Differential Antecedents and Consequences of Affective and Cognitive Ruminations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Differential Effects of Affective and Cognitive Ruminations
1.2. Differential Mediating Effects of Affective and Cognitive Ruminations
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Procedures
2.2. Sample
2.3. Measures
2.4. Analytical Strategies
3. Results
3.1. Measurement Model and Common Method Variance
3.2. Descriptive Statistics
3.3. Hypothesis Testing
4. Discussion
4.1. Theoretical Contributions
4.2. Practical Implications
4.3. Limitations and Future Directions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Nolen-Hoeksema, S.; Wisco, B.E.; Lyubomirsky, S. Rethinking Rumination. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 2008, 3, 400–424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Szabo, Y.Z.; Warnecke, A.J.; Newton, T.L.; Valentine, J.C. Rumination and posttraumatic stress symptoms in trauma-exposed adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Anxiety Stress Coping 2017, 30, 396–414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nolen-Hoeksema, S. Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 1991, 100, 569–582. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lyubomirsky, S.; Layous, K.; Chancellor, J.; Nelson, S.K. Thinking about rumination: The scholarly contributions and intellectual legacy of Susan Nolen-Hoeksema. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 2015, 11, 1–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Watkins, E.R.; Roberts, H. Reflecting on rumination: Consequences, causes, mechanisms and treatment of rumination. Behav. Res. Ther. 2020, 127, 103573. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cano-Lopez, J.B.; Garcia-Sancho, E.; Fernandez-Castilla, B.; Salguero, J.M. Empirical evidence of the metacognitive model of rumination and depression in clinical and nonclinical samples: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cogn. Ther. Res. 2022, 46, 367–392. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, C.; Wu, Q.; Gu, D.; Ni, S. Trauma exposure and depression among frontline health professionals during covid-19 outbreak in china: The role of intrusive rumination and organizational silence. BMC Psychiatry 2022, 22, 366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, S.; Jing, H.; Chen, L.; Li, Y. The influence of negative life events on suicidal ideation in college students: The role of rumination. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2646. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smith, K.E.; Mason, T.B.; Lavender, J.M. Rumination and eating disorder psychopathology: A meta-analysis. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 2018, 61, 9–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Denson, T.F.; Pedersen, W.C.; Friese, M.; Hahm, A.; Roberts, L. Understanding Impulsive Aggression: Angry Rumination and Reduced Self-Control Capacity Are Mechanisms Underlying the Provocation-Aggression Relationship. Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 2011, 37, 850–862. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Altamirano, L.J.; Miyake, A.; Whitmer, A.J. When mental inflexibility facilitates executive control: Beneficial side effects of ruminative tendencies on goal maintenance. Psychol. Sci. 2010, 21, 1377–1382. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lyubomirsky, S.; Tucker, K.L.; Caldwell, N.D.; Berg, K. Why ruminators are poor problem solvers: Clues from the phenomenology of dysphoric rumination. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 1999, 77, 1041–1060. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Watkins, E.R. Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought. Psychol. Bull. 2008, 134, 163–206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Segerstrom, S.C.; Stanton, A.L.; Alden, L.E.; Shortridge, B.E. A Multidimensional Structure for Repetitive Thought: What’s on Your Mind, and How, and How Much? J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 2003, 85, 909–921. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Feldman, G.C.; Joormann, J.; Johnson, S.L. Responses to Positive Affect: A Self-Report Measure of Rumination and Dampening. Cogn. Ther. Res. 2008, 32, 507–525. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Johnson, S.L.; McKenzie, G.; McMurrich, S. Ruminative Responses to Negative and Positive Affect Among Students Diagnosed with Bipolar Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder. Cogn. Ther. Res. 2007, 32, 702–713. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, H.; Wang, Z.; Song, J.; Lu, J.; Huang, X.; Zou, Z.; Pan, L. The positive and negative rumination scale: Development and preliminary validation. Curr. Psychol. 2018, 39, 483–499. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Frone, M.R. Relations of Negative and Positive Work Experiences to Employee Alcohol Use: Testing the Intervening Role of Negative and Positive Work Rumination. J. Occup. Health Psychol. 2015, 20, 148–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, C.; Yang, H. Effect of positive rumination training for patients of depression. China J. Health Psychol. 2020, 28, 648–651. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, X.; Wu, X.; An, Y.; Chen, J. The Roles of Rumination and Social Support in the Associations between Core Belief Challenge and Post-traumatic Growth among Adolescent Survivors after the Wenchuan Earthquake. Acta Psychol. Sin. 2014, 46, 1509–1520. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Calhoun, L.G.; Cann, A.; Tedeschi, R.G.; McMillan, J. A correlational test of the relationship between posttraumatic growth, religion, and cognitive processing. J. Trauma. Stress 2000, 13, 521–527. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cropley, M.; Zijlstra, F.R. Work and rumination. In Handbook of Stress in the Occupations; Langan-Fox, J., Cooper, C., Eds.; Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd.: Cheltenham, UK, 2011; pp. 487–503. [Google Scholar]
- Hamesch, U.; Cropley, M.; Lang, J. Emotional versus Cognitive Rumination: Are They Differentially Affecting Long-term Psychological Health? The Impact of Stressors and Personality in Dental Students. Stress Health 2014, 30, 222–231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, J.; Li, W.; Shi, Y.; Zhang, N.; Ma, H. Work-related rumination and its “double-edged sword” effect. Adv. Psychol. Sci. 2020, 28, 358–367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stockton, H.; Hunt, N.; Joseph, S. Cognitive processing, rumination, and posttraumatic growth. J. Trauma. Stress 2011, 24, 85–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dai, G.; Lin, H.; Xie, J. Influence of Challenge-Hindrance Work Stress on Insomnia: The Mediating Effect of Positive-Negative Work Rumination. Chin. J. Clin. Psychol. 2020, 28, 981–985. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Treynor, W.; Gonzalez, R.; Nolen-Hoeksema, S. Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis. Cogn. Ther. Res. 2003, 27, 247–259. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cann, A.; Calhoun, L.G.; Tedeschi, R.G.; Triplett, K.N.; Vishnevsky, T.; Lindstrom, C.M. Assessing posttraumatic cognitive processes: The Event Related Rumination Inventory. Anxiety Stress Coping 2011, 24, 137–156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chaiken, S.; Trope, Y. Dual-Process Theories in Social Psychology; Guilford Press: New York, NY, USA, 1999. [Google Scholar]
- Hsee, C.K.; Rottenstreich, Y. Music, pandas, and muggers: On the affective psychology of value. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 2004, 133, 23–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Epstein, S.; Pacini, R. Some basic issues regarding dual-process theories from the perspective of cognitive–experiential self-theory. In Dual-Process Theories in Social Psychology; Chaiken, S., Trope, Y., Eds.; Guilford Press: New York, NY, USA, 1999; pp. 462–482. [Google Scholar]
- Diener, E. Subjective well-being—The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. Am. Psychol. 2000, 55, 34–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kahneman, D.; Krueger, A.B.; Schkade, D.A.; Schwarz, N.; Stone, A.A. A Survey Method for Characterizing Daily Life Experience: The Day Reconstruction Method. Science 2004, 306, 1776–1780. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Eskreis-Winkler, L.; Fishbach, A. Not Learning From Failure—the Greatest Failure of All. Psychol. Sci. 2019, 30, 1733–1744. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dahlin, K.B.; Chuang, Y.-T.; Roulet, T.J. Opportunity, Motivation, and Ability to Learn from Failures and Errors: Review, Synthesis, and Ways to Move Forward. Acad. Manag. Ann. 2018, 12, 252–277. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vahle-Hinz, T.; Mauno, S.; de Bloom, J.; Kinnunen, U. Rumination for innovation? Analysing the longitudinal effects of work-related rumination on creativity at work and off-job recovery. Work Stress 2017, 31, 315–337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zeng, Q.; Liu, A.; Zhong, J. Mediating Role of Rumination between Childhood Psychological Maltreatment and Trait Depression. Chin. J. Clin. Psychol. 