How Biochar Derived from Pond Cypress (Taxodium Ascendens) Evolved with Pyrolysis Temperature and Time and Their End Efficacy Evaluation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Biochar Collection
2.2. Biochar Preparation
2.3. Biochar Yield
2.4. The pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC) and Specific Surface Area (SSA) of Biochar
2.5. Proximate Analysis
2.6. Elemental Composition Analyses
2.7. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. The Biochar Yield
3.2. The pH and EC
3.3. The Specific Surface Area (SSA) of Biochar
3.4. Proximate Analysis
3.5. Elemental Composition Analysis
3.5.1. Ultimate Analysis
3.5.2. Elements Composition on Biochar Surface
3.6. Comprehensive Evaluation for 24 Types of Biochar
3.6.1. Principal Component Analysis
3.6.2. Cluster Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Pyrolysis Time Can Play a Significant Role in Biochar Modification at Specific Temperatures
4.2. Significant Differences Existed between B-Biochar and L-Biochar Even Though They Were Made from the Same Tree Species
4.3. Biochar Made from Pond Cypress (Taxodium Ascendens) has Advantages on Soil Amendment and Carbon Sequestration
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compositions | Content (wt.%) | |
---|---|---|
Brach | Leaf | |
Lignin | 33.51 | 39.44 |
Cellulose | 29.11 | 15.17 |
Semi-cellulose | 12.49 | 10.03 |
C | 47.70 | 47.20 |
H | 6.88 | 6.18 |
N | 0.31 | 1.42 |
O | 46.79 | 40.00 |
Volatile matters | 31.43 | 29.42 |
Ash | 3.16 | 2.06 |
pH | 3.93 | 3.90 |
EC (ms·cm−1) | 0.32 | 1.22 |
Tempt (°C) | Time (h) | Proximate Analysis (%) n = 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moisture | VM | Ash | FC | ||
Branch | |||||
350 | 0.50 | 2.04 ± 0.00 | 76.56 ± 0.30 | 4.24 ± 0.10 | 17.16 ± 0.30 |
350 | 1.00 | 1.92 ± 0.10 | 71.45 ± 2.00 | 4.69 ± 0.10 | 21.94 ± 2.00 |
350 | 2.00 | 2.09 ± 0.00 | 56.94 ± 0.10 | 4.32 ± 0.00 | 36.66 ± 0.10 |
450 | 0.50 | 3.15 ± 0.10 | 52.00 ± 0.10 | 5.94 ± 0.10 | 38.91 ± 0.10 |
450 | 1.00 | 2.54 ± 0.30 | 53.49 ± 0.10 | 5.93 ± 0.10 | 38.04 ± 0.30 |
450 | 2.00 | 3.50 ± 0.30 | 54.63 ± 0.00 | 6.96 ± 0.10 | 34.91 ± 0.30 |
650 | 0.50 | 1.35 ± 0.00 | 30.35 ± 0.00 | 2.92 ± 0.10 | 65.38 ± 0.10 |
650 | 1.00 | 2.68 ± 0.10 | 23.87 ± 0.00 | 2.32 ± 0.00 | 71.13 ± 0.10 |
650 | 2.00 | 5.88 ± 0.10 | 23.82 ± 0.10 | 1.77 ± 0.40 | 68.53 ± 0.60 |
750 | 0.50 | 6.24 ± 0.10 | 22.56 ± 0.10 | 1.06 ± 0.00 | 70.13 ± 0.10 |
750 | 1.00 | 8.58 ± 0.00 | 17.41 ± 0.10 | 3.46 ± 0.00 | 70.55 ± 0.10 |
750 | 2.00 | 8.01 ± 0.20 | 6.80 ± 0.10 | 2.89 ± 0.10 | 82.30 ± 0.20 |
Leaf | |||||
