 5.6 | 10.2 ± 6.2 | 0.003 | 0.48 | 3.32 (1.12 to 5.52) | 0.003 |
Total | 12.0 ± 4.2 | 13.4 ± 4.2 | 0.049 | 0.33 | 1.42 (−0.13 to 2.97) | 0.073 |
Women (n = 295) | Men (n = 45) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Workload Domains | Without Anxiety Disorders (n = 140) | With Anxiety Disorders (n = 155) | p * | Cohen’s SES | Without Anxiety Disorders (n = 25) | With Anxiety Disorders (n = 20) | p * | Cohen’s SES |
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |||||
Workload in PHC work | ||||||||
Mental demand | 14.8 ± 5.3 | 16.6 ± 4.7 | 0.002 | 0.36 | 13.1 ± 5.5 | 13.9 ± 6.5 | 0.644 | 0.14 |
Physical demand | 12.5 ± 5.9 | 13.2 ± 5.3 | 0.256 | 0.13 | 11.0 ± 5.5 | 10.0 ± 4.6 | 0.536 | 0.19 |
Temporal demand | 13.6 ± 5.4 | 15.1 ± 5.2 | 0.016 | 0.28 | 13.3 ± 5.0 | 12.5 ± 5.9 | 0.630 | 0.15 |
Performance | 14.6 ± 5.2 | 14.6 ± 5.5 | 0.889 | 0.02 | 13.4 ± 5.5 | 14.2 ± 4.7 | 0.614 | 0.15 |
Total effort | 15.0 ± 4.6 | 16.0 ± 4.6 | 0.062 | 0.22 | 13.6 ± 4.4 | 14.3 ± 5.1 | 0.629 | 0.15 |
Frustration | 11.2 ± 6.0 | 14.2 ± 5.6 | <0.001 | 0.52 | 9.3 ± 5.7 | 8.2 ± 5.2 | 0.496 | 0.21 |
Total | 14.6 ± 3.8 | 15.6 ± 3.5 | 0.030 | 0.27 | 13.5 ± 4.2 | 13.8 ± 4.1 | 0.819 | 0.07 |
Workload in unpaid domestic work | ||||||||
Mental demand | 12.2 ± 5.9 | 14.1 ± 6.0 | 0.005 | 0.33 | 10.9 ± 5.5 | 13.6 ± 6.0 | 0.134 | 0.46 |
Physical demand | 10.8 ± 5.8 | 12.1 ± 5.8 | 0.052 | 0.23 | 10.1 ± 5.0 | 8.2 ± 4.6 | 0.201 | 0.39 |
Temporal demand | 12.7 ± 5.4 | 14.3 ± 5.5 | 0.018 | 0.28 | 11.4 ± 4.5 | 13.5 ± 4.9 | 0.142 | 0.46 |
Performance | 13.3 ± 5.2 | 12.8 ± 5.6 | 0.456 | 0.09 | 13.3 ± 4.7 | 12.6 ± 6.3 | 0.682 | 0.12 |
Total effort | 13.6 ± 4.9 | 14.7 ± 4.9 | 0.043 | 0.24 | 12.1 ± 5.1 | 13.3 ± 6.0 | 0.500 | 0.20 |
Frustration | 8.5 ± 5.5 | 11.7 ± 6.4 | <0.001 | 0.55 | 6.0 ± 4.8 | 8.8 ± 6.2 | 0.101 | 0.50 |
Total | 12.5 ± 4.1 | 14.2 ± 4.2 | <0.001 | 0.41 | 11.4 ± 4.1 | 12.8 ± 4.3 | 0.286 | 0.33 |
Women (n = 295) | Men (n = 45) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Workload Domains | Without Episodes of Depression (n = 202) | With Episodes of Depression (n = 93) | p * | Cohen’s SES | Without Episodes of Depression (n = 39) | With Episodes of Depression (n = 6) | p * | Cohen’s SES |
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |||||
Workload in PHC work | ||||||||
Mental demand | 15.3 ± 5.2 | 16.7 ± 4.6 | 0.023 | 0.28 | 13.4 ± 5.9 | 14.2 ± 6.6 | 0.766 | 0.13 |
Physical demand | 12.8 ± 5.9 | 13.0 ± 5.1 | 0.767 | 0.04 | 10.7 ± 5.4 | 9.5 ± 2.3 | 0.370 | 0.23 |
