The Relationship between Social Support and Anxiety among Rural Older People in Elderly Caring Social Organizations: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
Study Design and Data Collection
3. Measure
3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics
3.2. Social Support
3.3. Anxiety
3.4. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Descriptive Analysis
4.2. Associations between Anxiety and Social Support and Sociodemographic Variables among Participants
4.3. Analysis Results of the Generalized Linear Model
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | n (%), Mean ± SD |
---|---|
Gender | |
Male | 544 (66.20) |
Female | 278 (33.80) |
Age (years) | |
≤74 | 333 (40.50) |
75–89 | 445 (54.10) |
≥90 | 44 (5.40) |
Marital status | |
Married | 125 (15.20) |
Single | 310 (37.70) |
Other | 387 (47.10) |
Education level | |
Unschooled | 527 (64.10) |
Primary school | 216 (26.30) |
Middle school | 68 (8.30) |
High school and above | 11 (1.30) |
Length of stay (months) | |
≤12 | 191 (23.20) |
13–24 | 152 (18.50) |
25–36 | 90 (10.90) |
≥37 | 389 (47.30) |
Whether visited by relatives | |
No | 216 (26.30) |
Yes | 606 (73.70) |
Self-reported institutional satisfaction | |
Dissatisfied | 33 (4.00) |
Satisfied | 789 (96.00) |
Comorbid chronic diseases | |
No | 614 (74.70) |
Yes | 208 (25.30) |
Anxiety | 1.91 ± 3.12 |
Social support | 57.79 ± 16.64 |
Family support | 18.96 ± 7.19 |
Friends’ support | 18.92 ± 6.01 |
Significant others support | 19.90 ± 5.91 |
Social Support (Total) | Family Support | Friends’ Support | Significant Others’ Support | Anxiety | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||||
Male | 54.54 ± 16.78 | 17.13 ± 7.36 | 18.30 ± 6.13 | 19.11 ± 5.99 | 1.60 ± 2.80 |
Female | 64.14 ± 14.41 | 22.54 ± 5.23 | 20.14 ± 5.57 | 21.46 ± 5.44 | 2.51 ± 3.61 |
t/F/z/H | −8.534 | 10.641 | 4.320 | 5.727 | 3.240 |
p | <0.001 ** | <0.001 ** | <0.001 ** | <0.001 ** | 0.001 * |
Age (years) | |||||
≤74 | 54.95 ± 16.38 | 17.09 ± 7.53 | 18.43 ± 6.22 | 19.42 ± 6.08 | 2.12 ± 3.27 |
75–89 | 59.30 ± 16.26 | 20.06 ± 6.59 | 19.14 ± 5.79 | 20.11 ± 5.71 | 1.78 ± 3.01 |
≥90 | 64.00 ± 18.93 | 22.02 ± 7.08 | 20.45 ± 6.33 | 21.52 ± 6.33 | 1.66 ± 3.10 |
t/F/z/H | 9.974 | 44.028 | 7.154 | 9.185 | 5.844 |
p | <0.001 ** | <0.001 ** | 0.028 * | 0.010 * | 0.054 |
Marital status | |||||
Married | 64.06 ± 15.85 | 22.26 ± 5.79 | 20.22 ± 5.70 | 21.58 ± 5.72 | 2.22 ± 3.47 |
Single | 48.73 ± 15.90 | 14.15 ± 6.73 | 17.03 ± 6.41 | 17.55 ± 6.13 | 1.72 ± 2.86 |
Other | 63.02 ± 14.13 | 21.75 ± 5.74 | 20.02 ± 5.36 | 21.24 ± 5.16 | 1.96 ± 3.21 |
t/F/z/H | 89.982 | 244.358 | 47.386 | 80.531 | 1.168 |
p | <0.001 ** | <0.001 ** | <0.001 ** | <0.001 ** | 0.558 |
Education level | |||||
Unschooled | 57.02 ± 16.77 | 18.90 ± 7.15 | 18.49 ± 6.12 | 19.62 ± 5.96 | 1.84 ± 3.14 |