2016, 24, 258, 310–313. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cavanaugh, M.A.; Boswell, W.R.; Roehling, M.V.; Boudreau, J.W. An empirical examination of self-reported work stress among U.S. managers. J. Appl. Psychol. 2000, 85, 65–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lepine, J.A.; Podsakoff, N.P.; Lepine, M.A. A meta-analytic test of the challenge stressor-hindrance stressor framework: An explanation for inconsistent relationships among stressors and performance. Acad. Manag. J. 2005, 48, 764–775. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Crawford, E.R.; LePine, J.A.; Rich, B.L. Linking Job Demands and Resources to Employee Engagement and Burnout: A Theoretical Extension and Meta-Analytic Test. J. Appl. Psychol. 2010, 95, 834–848. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van Laethem, M.; Beckers, D.G.J.; de Bloom, J.; Sianoja, M.; Kinnunen, U. Challenge and hindrance demands in relation to self-reported job performance and the role of restoration, sleep quality, and affective rumination. J. Occup. Organ. Psychol. 2019, 92, 225–254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ye, L.; Gao, S.; Guo, M.; Liu, Y.; Hu, L. How Does Authoritarian Leadership Affect Employee’s Sleep Quality? The Roles of Affective Rumination and Relational Energy. Hum. Resour. Dev. China 2021, 38, 52–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dijkstra, M.T.M.; De Dreu, C.K.W.; Evers, A.; van Dierendonck, D. Passive responses to interpersonal conflict at work amplify employee strain. Eur. J. Work Organ. Psychol. 2009, 18, 405–423. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dijkstra, M.T.M.; van Dierendonck, D.; Evers, A. Responding to conflict at work and individual well-being: The mediating role of flight behaviour and feelings of helplessness. Eur. J. Work Organ. Psychol. 2005, 14, 119–135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, G.-H.; Niu, X.; Lee, C.; Ashford, S.J. Differentiating cognitive and affective job insecurity: Antecedents and outcomes. J. Organ. Behav. 2012, 33, 752–769. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Podsakoff, P.M.; MacKenzie, S.B.; Lee, J.-Y.; Podsakoff, N.P. Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. J. Appl. Psychol. 2003, 88, 879–903. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cropley, M.; Michalianou, G.; Pravettoni, G.; Millward, L.J. The Relation of Post-work Ruminative Thinking with Eating Behaviour. Stress Health 2012, 28, 23–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Giebels, E.; Janssen, O. Conflict stress and reduced well-being at work: The buffering effect of third-party help. Eur. J. Work Organ. Psychol. 2005, 14, 137–155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bai, X.; Huang, M. Are Conflicts with Supervisor Always Detrimental? Differentiated Effects of Supervisor-subordinate Relational and Task Conflicts on Shared Mental Models and Team Performance. Hum. Resour. Dev. China 2019, 36, 6–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Warr, P. The measurement of well-being and other aspects of mental health. J. Occup. Psychol. 1990, 63, 193–210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, R. Effects of ethical leadership on employees’ occupational well-being and organizational citizenship behavior. Chin. J. Clin. Psychol. 2017, 25, 939–942, 948. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bezuijen, X.M.; van Dam, K.; van den Berg, P.T.; Thierry, H. How leaders stimulate employee learning: A leader-member exchange approach. J. Occup. Organ. Psychol. 2010, 83, 673–693. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, G.; Chen, Z. Impact mechanism of leader empowering behavior on individual learning capability. Sci. Res. Manag. 2017, 38, 114–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baron, R.M.; Kenny, D.A. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 1986, 51, 1173–1182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hayes, A.F. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach, 2nd ed.; The Guliford Press: New York, NY, USA, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Hau, K.; Cheng, Z.; Marsh, H.W. Confirmatory Factor Analyses: Number of Items in Questionnaires and Small Sample Application Strategies. Acta Psychol. Sin. 1999, 31, 76–83. [Google Scholar]