350 | 0.50 | 3.16 ± 0.10 | 46.19 ± 0.00 | 10.05 ± 0.10 | 40.61 ± 0.10 |
350 | 1.00 | 3.46 ± 0.10 | 45.00 ± 0.10 | 10.13 ± 0.10 | 41.42 ± 0.10 |
350 | 2.00 | 3.27 ± 0.10 | 44.82 ± 0.10 | 10.32 ± 0.40 | 41.60 ± 0.30 |
450 | 0.50 | 4.27 ± 0.10 | 44.60 ± 0.00 | 11.00 ± 0.10 | 40.13 ± 0.10 |
450 | 1.00 | 4.67 ± 0.20 | 43.75 ± 0.10 | 13.63 ± 0.10 | 37.95 ± 0.10 |
450 | 2.00 | 4.88 ± 0.20 | 42.52 ± 0.00 | 13.47 ± 0.40 | 39.14 ± 0.50 |
650 | 0.50 | 3.03 ± 0.10 | 37.06 ± 1.40 | 12.43 ± 0.10 | 47.49 ± 1.60 |
650 | 1.00 | 2.99 ± 0.20 | 29.55 ± 1.20 | 12.38 ± 0.10 | 55.08 ± 1.40 |
650 | 2.00 | 4.68 ± 0.20 | 23.94 ± 0.10 | 15.73 ± 0.10 | 55.64 ± 0.20 |
750 | 0.50 | 5.20 ± 0.20 | 22.79 ± 0.60 | 15.88 ± 0.10 | 56.12 ± 0.80 |
750 | 1.00 | 5.36 ± 0.30 | 20.95 ± 0.00 | 17.43 ± 0.40 | 56.26 ± 0.60 |
750 | 2.00 | 6.82 ± 0.20 | 13.89 ± 0.00 | 17.06 ± 0.20 | 62.23 ± 0.30 |
Tempt (°C) | Time (h) | Ultimate Analysis (%) n = 2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | H | N | O | ||
Branch | |||||
350 | 0.50 | 64.06 ± 2.52 | 4.56 ± 0.06 | 0.63 ± 0.17 | 29.07 ± 0.06 |
350 | 1.00 | 65.26 ± 0.58 | 4.47 ± 0.07 | 0.69 ± 0.11 | 27.10 ± 0.04 |
350 | 2.00 | 67.48 ± 0.38 | 4.30 ± 0.26 | 0.59 ± 0.07 | 24.24 ± 0.06 |
450 | 0.50 | 69.63 ± 0.83 | 3.32 ± 0.03 | 0.69 ± 0.13 | 20.01 ± 0.20 |
450 | 1.00 | 69.33 ± 1.51 | 3.42 ± 0.02 | 0.66 ± 0.08 | 20.00 ± 0.05 |
450 | 2.00 | 71.32 ± 0.28 | 3.17 ± 0.14 | 0.72 ± 0.09 | 18.1 ± 0.07 |
650 | 0.50 | 84.33 ± 5.43 | 1.81 ± 0.24 | 0.66 ± 0.10 | 11.06 ± 0.11 |
650 | 1.00 | 74.29 ± 4.50 | 1.44 ± 0.20 | 0.48 ± 0.23 | 10.12 ± 0.08 |
650 | 2.00 | 81.90 ± 4.33 | 1.37 ± 0.09 | 0.67 ± 0.06 | 11.44 ± 0.08 |
750 | 0.50 | 70.15 ± 1.44 | 1.03 ± 0.10 | 0.55 ± 0.08 | 10.47 ± 0.08 |
750 | 1.00 | 80.52 ± 3.33 | 0.83 ± 0.16 | 0.59 ± 0.08 | 10.63 ± 0.1 |
750 | 2.00 | 73.51 ± 2.84 | 1.00 ± 0.18 | 0.41 ± 0.18 | 10.61 ± 0.28 |
Leaf | |||||
350 | 0.50 | 61.14 ± 1.0 | 4.65 ± 0.04 | 2.14 ± 0.05 | 26.17 ± 0.04 |
350 | 1.00 | 61.17 ± 1.41 | 4.50 ± 0.08 | 2.15 ± 0.05 | 25.55 ± 0.61 |
350 | 2.00 | 61.24 ± 1.56 | 4.33 ± 0.01 | 2.09 ± 0.00 | 26.29 ± 0.10 |
450 | 0.50 | 62.64 ± 1.54 | 3.43 ± 0.1 | 1.98 ± 0.03 | 23.34 ± 0.04 |
450 | 1.00 | 67.12 ± 1.98 | 3.80 ± 0.94 | 2.35 ± 0.50 | 24.38 ± 0.10 |
450 | 2.00 | 65.7 ± 2.41 | 3.04 ± 0.32 | 1.77 ± 0.20 | 22.45 ± 0.05 |
650 | 0.50 | 69.55 ± 0.54 | 1.44 ± 0.30 | 1.87 ± 0.05 | 17.22 ± 0.05 |
650 | 1.00 | 67.66 ± 2.68 | 1.46 ± 0.21 | 1.61 ± 0.10 | 15.84 ± 0.37 |
650 | 2.00 | 67.43 ± 2.16 | 1.39 ± 0.27 | 1.52 ± 0.10 | 15.88 ± 0.05 |
750 | 0.50 | 70.48 ± 2.18 | 1.20 ± 0.27 | 1.99 ± 0.00 | 17.67 ± 0.06 |