Primary school | 58.69 ± 16.88 | 18.81 ± 7.51 | 19.53 ± 5.85 | 20.34 ± 5.80 | 2.20 ± 3.31 |
Middle school | 60.54 ± 15.31 | 19.59 ± 6.91 | 20.25 ± 5.52 | 20.71 ± 6.00 | 1.72 ± 2.49 |
High school and above | 60.09 ± 11.44 | 20.73 ± 2.72 | 19.36 ± 4.72 | 20.00 ± 4.88 | 0.45 ± 1.51 |
t/F/z/H | 1.282 | 0.751 | 8.295 | 4.373 | 8.378 |
p | 0.279 | 0.861 | 0.040 * | 0.224 | 0.039 * |
Length of stay (months) | |||||
≤12 | 61.68 ± 14.69 | 21.12 ± 6.15 | 19.71 ± 5.38 | 20.85 ± 5.25 | 1.79 ± 3.36 |
13–24 | 62.69 ± 17.56 | 21.43 ± 6.84 | 20.01 ± 6.07 | 21.24 ± 6.13 | 2.14 ± 3.35 |
25–36 | 60.59 ± 15.19 | 20.18 ± 6.56 | 19.82 ± 5.45 | 20.59 ± 5.68 | 2.08 ± 3.14 |
≥37 | 53.31 ± 16.38 | 16.66 ± 7.23 | 17.90 ± 6.25 | 18.76 ± 5.99 | 1.84 ± 2.91 |
t/F/z/H | 19.316 | 91.277 | 23.249 | 33.846 | 3.085 |
p | <0.001 ** | <0.001 ** | <0.001 ** | <0.001 ** | 0.379 |
Whether visited by relatives | |||||
No | 45.06 ± 15.76 | 11.55 ± 6.67 | 16.57 ± 6.54 | 16.93 ± 6.39 | 1.84 ± 3.05 |
Yes | 62.33 ± 14.54 | 21.60 ± 5.26 | 19.76 ± 5.58 | 20.96 ± 5.35 | 1.93 ± 3.15 |
t/F/z/H | −14.719 | 16.524 | 6.614 | 8.197 | −0.315 |
p | <0.001 ** | <0.001 ** | <0.001 ** | <0.001 ** | 0.753 |
Self-reported institutional satisfaction | |||||
Dissatisfied | 46.52 ±18.87 | 15.18 ± 7.97 | 15.48 ± 6.85 | 15.85 ± 6.59 | 4.03 ± 4.79 |
Satisfied | 58.26 ± 16.38 | 19.12 ± 7.11 | 19.07 ± 5.93 | 20.07 ± 5.83 | 1.82 ± 3.01 |
t/F/z/H | −4.009 | 2.928 | 2.988 | 3.727 | −2.985 |
p | <0.001 ** | 0.003 * | 0.003 * | <0.001 ** | 0.003 * |
Comorbid chronic diseases | |||||
No | 58.07 ± 16.58 | 19.16 ± 7.14 | 18.95 ± 5.98 | 19.97 ± 5.95 | 1.71 ± 2.93 |
Yes | 56.95 ± 16.82 | 18.38 ± 7.31 | 18.85 ± 6.11 | 19.72 ± 5.82 | 2.50 ± 3.57 |
t/F/z/H | 0.842 | −1.294 | −0.280 | −0.677 | 2.971 |
p | 0.400 | 0.196 | 0.779 | 0.498 | 0.003 * |
Variable | Social Support | ||
---|---|---|---|
Regression Coefficient (S.E.) | 95% CI | p | |
Constant | 42.178 (3.215) | 35.877, 48.478 | <0.001 ** |
Gender | |||
Male (ref) | |||
Female | 2.698 (1.290) | 0.171, 5.226 | 0.036 * |
Age (years) | |||
≤74 (ref) | |||
75–89 | −0.708 (1.088) | −2.841, 1.424 | 0.515 |
≥90 | 1.314(2.406) | −3.401, 6.030 | 0.585 |
Marital status | |||
Married (ref) | |||
Single | −8.215 (1.735) | −11.615, −4.816 | <0.001 ** |
Other | −1.496 (1.504) | −4.443, 1.451 | 0.320 |
Education level | |||
Unschooled (ref) | |||
Primary school | 2.756 (1.186) | 0.432, 5.080 | 0.020 * |
Middle school | 2.081 (1.884) | −1.610, 5.773 | 0.269 |
High school and above | −0.800 (4.349) | −9.324, 7.725 | 0.854 |
Length of stay (months) | |||
≤12 (ref) | |||
13–24 | 0.260 (1.538) | −2.754, 3.274 | 0.866 |
25–36 | −0.247 (1.805) | −3.785, 3.291 | 0.891 |
≥37 | −1.628 (1.340) | −4.255, 0.998 | 0.224 |
Whether visited by relatives | |||
No (ref) | |||