- Yang, H. A Primary Study of The Theoretical Basis and Method of Positive Rumination Training. Chin. J. Appl. Psychol. 2019, 25, 272–280. [Google Scholar]
- Bucknell, K.J.; Kangas, M.; Crane, M.F. Adaptive self-reflection and resilience: The moderating effects of rumination on insight as a mediator. Personal. Individ. Differ. 2022, 185, 111234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Models | χ2 (df) a | χ2/df | Δχ2 (Δdf) a | CFI | TLI | RMSEA | SRMR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 870.51 (384) | 2.27 | / | 0.92 | 0.90 | 0.056 | 0.06 |
| 1201.15 (390) | 3.08 | 330.64 (6) | 0.86 | 0.84 | 0.071 | 0.07 |
| 1465.82 (390) | 3.76 | 595.31 (6) | 0.81 | 0.79 | 0.082 | 0.11 |
| 1015.89 (390) | 2.60 | 145.38 (6) | 0.89 | 0.88 | 0.063 | 0.05 |
| 1256.32 (390) | 3.22 | 385.81 (6) | 0.85 | 0.83 | 0.074 | 0.08 |
| 1298.36 (390) | 3.33 | 427.85 (6) | 0.84 | 0.82 | 0.075 | 0.08 |
| 1532.74 (390) | 3.93 | 662.23 (6) | 0.80 | 0.78 | 0.085 | 0.09 |
| 1023.41 (390) | 2.62 | 152.90 (6) | 0.89 | 0.88 | 0.063 | 0.07 |
| 1204.01 (390) | 3.09 | 333.50 (6) | 0.86 | 0.84 | 0.071 | 0.07 |
| 2956.57 (405) | 7.30 | 2086.06 (11) | 0.55 | 0.52 | 0.124 | 0.11 |
Variable | Mean | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2.49 | 0.6 | (0.79) | ||||||
| 3.89 | 0.76 | −0.42 ** | (0.82) | |||||
| 2.35 | 0.75 | 0.61 ** | −0.45 ** | (0.87) | ||||
| 3.95 | 0.56 | −0.08 | 0.36 ** | −0.10 * | (0.76) | |||
| 4.09 | 0.45 | −0.27 ** | 0.44 ** | −0.29 ** | 0.54 ** | (0.80) | ||
| 3.75 | 0.6 | −0.34 ** | 0.49 ** | −0.38 ** | 0.38 ** | 0.56 ** | (0.87) | |
| 1.72 | 0.45 | 0.38 ** | −0.44 ** | 0.52 ** | −0.22 ** | −0.37 ** | −0.54 ** | (0.86) |
Variable | DV: Cognitive Rumination | DV: Affective Rumination | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
Gender | 0.01 | −0.01 | −0.09 | −0.03 |
Age | 0.30 ** | 0.18 * | −0.18 * | −0.09 |
Job tenure | −0.30 ** | −0.19 ** | 0.02 | −0.03 |
Interpersonal conflict | 0.07 | 0.51 ** | ||
Cognitive job insecurity | 0.37 ** | −0.22 ** | ||
R2 | 0.05 | 0.16 | 0.04 | 0.44 |
F | F (3,41) = 6.40 *** | F (5,40) = 14.89 *** | F (3,40) = 6.03 ** | F (5,40) = 62.16 *** |
ΔR2 | 0.11 | 0.40 | ||
ΔF | F (2,40) = 26.42 *** | F (2,40) = 140.15 *** |
Variable | DV: Positive Affect | DV: Negative Affect | DV: Learning Behavior | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | Model 7 | Model 8 | Model 9 | |
Gender | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.02 | −0.02 | −0.02 |
Age | 0.40 ** | 0.27 ** | 0.21 ** | −0.25 ** | −0.13 | −0.08 | 0.29 ** | 0.16 * | 0.08 |
Job tenure | −0.33 ** | −0.24 ** | −0.20 ** | 0.15 * | 0.07 | 0.07 | −0.21 ** | −0.12 | −0.03 |
Interpersonal conflict | −0.18 ** | −0.13 * | 0.25 ** | 0.06 | −0.12 * | −0.10 * | |||
Cognitive job insecurity | 0.37 ** | 0.26 ** | −0.32 ** | −0.20 ** | 0.36 ** | 0.18 ** | |||
Affective rumination | −0.15 ** | 0.38 ** | −0.10 | ||||||
cognitive rumination | 0.23 ** | −0.09 * | 0.45** | ||||||
R2 | 0.08 | 0.3 | 0.35 | 0.03 | 0.25 | 0.34 | 0.04 | 0.21 | 0.39 |
F | F(3,41) = 11.11 *** | F(5,40) = 33.80 *** | F(7,40) = 30.99 *** | F(3,41) = 3.967 ** | F(5,40) = 26.76 *** | F(7,40) = 29.17 *** | F(3,41) = 5.44 ** | F(5,40) = 21.86 *** | F(7,40) = 36.56 *** |
ΔR2 | 0.22 | 0.06 | 0.22 | 0.09 | 0.17 | 0.18 | |||
ΔF | F(2,40) = 62.78 *** | F(2,40) = 17.18 *** | F(2,40) = 59.24 *** | F(2,40) = 26.70 *** | F(2,40) = 44.74 *** | F(2,40) = 57.92 *** |
Indirect Path | Indirect Effect | Boot SE | 95% Boot CI |
---|---|---|---|
| 0.149 | 0.029 | [0.094, 0.209] * |
| −0.081 | 0.032 | [−0.144, −0.019] * |
| −0.041 | 0.023 | [−0.085, 0.004] |
| −0.023 | 0.014 | [−0.052, 0.003] |
| 0.081 | 0.021 | [0.045, 0.127] * |
| 0.111 | 0.020 | [0.074, 0.154] * |
| −0.056 | 0.016 | [−0.090, −0.029] * |
| 0.030 | 0.015 | [0.006, 0.062] * |
| 0.015 | 0.001 | [−0.001, 0.037] |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Lin, H.; Bai, X. Differential Antecedents and Consequences of Affective and Cognitive Ruminations. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11452. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811452
Lin H, Bai X. Differential Antecedents and Consequences of Affective and Cognitive Ruminations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(18):11452. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811452
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin, Huaying, and Xinwen Bai. 2022. "Differential Antecedents and Consequences of Affective and Cognitive Ruminations" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 18: 11452. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811452