750 | 1.00 | 65.87 ± 3.48 | 1.11 ± 0.20 | 1.49 ± 0.15 | 16.91 ± 0.09 |
750 | 2.00 | 66.51 ± 0.54 | 1.24 ± 0.20 | 1.68 ± 0.08 | 17.28 ± 0.06 |
Tempt (°C) | Time (h) | Elemental Content Measured By EDS (wt%) n = 3 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S | P | K | Ca | Na | Mg | Si | ||
Branch | ||||||||
350 | 0.50 | 0.17 ± 0.00 | 0.11 ± 0.00 | 0.30 ± 0.10 | 0.94 ± 0.00 | 0.23 ± 0.00 | 0.08 ± 0.00 | 0.16 ± 0.00 |
350 | 1.00 | 0.22 ± 0.00 | 0.12 ± 0.00 | 0.53 ± 0.10 | 1.07 ± 0.80 | 0.14 ± 0.00 | 0.14 ± 0.00 | 0.18 ± 0.00 |
350 | 2.00 | 0.13 ± 0.00 | 0.13 ± 0.00 | 0.47 ± 0.00 | 0.82 ± 0.40 | 0.17 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.14 ± 0.00 |
450 | 0.50 | 0.16 ± 0.10 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.66 ± 0.00 | 1.77 ± 0.40 | 0.11 ± 0.00 | 0.16 ± 0.00 | 0.21 ± 0.00 |
450 | 1.00 | 0.19 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.62 ± 0.00 | 1.64 ± 0.40 | 0.13 ± 0.00 | 0.17 ± 0.00 | 0.15 ± 0.00 |
450 | 2.00 | 0.28 ± 0.10 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 0.60 ± 0.00 | 1.96 ± 0.30 | 0.1 ± 0.00 | 0.22 ± 0.00 | 0.17 ± 0.00 |
650 | 0.50 | 0.32 ± 0.10 | 0.25 ± 0.10 | 1.89 ± 1.40 | 3.49 ± 1.20 | 0.1 ± 0.00 | 0.19 ± 0.00 | 0.31 ± 0.00 |
650 | 1.00 | 0.3 ± 0.10 | 0.11 ± 0.10 | 0.71 ± 0.10 | 2.4 ± 0.80 | 0.12 ± 0.00 | 0.21 ± 0.00 | 0.36 ± 0.00 |
650 | 2.00 | 0.4 ± 0.00 | 0.18 ± 0.00 | 0.64 ± 0.20 | 2.03 ± 0.90 | 0.12 ± 0.00 | 0.23 ± 0.00 | 0.37 ± 0.00 |
750 | 0.50 | 0.26 ± 0.10 | 0.1 ± 0.00 | 0.49 ± 0.10 | 2.05 ± 0.70 | 0.23 ± 0.10 | 0.19 ± 0.00 | 0.17 ± 0.00 |
750 | 1.00 | 0.31 ± 0.00 | 0.13 ± 0.00 | 0.47 ± 0.10 | 1.63 ± 0.80 | 0.13 ± 0.00 | 0.19 ± 0.00 | 0.15 ± 0.00 |
750 | 2.00 | 0.36 ± 0.10 | 0.15 ± 0.00 | 1.65 ± 1.70 | 2.98 ± 0.70 | 0.17 ± 0.00 | 0.22 ± 0.00 | 0.11 ± 0.00 |
Leaf | ||||||||
350 | 0.50 | 0.28 ± 0.10 | 0.22 ± 0.00 | 1.52 ± 0.10 | 2.08 ± 0.20 | 0.21 ± 0.00 | 0.53 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 |
350 | 1.00 | 0.37 ± 0.00 | 0.24 ± 0.00 | 1.77 ± 0.10 | 2.44 ± 0.20 | 0.28 ± 0.10 | 0.63 ± 0.10 | 0.04 ± 0.00 |
350 | 2.00 | 0.34 ± 0.00 | 0.28 ± 0.00 | 1.61 ± 0.00 | 2.22 ± 0.00 | 0.20 ± 0.00 | 0.47 ± 0.10 | 0.06 ± 0.00 |
450 | 0.50 | 0.28 ± 0.00 | 0.24 ± 0.00 | 1.40 ± 0.30 | 2.83 ± 0.00 | 0.20 ± 0.00 | 0.53 ± 0.00 | 0.1 ± 0.00 |
450 | 1.00 | 0.31 ± 0.00 | 0.34 ± 0.10 | 0.92 ± 0.10 | 2.81 ± 0.00 | 0.18 ± 0.00 | 0.48 ± 0.00 | 0.13 ± 0.00 |
450 | 2.00 | 0.32 ± 0.00 | 0.27 ± 0.00 | 0.88 ± 0.20 | 2.78 ± 0.00 | 0.18 ± 0.00 | 0.57 ± 0.00 | 0.09 ± 0.00 |
650 | 0.50 | 0.41 ± 0.00 | 0.4 ± 0.00 | 1.55 ± 0.50 | 3.72 ± 0.30 | 0.15 ± 0.00 | 0.87 ± 0.00 | 0.30 ± 0.00 |