Yes | 11.650 (1.317) | 9.068, 14.232 | <0.001 ** |
Self-reported institutional satisfaction | |||
Dissatisfied (ref) | |||
Satisfied | 10.808 (2.526) | 5.858, 15.757 | <0.001 ** |
Comorbid chronic diseases | |||
No (ref) | |||
Yes | −1.130 (1.139) | −3.362, 1.102 | 0.321 |
Variable | Anxiety | ||
---|---|---|---|
Regression Coefficient (S.E.) | 95% CI | p | |
Constant | 4.859 (0.751) | 3.388, 6.331 | <0.001 ** |
Gender | |||
Male (ref) | |||
Female | 1.191 (0.275) | 0.651, 1.730 | <0.001 ** |
Age (years) | |||
≤74 (ref) | |||
75–89 | −0.327 (0.232) | −0.780, 0.127 | 0.158 |
≥90 | −0.527(0.511) | −1.528, 0.474 | 0.302 |
Marital status | |||
Married (ref) | |||
Single | −0.416 (0.376) | −1.153, 0.322 | 0.269 |
Other | −0.375 (0.320) | −1.002, 0.251 | 0.240 |
Education level | |||
Unschooled (ref) | |||
Primary school | 0.489 (0.253) | −0.006, 0.984 | 0.053 |
Middle school | 0.076 (0.401) | −0.710, 0.862 | 0.849 |
High school and above | −0.982 (0.923) | −2.791, 0.826 | 0.287 |
Length of stay (months) | |||
≤12 (ref) | |||
13–24 | 0.355 (0.326) | −0.284, 0.995 | 0.276 |
25–36 | 0.252 (0.383) | −0.499, 1.003 | 0.511 |
≥37 | 0.121 (0.285) | −0.437, 0.679 | 0.671 |
Whether visited by relatives | |||
No (ref) | |||
Yes | 0.375 (0.318) | −0.247, 0.998 | 0.237 |
Self-reported institutional satisfaction | |||
Dissatisfied (ref) | |||
Satisfied | −1.583 (0.542) | −2.645, −0.521 | 0.003 * |
Comorbid chronic diseases | |||
No (ref) | |||
Yes | 0.657 (0.242) | 0.182, 1.131 | 0.007 * |
Family support | −0.040 (0.023) | −0.085, 0.004 | 0.076 |
Friends’ support | −0.079 (0.033) | −0.144, −0.015 | 0.016 * |
Significant others’ support | 0.013 (0.035) | −0.056, 0.082 | 0.715 |
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Zhao, L.; Zheng, X.; Ji, K.; Wang, Z.; Sang, L.; Chen, X.; Tang, L.; Zhu, Y.; Bai, Z.; Chen, R. The Relationship between Social Support and Anxiety among Rural Older People in Elderly Caring Social Organizations: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11411. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811411
Zhao L, Zheng X, Ji K, Wang Z, Sang L, Chen X, Tang L, Zhu Y, Bai Z, Chen R. The Relationship between Social Support and Anxiety among Rural Older People in Elderly Caring Social Organizations: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(18):11411. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811411
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Lanlan, Xin Zheng, Kai Ji, Zhengsheng Wang, Lingzhi Sang, Xuefei Chen, Ling Tang, Ying Zhu, Zhongliang Bai, and Ren Chen. 2022. "The Relationship between Social Support and Anxiety among Rural Older People in Elderly Caring Social Organizations: A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 18: 11411. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811411