Temporal demand | 14.1 ± 5.3 | 15.0 ± 5.4 | 0.165 | 0.18 | 13.2 ± 5.4 | 11.2 ± 5.6 | 0.407 | 0.37 |
Performance | 14.6 ± 5.2 | 14.6 ± 5.8 | 0.986 | 0.00 | 13.4 ± 5.3 | 15.7 ± 3.2 | 0.323 | 0.44 |
Total effort | 15.2 ± 4.6 | 16.4 ± 4.5 | 0.033 | 0.27 | 14.1 ± 4.8 | 12.5 ± 3.8 | 0.449 | 0.34 |
Frustration | 11.6 ± 5.7 | 15.4 ± 5.7 | <0.001 | 0.67 | 9.0 ± 5.6 | 7.5 ± 4.7 | 0.544 | 0.27 |
Total | 14.8 ± 3.7 | 15.8 ± 3.5 | 0.036 | 0.28 | 13.5 ± 4.3 | 13.9 ± 2.9 | 0.840 | 0.09 |
Workload in unpaid domestic work | ||||||||
Mental demand | 12.5 ± 5.8 | 14.8 ± 6.2 | 0.002 | 0.38 | 11.5 ± 5.7 | 15.8 ± 5.6 | 0.091 | 0.76 |
Physical demand | 11.0 ± 5.8 | 12.6 ± 5.8 | 0.028 | 0.28 | 9.3 ± 4.6 | 9.2 ± 7.1 | 0.967 | 0.02 |
Temporal demand | 12.9 ± 5.4 | 14.9 ± 5.7 | 0.005 | 0.35 | 11.8 ± 4.5 | 15.2 ± 5.5 | 0.106 | 0.73 |
Performance | 13.2 ± 5.2 | 12.7 ± 5.9 | 0.536 | 0.08 | 12.6 ± 5.4 | 15.5 ± 5.5 | 0.227 | 0.54 |
Total effort | 13.8 ± 4.9 | 15.0 ± 4.9 | 0.071 | 0.23 | 12.7 ± 5.2 | 11.8 ± 7.7 | 0.710 | 0.16 |
Frustration | 9.3 ± 5.9 | 12.2 ± 6.4 | <0.001 | 0.49 | 6.5 ± 5.1 | 12.3 ± 6.4 | 0.015 | 1.11 |
Total | 12.9 ± 4.1 | 14.4 ± 4.3 | 0.009 | 0.35 | 11.6 ± 4.1 | 14.3 ± 4.7 | 0.156 | 0.64 |
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Cezar-Vaz, M.R.; Xavier, D.M.; Bonow, C.A.; Vaz, J.C.; Cardoso, L.S.; Sant’Anna, C.F.; da Costa, V.Z. Domains of Physical and Mental Workload in Health Work and Unpaid Domestic Work by Gender Division: A Study with Primary Health Care Workers in Brazil. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 9816. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19169816
Cezar-Vaz MR, Xavier DM, Bonow CA, Vaz JC, Cardoso LS, Sant’Anna CF, da Costa VZ. Domains of Physical and Mental Workload in Health Work and Unpaid Domestic Work by Gender Division: A Study with Primary Health Care Workers in Brazil. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(16):9816. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19169816
Chicago/Turabian StyleCezar-Vaz, Marta Regina, Daiani Modernel Xavier, Clarice Alves Bonow, Jordana Cezar Vaz, Letícia Silveira Cardoso, Cynthia Fontella Sant’Anna, and Valdecir Zavarese da Costa. 2022. "Domains of Physical and Mental Workload in Health Work and Unpaid Domestic Work by Gender Division: A Study with Primary Health Care Workers in Brazil" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 16: 9816. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19169816