650 | 1.00 | 0.39 ± 0.00 | 0.42 ± 0.00 | 0.92 ± 0.20 | 4.36 ± 0.30 | 0.14 ± 0.00 | 0.87 ± 0.00 | 0.31 ± 0.00 |
650 | 2.00 | 0.47 ± 0.10 | 0.39 ± 0.00 | 0.81 ± 0.30 | 4.03 ± 0.00 | 0.14 ± 0.00 | 0.79 ± 0.10 | 0.31 ± 0.00 |
750 | 0.50 | 0.62 ± 0.00 | 0.44 ± 0.00 | 2.30 ± 0.00 | 3.51 ± 0.10 | 0.16 ± 0.00 | 0.86 ± 0.00 | 0.26 ± 0.10 |
750 | 1.00 | 0.53 ± 0.10 | 0.50 ± 0.00 | 1.90 ± 0.40 | 3.02 ± 0.40 | 0.2 ± 0.00 | 0.79 ± 0.10 | 0.17 ± 0.00 |
750 | 2.00 | 0.67 ± 0.10 | 0.50 ± 0.00 | 2.65 ± 0.40 | 3.74 ± 0.30 | 0.17 ± 0.00 | 0.88 ± 0.00 | 0.19 ± 0.00 |
PC | Pyrolysis Temperature and Durations for Biochar Manufacturing | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
350 °C | 450 °C | 650 °C | 750 °C | |||||||||
0.5 h | 1 h | 2 h | 0.5 h | 1 h | 2 h | 0.5 h | 1 h | 2 h | 0.5 h | 1 h | 2 h | |
Branch | ||||||||||||
PC1 | −2.79 | −2.54 | −2.55 | −1.99 | −1.79 | −1.44 | −0.33 | −1.09 | −0.72 | −0.93 | −0.54 | −0.15 |
PC2 | −0.53 | 0.11 | −0.12 | 0.58 | 0.08 | 0.33 | 1.45 | 0.94 | 1.18 | −0.81 | 0.31 | −0.52 |
PC3 | −2.20 | −1.99 | −1.90 | −1.04 | −1.10 | −0.79 | 0.68 | −0.11 | 0.18 | −0.17 | 0.01 | 0.04 |
Leaf | ||||||||||||
PC1 | −0.65 | −0.13 | −0.08 | 0.36 | 0.62 | 0.60 | 1.84 | 1.50 | 1.97 | 3.19 | 3.26 | 3.66 |
PC2 | −0.28 | −0.90 | −0.61 | −0.35 | −0.33 | −0.71 | 0.47 | 0.42 | 0.24 | 0.38 | −0.86 | −0.51 |
PC3 | 0.13 | 0.40 | −0.04 | 0.49 | 0.43 | 0.11 | 1.25 | 1.05 | 0.86 | 1.66 | 0.81 | 1.26 |
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Zhang, S.; Hu, H.; Jia, X.; Wang, X.; Chen, J.; Cheng, C.; Jia, X.; Wu, Z.; Zhu, L. How Biochar Derived from Pond Cypress (Taxodium Ascendens) Evolved with Pyrolysis Temperature and Time and Their End Efficacy Evaluation. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11205. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811205
Zhang S, Hu H, Jia X, Wang X, Chen J, Cheng C, Jia X, Wu Z, Zhu L. How Biochar Derived from Pond Cypress (Taxodium Ascendens) Evolved with Pyrolysis Temperature and Time and Their End Efficacy Evaluation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(18):11205. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811205
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Shuai, Haibo Hu, Xiangdong Jia, Xia Wang, Jianyu Chen, Can Cheng, Xichuan Jia, Zhaoming Wu, and Li Zhu. 2022. "How Biochar Derived from Pond Cypress (Taxodium Ascendens) Evolved with Pyrolysis Temperature and Time and Their End Efficacy Evaluation" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 18: 11205. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811205