Association of Vegetable and Fruit Consumption with Urinary Oxidative Biomarkers in Teenaged Girls: A School-Based Pilot Study in Japan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Subjects and Methods
2.1. Study Participants and Study Design
2.2. Estimation of Usual Vegetable and Fruit Intake
2.3. Urine Sampling and Determination of Oxidative Biomarkers in Urine
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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mean ± SD (n) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Age | 15.6 ± 1.7 (103) | ||
BMI | 20.7 ± 2.3 (103) | ||
n (%) | |||
Education | |||
Junior high school students | 33 (32.0) | ||
High school students | 70 (68.0) | ||
Awareness of the recommended amount of daily vegetable intake | |||
Yes | 6 (5.8) | ||
No | 97 (94.2) | ||
Awareness of the recommended amount of daily fruit intake | |||
Yes | 2 (1.9) | ||
No | 101 (98.1) | ||
Self–reported daily vegetable intake (g/day) | |||
<250 | 72 (69.9) | ||
250–349 | 11 (10.7) | ||
≥350 | 20 (19.4) | ||
Self–reported daily fruit intake (g/day) | |||
<100 | 32 (31.1) | ||
100–199 | 47 (45.6) | ||
≥200 | 24 (23.3) | ||
Physical exercise at least once a week | |||
Yes | 72 (69.9) | ||
No | 31 (30.1) | ||
Oxidative biomarkers in urine | median (min, max) | ||
HEL (nmol/g Cr) | 86.22 (10.38, 884.71) | ||
DT (µmol/g Cr) | 2.55 (0.56, 11.2) | ||
8-OHdG (ng/mg Cr) | 7.29 (2.22, 23.21) | ||
H2O2 (µmol/g Cr) | 45.85 (0.5, 281.06) |
Fruit | |||
<100 g/d (n = 32) | ≥100 g/d (n = 71) | p Value | |
HEL (nmol/g Cr) | 95.09 (835.22) | 79.24 (379.04) | 0.033 |
8-OHdG (ng/mg Cr) | 7.90 (15.46) | 7.07 (20.81) | 0.127 |
DT (μmol/g Cr) | 2.81 (6.18) | 2.41 (10.42) | 0.385 |
H2O2 (µmol/g Cr) | 40.14 (249.33) | 57.88 (277.55) | 0.092 |
Vegetable | |||
<250 g/d (n = 72) | ≥250 g/d (n = 31) | p Value | |
HEL (nmol/g Cr) | 89.86 (874.33) | 70.33 (222.69) | 0.052 |
8-OHdG (ng/mg Cr) | 7.41 (20.99) | 7.01 (15.29) | 0.278 |
DT (μmol/g Cr) | 2.45 (10.63) | 2.80 (5.82) | 0.774 |
H2O2 (µmol/g Cr) | 43.27 (280.56) | 69.31 (198.99) | 0.349 |
Vegetable Intake | Fruit Intake | Adjusted R2 a | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | p | β | p | ||
HEL | −0.332 | 0.014 | 0.171 | 0.213 | 0.060 |
8-OHdG | 0.002 | 0.987 | 0.106 | 0.437 | 0.067 |
DT | 0.302 | 0.026 | −0.019 | 0.890 | 0.047 |
H2O2 | 0.121 | 0.253 | 0.039 | 0.715 | 0.089 |
Physical Exercise at Least Once a Week | p Value | ||
---|---|---|---|
No (n = 31) | Yes (n = 72) | ||
Urinary HEL (nmol/g Cr) | 140.7 (32.3, 352.6) | 71.2(10.4, 884.7) | 0.002 |
Urinary 8-OHdG (ng/mg Cr) | 10.0 (4.2, 23.2) | 6.6 (2.2, 15.4) | <0.001 |
Urinary DT (µmol/g Cr) | 3.6 (0.6, 11.2) | 2.2 (0.8, 5.5) | <0.001 |
Urinary H2O2 (µmol/g Cr) | 42.3 (0.5, 249.8) | 47.2 (9.7, 281.1) | 0.930 |
BMI (kg/m2) | ||
---|---|---|
r | p Value | |
Fruit intake (g/day) | −0.015 | 0.878 |
Vegetable intake (g/day) | −0.125 | 0.211 |
HEL (nmol/g Cr) | −0.094 | 0.348 |
8-OHdG (ng/mg Cr) | −0.149 | 0.136 |
DT (μmol/g Cr) | −0.056 | 0.573 |
H2O2 (µmol/g Cr) | −0.033 | 0.745 |
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Sato, Y.; Yamada, A.; Miyanaga, M.; Wang, D.-H. Association of Vegetable and Fruit Consumption with Urinary Oxidative Biomarkers in Teenaged Girls: A School-Based Pilot Study in Japan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 10474. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710474
Sato Y, Yamada A, Miyanaga M, Wang D-H. Association of Vegetable and Fruit Consumption with Urinary Oxidative Biomarkers in Teenaged Girls: A School-Based Pilot Study in Japan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(17):10474. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710474
Chicago/Turabian StyleSato, Yoshiko, Ai Yamada, Masamitsu Miyanaga, and Da-Hong Wang. 2022. "Association of Vegetable and Fruit Consumption with Urinary Oxidative Biomarkers in Teenaged Girls: A School-Based Pilot Study in Japan" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17: 10474. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710474